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↓ Antibody production & class switching

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gp120 on HIV binds to CD4 receptor and chemokine receptor.

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gp41 facilitates membrane fusion and viral RNA entry into host cell.

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HIV RNA → DNA (by reverse transcriptase)

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Viral DNA integrates into host genome (via integrase)

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Transcription → Translation → Assembly of viral proteins

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New virions bud from host membrane, mature via protease enzyme

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Direct lysis of infected CD4+ T cells.

Apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells.

Cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing.

Syncytium formation leading to cell death.

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Normal: 600–1200 cells/mm³.

AIDS threshold: <200 cells/mm³.

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↓ Cytokine production (e.g., IL-2).

↓ Activation of CD8+ T cells and B cells.

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↓ Cytotoxic response

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↓ Phagocytosis & antigen presentation

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↓ Migration and activation

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HIV remains dormant in memory CD4+ T cells

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Antigenic variation in envelope proteins (gp120)

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Reduces recognition by CD8+ T cells

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Destruction of immune surveillance cells

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Destruction of immune surveillance cells

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CD4+, macrophages

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 AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

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 AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

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CD4+ < 200 cells/mm³

high viral load

opportunistic infections and cancers

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can last 8–10 years

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Frequent infections, fatigue, lymphadenopathy

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Protozoal: Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis.

Fungal: Candidiasis, Histoplasmosis.

Bacterial: TB, Mycobacterium avium.

Viral: Herpes simplex, CMV, Varicella-zoster.

Neoplasms: Kaposi’s sarcoma, B-cell lymphomas.

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Systemic Effects on different body systems

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Systemic Effects on different body systems

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Neurological: Meningitis, Encephalitis, AIDS dementia.

Oral: Herpes labialis, Thrush.

Respiratory: Pneumonia.

Lymph Node System: Lymphadenopathy

Gastrointestinal: Malabsorption, Colitis, Procolitis.

Skin: Dermatitis, Folliculitis, Impetigo.

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HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)

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HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)

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Includes reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors.

↓ Viral replication, ↑ CD4+ T cell count.

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PrEP (e.g., tenofovir + emtricitabine).

Safe sex, needle exchange programs, screening of blood.