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What does a Teacher do?

A day in the life of a teacher varies greatly, depending on the subject they teach and the age of their students. When teaching kindergarten or elementary students, teachers often cover a broad range of subjects. On the other hand, high school teachers will typically specialize in one particular subject, such as math, English, music, or science.

School is not only a place of academic learning, but of social learning as well. Teachers need to be effective communicators and motivators, as it is irrelevant how much knowledge a teacher has if that knowledge cannot be shared and conveyed to the students in an interesting and understandable way.

There are various types of teaching careers available, all with different duties and responsibilities:

Conducting both small-group lessons and one-on-one instruction allows the preschool teacher to tune into the different needs of each toddler as well as recognize even the smallest amount of progress made. There is a less structured approach to teaching at this level which encourages discussion and problem-solving from the children. Ultimately, this type of curriculum is designed to promote mental, social, and physical development.

Effective communication skills are extremely important, as children may be at different stages of learning. Creating an atmosphere where children can make their own discoveries and learn how to express themselves verbally, mentally, and physically is key to their growth and development.

Kindergarten teachers may have children in their class that are experiencing school for the first time, as not all children go to preschool. Therefore, they will need to show them, and remind everyone, how to behave in the classroom and how to play nicely with others, whether it's in a group setting or doing artwork quietly on their own. The needs of each student will be different, so the teacher's methods of educating will have to be changed to meet those needs.

A kindergarten teacher is responsible for planning the curriculum for each day and for the collective school year. Basic skills in reading and writing are taught by using hands-on lessons and creative play. Any instructions need to be very precise yet easy to understand. If a child has developmental or emotional problems, kindergarten teachers should be able to recognize this and help parents put together a plan of action to ensure their child is given the same educational opportunities as other children.

Kindergarten teachers - spend the day teaching children the basic skills of letter recognition, phonic learning, reading skills, proper social skills, and confidence. This is done through activities that are based off of music, art and crafts, dance, rhyming, storytelling, and play-acting.

First grade teachers - are a vital building block in a child's early development, as they strive to build confidence in each student. They use hands-on learning approaches as well as discussion groups in their classroom. They teach the core subjects of math, science, and english, as well as art, physical education, and music.

Second grade teachers - spend less time helping children become adjusted to standard school routines and start to expect more from students. They are responsible for further teaching of the aforementioned core subjects, as well as in positively shaping each student's behaviour and emotional well-being.

Third grade teachers - know that students at this stage are ready for a more diverse field of learning. In addition to math, reading, and english, students now move into the studies of social studies, science, and a higher level of physical education, art, and music.

Fourth grade teachers - are responsible for all the core learning subjects, however, the job becomes more complicated as students are more mature and need a strong, intuitive teacher that possesses excellent communication skills, patience, energy, and creativity to hold the attention of their class.

Fifth grade to eighth grade teachers - will need the same wealth of patience and communication skills as a fourth grade teacher. At this stage of learning, it is easier to recognize which students will need more attention than others. Getting to know each student is necessary to offer a solid learning experience to each one. Teachers at this level need to be firm, but kind.

In a typical high school, where there are rotations of five to six classes everyday, a teacher could potentially have more than one hundred different students to teach each and every day.

A high school teacher can have a very fulfilling career by virtue of the responsibility they have to influence the future of young students. They play a key role in a student's outlook and career prospects. There are times when students are difficult to deal with, and teachers must exhibit a great deal of patience. However, this is overshadowed by the many wonderful student accomplishments that they are able to be a part of.

A small number of special education teachers work with students with severe cognitive, emotional, or physical disabilities. Their job is primarily teaching them life skills and basic literacy. However, the majority of special education teachers work with children with mild to moderate disabilities, modifying the general education curriculum to meet the child's individual needs and providing required instruction. Most special education teachers instruct students at the preschool, elementary, middle, and secondary school level, although some work with infants and toddlers.

Generally, teachers introduce new material to students, and teacher assistants help reinforce the lessons by working with individual students or small groups of students. For example, they may help students learn research skills by helping them find information for reports.

After creating a lesson plan, a physical education teacher's responsibility is to motivate students to participate in prescribed activities. Teachers then evaluate the student's performance, attitude, and level of physical fitness.

Additionally, a music teacher must evaluate and grade a student's performance, which often takes place by way of recitals and performances, and must give the students feedback on how to improve their skills.

An art teacher will look at the basics when teaching students: how to create art using various mediums; the types of structures/functions involved; the choice and evaluation of the content; the relationship of art to different cultures and the past; the assessment of works of art; and the relationship between art and other disciplines.

Professors often teach large classes of several hundred students (usually with the help of several graduate teaching assistants), small classes of about 40 to 50 students, seminars with just a few students, or laboratories where students practice the subject matter. They teach an increasingly varied student population as more part-time, older, and culturally diverse students are coming to postsecondary schools.

Graduate teaching assistants may help a professor teach an especially large class, grade papers, run classroom related errands, and perform other menial tasks at the suggestion of their overseeing professor. At some schools, experienced graduate teaching assistants are given their own class to teach, and only meet with their assigned professor occasionally to discuss how things are going. The classes that they teach are usually introductory courses in their field of study.

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A day in the life of a teacher varies greatly, depending on the subject they teach and the age of their students. When teaching kindergarten or elementary students, teachers often cover a broad range of subjects. On the other hand, high school teachers will typically specialize in one particular subject, such as math, English, music, or science.

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Teacher Job Description: Duties and Responsibilities

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Write your own teacher job description based on our example, which includes typical duties and responsibilities, as well as educational requirements.

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英国小学英语老师的一天｜A day as an English Teacher in England_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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英国小学老师的一天, 视频播放量 593、弹幕量 0、点赞数 8、投硬币枚数 2、收藏人数 18、转发人数 1, 视频作者 imSaSaSasss, 作者简介 Full-time anthropologist；Part-time English Teacher；知识生活分享区，相关视频：在日本当小学英语老师的日常一堂课/Typical English Lesson in Japan Elementary School，20个英语课堂的小游戏，动词过去式规律歌曲chant | 英语不规则动词过去式| 英语课堂学生跟唱| verb singing，油管搬运｜小学阶段外教阅读课【完整版】，英语课堂词汇实用复习小游戏，英语课堂超实用高人气词汇游戏，外媒报道：科切拉音乐节疑似区别对待Lisa和Jennie，英语课堂记忆小游戏，最美教师节英文歌曲/Teachers’ Day Song【You are the reason】新加坡教育局原创歌曲，一起来看看日本小学英语老师如何备课？How to Start Preparing Lessons!中日老师备课对比！

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How Many Kids Are In A Classroom In China? - Kidseducationfranchise.com

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Classroom size is a critical factor in education, influencing teaching effectiveness, student engagement, and learning outcomes. In China, the number of

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Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic year 2019/20

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This release contains the latest statistics on school and pupil numbers and their characteristics, including:

age

gender

free school meals (FSM) eligibility

English as an additional language

ethnicity

school characteristics

class sizes

The publication combines information from the school census, school level annual school census, general hospital school census and alternative provision census.

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What were classrooms like 100 years ago?

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One hundred years ago, children did go to school, but the classroom and lessons were very unfamiliar by today’s standards. Read on…

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The Old World civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and North China

The history of civilization started in the Middle East about 3000 bce, whereas the North China civilization began about a millennium and a half later. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations flourished almost simultaneously during the first civilizational phase (3000-1500 bce). Although these civilizations differed, they shared monumental literary achievements. The need for the perpetuation of these highly developed civilizations made writing and formal education indispensable.

Egypt

Egyptian culture and education were preserved and controlled chiefly by the priests, a powerful intellectual elite in the Egyptian theocracy who also served as the political bulwarks by preventing cultural diversity. The humanities as well as such practical subjects as science, medicine, mathematics, and geometry were in the hands of the priests, who taught in formal schools. Vocational skills relating to such fields as architecture, engineering, and sculpture were generally transmitted outside the context of formal schooling.

Egyptians developed two types of formal schools for privileged youth under the supervision of governmental officials and priests: one for scribes and the other for priest trainees. At the age of 5, pupils entered the writing school and continued their studies in reading and writing until the age of 16 or 17. At the age of 13 or 14 the schoolboys were also given practical training in offices for which they were being prepared. Priesthood training began at the temple college, which boys entered at the age of 17; the length of training depending upon the requirements for various priestly offices. It is not clear whether or not the practical sciences constituted a part of the systematically organized curriculum of the temple college.

Rigid method and severe discipline were applied to achieve uniformity in cultural transmission, since deviation from the traditional pattern of thought was strictly prohibited. Drill and memorization were the typical methods employed. But, as noted, Egyptians also used a work-study method in the final phase of the training for scribes.

Mesopotamia

As a civilization contemporary with Egyptian civilization, Mesopotamia developed education quite similar to that of its counterpart with respect to its purpose and training. Formal education was practical and aimed to train scribes and priests. It was extended from basic reading, writing, and religion to higher learning in law, medicine, and astrology. Generally, youth of the upper classes were prepared to become scribes, who ranged from copyists to librarians and teachers. The schools for priests were said to be as numerous as temples. This indicates not only the thoroughness but also the supremacy of priestly education. Very little is known about higher education, but the advancement of the priestly work sheds light upon the extensive nature of intellectual pursuit.

As in the case of Egypt, the priests in Mesopotamia dominated the intellectual and educational domain as well as the applied. The centre of intellectual activity and training was the library, which was usually housed in a temple under the supervision of influential priests. Methods of teaching and learning were memorization, oral repetition, copying models, and individual instruction. It is believed that the exact copying of scripts was the hardest and most strenuous and served as the test of excellence in learning. The period of education was long and rigorous, and discipline was harsh.

North China

In North China, the civilization of which began with the emergence of the Shang era, complex educational practices were in effect at a very early date. In fact, every important foundation of the formation of modern Chinese character was already established, to a great extent, more than 3,000 years ago.

Chinese ancient formal education was distinguished by its markedly secular and moral character. Its paramount purpose was to develop a sense of moral sensitivity and duty toward people and the state. Even in the early civilizational stage, harmonious human relations, rituals, and music formed the curriculum.

Formal colleges and schools probably antedate the Zhou dynasty of the 1st millennium bce, at least in the imperial capitals. Local states probably had less-organized institutions, such as halls of study, village schools, and district schools. With regard to actual methods of education, ancient Chinese learned from bamboo books and obtained moral training and practice in rituals by word of mouth and example. Rigid rote learning, which typified later Chinese education, seems to have been rather condemned. Education was regarded as the process of individual development from within.

The outstanding cultural achievements of the pre-Columbian civilizations are often compared with those of Old World civilizations. The ancient Mayan calendar, which surpassed Europe's Julian calendar in accuracy, was, for example, a great accomplishment demonstrating the extraordinary degree of knowledge of astronomy and mathematics possessed by the Maya. Equally impressive are the sophistication of the Incas' calendar and their highway construction, the development of the Mayan complex writing system, and the magnificent temples of the Aztecs. It is unfortunate that archaeological findings and written documents hardly shed sufficient light upon education among the Maya, Aztecs, and Incas. But from available documents it is evident that these pre-Columbian civilizations developed formal education for training the nobility and priests. The major purposes of education were cultural conservation, vocational training, moral and character training, and control of cultural deviation.

Being a highly religious culture, the Maya regarded the priesthood as one of the most influential factors in the development of their society. The priest enjoyed high prestige by virtue of his extensive knowledge, literate skills, and religious and moral leadership, and high priests served as major advisers of the rulers and the nobility. To obtain a priesthood, which was usually inherited from his father or another close relative, the trainee had to receive rigorous education in the school where priests taught history, writing, methods of divining, medicine, and the calendar system.

Character training was one of the salient features of Mayan education. The inculcation of self-restraint, cooperative work, and moderation was highly emphasized in various stages of socialization as well as on various occasions of religious festivals. In order to develop self-discipline, the future priest endured a long period of continence and abstinence and, to develop a sense of loyalty to community, he engaged in group labour.

Among the Aztecs, cultural preservation relied heavily upon oral transmission and rote memorization of important events, calendrical information, and religious knowledge. Priests and noble elders, who were called conservators, were in charge of education. Since one of the important responsibilities of the conservator was to censor new poems and songs, he took the greatest care in teaching poetry, particularly divine songs.

At the , the school for native learning where apprenticeship started at the age of 10, the history of Mexico and the content of the historical codices were systematically taught. The calmecac played the most vital role in ensuring oral transmission of history through oratory, poetry, and music, which were employed to make accurate memorization of events easier and to galvanize remembrance. Visual aids, such as simple graphic representations, were used to guide recitation phases, to sustain interest, and to increase comprehension of facts and dates.

The Incas did not possess a written or recorded language as far as is known. Like the Aztecs, they also depended largely on oral transmission as a means of maintaining the preservation of their culture. Inca education was divided into two distinct categories: vocational education for common Incas and highly formalized training for the nobility. As the Inca empire was a theocratic, imperial government based upon agrarian collectivism, the rulers were concerned about the vocational training of men and women in collective agriculture. Personal freedom, life, and work were subservient to the community. At birth an individual's place in the society was strictly ordained, and at five years of age every child was taken over by the government, and his socialization and vocational training were supervised by government surrogates.

Education for the nobility consisted of a four-year program that was clearly defined in terms of the curricula and rituals. In the first year the pupils learned Quechua, the language of the nobility. The second year was devoted to the study of religion and the third year to learning about the quipu ( khipu), a complex system of knotted coloured strings or cords used largely for accounting purposes. In the fourth year major attention was given to the study of history, with additional instruction in sciences, geometry, geography, and astronomy. The instructors were highly respected encyclopaedic scholars known as amautas. After the completion of this education, the pupils were required to pass a series of rigorous examinations in order to attain full status in the life of the Inca nobility.
Nobuo Shimahara

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Education - Ancient Societies, Literacy, Pedagogy

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Education - Ancient Societies, Literacy, Pedagogy: The history of civilization started in the Middle East about 3000 bce, whereas the North China civilization began about a millennium and a half later. The Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations flourished almost simultaneously during the first civilizational phase (3000-1500 bce).

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Lawyers born only 30 or 40 years ago may not realize that the legal profession as it is today did not always exist. A matter of fact, at one point there was no such thing as a lawyer and even after the legal profession was born, before lawyer time tracking software or legal calendaring existed, it has been subjected to booms and declines many times. No one really knows who was the first lawyer in history but we do know that there were ancient lawyers who paved the way for today's modern lawyers. Let's take a look at the history of lawyers and the lawyer profession.

Ancient Greece and Rome

The origins of lawyers and the first founders of law make their appearance in Ancient Greece and Rome. In ancient Athens "orators" would often plead the case of a "friend" because at the time it was required that an individual plead their own case or have an ordinary citizen or friend plead their case on their behalf. Also, these ancient lawyers were not allowed to take a fee for their service. However, the law around fees was often violated but the law was never abolished so it was impossible for these early lawyers to establish a formal profession. But in ancient Rome, Emperor Claudius legalized the legal profession and even allowed lawyers (also known as advocates) to charge a limited fee. However, the fees that Roman lawyers could charge was simply not enough money for the services provided which made making a living tough. Also, the early legal profession was stratified with lawyers that specialized in the law and others that specialized in rhetoric which meant that clients might have to visit two different lawyers to handle their case. But this specialization also meant that Roman laws became more precise since there was an entire class of people who focused on just studying and understanding the law.

The First Bar

As the legal profession continued to evolve and become more official in ancient Rome it also became highly regulated. There were many rules around being lawyers that controlled how much a lawyer could charge, where they could plead a case, and how they could become registered with the court or bar. Before this time, any ordinary citizen could call themselves an advocate (lawyer) but once the profession became more regulated, there was a very high standard to meet before being allowed to work as a lawyer, and the profession became only accessible to the higher classes. A matter of fact, Rome developed a class of specialists known as jurisconsults who were wealthy amateurs who dabbled in law as an intellectual hobby. Advocates and ordinary people went to jurisconsults for legal advice.

An interesting side note: In ancient Rome, notaries did not have any legal document management skills - in fact, they had no legal training and were barely literate. But they could draft wills, conveyances, and contracts cheaply. They were also known for drawing simple transactions in convoluted legal jargon as a way of making more money since they were paid by the line.

Legal Profession In The Middle Ages

Lawyers in medieval times found themselves struggling to make a living as the legal profession collapsed in the western world. But the profession did have a resurgence eventually but mostly in a form that served the church and its laws. And between 1190 and 1230 the state and the church doubled their efforts to control and regulate the profession. There was a strong push to professionalize the legal profession and make lawyers swear an oath before being allowed to practice law.

It's interesting to note that ancient lawyers in the middle ages developed quite a negative reputation because there was excessive litigation during that time which was caused by a large number of lawyers who created extra litigation due to their incompetence or misconduct. To put it quite bluntly, lawyers were not trusted and their tight regulation was being pushed from various sectors of society.

American History of Lawyers

When did lawyers first start practicing in the United States? It's important to understand that the history of attorneys is filled with changes and fluctuations. In order for a society to need lawyers, there must be a certain level of advancement. This means that the first lawyers didn't immediately appear in the Americas when the British colonies were established. And many people in the colonies were hostile to lawyers, even more hostile than people were in Europe. Some colonies outlawed lawyers, and where lawyers were allowed to practice, they were tightly regulated and allowed to charge only a small fee. As the colonies began to thrive financially the need for lawyers grew but most lawyers were untrained and a client was simply taking a risk on the quality of a lawyer they hired. In Massachusetts, there was no special training required to be a lawyer until 1761 when the bar formed an association and required that lawyers have seven years training before they could practice law. The bar also established professional ethics that all lawyers were required to follow.

Eventually, the prejudices against lawyers started to fall away and the legal profession began to gain respect and power. Twenty-five of the fifty-six men who signed the Declaration of Independence were lawyers. Lawyers were being trained in courts and eventually after the American Revolution, bars were established across the country and the education of lawyers became formalized. Centries before legal practice management software was around, the first law degree granted in the United States was a Bachelor of Law in 1793 by the College of William & Mary. The degree was called an L.B. and eventually was called an LLB. In the 1850s many small law schools were established by lawyers in the United States paving the way for aspiring lawyers to get the education they needed to practice.

Today, lawyers must earn an undergraduate degree before going on to earn their J.D.. Some aspiring lawyers choose an LB or LLB as their undergraduate degree while others choose something different. In any case, it's important to connect to the history of the legal profession, how it developed over time and how that history impacts the rules and customs accepted in today's legal profession.

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A Brief Guide to the History of Lawyers - Smokeball

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Learn about the history of lawyers with Smokeball. From ancient Greece to modern times, our brief guide will take you through the evolution of the legal profession.

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A Short History of Lawyers: What You Need to Know

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Like the symbiotic relationship between trees and fungus, lawyers and humans have an important, interlocking relationship going back to the dawn of man.

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How donk practices in CS2

"Basically I wake up, go to eat, and have training sessions with my team," donk said in an interview with esports.gg on May 12. "After that we have theory sessions as we're trying to improve our tactics and strats. After the team practice is done I can play for myself and I play up to seven games a day excluding team practice. If I believe that I need to do more, I go and play some more."

Donk shares his practice routine as professional CS2 player

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Donk, one of the best CS2 players in the world, has revealed his CS2 practice routine in an interview with esports.gg on May 12!

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Top players signed onto renowned teams such as Faze and NaVi receive monthly salaries of anywhere from $5,000 to $50,000. In comparison, the monthly salaries of players in tier 2 and below are paid anywhere from $1,000 and $8,000.

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This article explores the financial landscape of professional CS players, including a list of CS2 pro player salaries and sources of income.

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The Evolution of the Role of a Lawyer, Prolawgue

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The demand from a lawyer and, in fact, that from the profession has for long been limited to advocacy, the art of persuasion, communication, and analysis…

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History

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mercenary, hired professional soldier who fights for any state or nation without regard to political interests or issues. From the earliest days of organized warfare until the development of political standing armies in the mid-17th century, governments frequently supplemented their military

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History of English Law - Courts of the Common Law - Introduction & Exchequer_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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www.youtube.com, 视频播放量 292、弹幕量 0、点赞数 4、投硬币枚数 0、收藏人数 19、转发人数 0, 视频作者 王维or摁哪呢, 作者简介 一壶哲学，几片荷。酸酸苦苦，是几何，，相关视频：中英+文稿|床褥腐烂对你大脑的影响，可消除阅读障碍的100个英语单词（语境版），叫我们Chinese peasants‼️外网评论太解气！，全100集【自然拼读】2025最新小学英语自然拼读课，26个字母讲解让孩子见词能读，英语启蒙必备!，一句话不能2个动词，其实是错误的，【读后续写】就背这一句！（共18个单词），这样练英语听力，1个月就能看见效果（238），“外面在下猫和狗”像不像你那个已读乱回的朋友，【非谓语动词】第1节（先搞懂谓语动词的时态语态），自由版+文稿| 有毒的爱情，要如何看清和解脱？

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Becoming an Artist in the Eighteenth Century

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. The social status of artists had traditionally been low. To earn the respect of…

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In 1925, in New York, wealthy jeweler John's diamonds for a European exhibition were stolen. Old detective Henry took the case. At John's mansion, he found the safe opened without violence or fingerprints and collected glass shards. The gardener saw a mysterious figure, and Henry found a broken flower branch and fabric fibers. He learned that John's rival William was plotting against the exhibition and suspected William hired thief Jack. Henry tailed Jack, who tried to shake him off. When Jack left a warehouse with a black suitcase, Henry tackled him and retrieved the diamonds. Henry returned the diamonds to John, got a reward, Jack was arrested, and William's scheme failed. Henry solved the case with his observation, reasoning, and persistence in an era without advanced technology.

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"Those about to study medicine, and the younger physicians, should light their torches at the fires of the ancients" - Baron Carl von Rokitansky (1804-1878)

Ophthalmology has always been at the forefront of medical research while having an admirable history of innovation. As we continue to embrace the rapid advances in various development and technologies in ophthalmology, we would do well to take a step back and appreciate its incredible journey as a specialty.

Ancient Egypt

The practice of ophthalmology has been documented since ancient times. Its existence can be traced back to Ancient Babylon with a reference to the eyes made in the Code of Hammurabi (2250 BC) - "If a physician performs eye surgery and saves the eye, he shall receive ten shekels in money" . However, it was not until Ancient Egypt where the first known written record of medical treatments of eye disease was discovered in the Ebers Papyrus ( Fig. 1), a 110-page scroll that dates back to 1550 BC .

The Ebers Papyrus paid significant attention to the eyes, with nine pages of this ancient medical manuscript devoted to eye conditions. Various conditions such as pterygium, staphyloma, trichiasis, cataract and ophthalmoplegia were described in detail with magical formulas and folk remedies ranging from tortoise brain to cow's blood for such afflictions .

The eye also played a significant role in ancient Egypt and featured heavily in everyday secular and religious activities. A famous example of this is the Eye of Horus ( Fig. 2), which was ripped out by Seth and later restored magically by Thoth, after which it was called wedjat ('The Whole One') . It became one of the most popular amulets worn by the Egyptians and featured as a prominent symbol of healing, protection and good health.

Ancient Greek

Pre-Hippocratic era

Next came the pre-Hippocratic era, where the anatomical conception of the eye was mainly speculative. Alcmaeon of Croton (540-500 BC), a prominent philosopher-physician at the time, was widely regarded as the first to examine and describe the human eye. He and others hypothesized that the eye to comprise two layers: 1) an outer layer consisting of the sclera and cornea and 2) an inner layer bordered anteriorly by the pupil with fluid at the center . He also described the eye to be attached to the brain by ducts ( poroi) through which a special fluid, believed to the medium of vision, flowed from the eye to the brain.

Hippocratic era

The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of approximately 60 early Ancient Greek medical works by Hippocrates (460-375 BC), further advanced the ideas of Alcmaeon of Croton . The eye was now described as comprising three layers (not two): 1) a thick outer layer, 2) a thinner middle layer which may protrude like a bladder when injured and 3) an inner layer which is thinnest and very prone to damage. Aristotle (384-322 BC) further put forth the existence of this anatomical framework based on animal dissections and described the optic nerve as a duct connecting the eye with the membranes of the brain ( Fig. 3) .

Significant emphasis was also placed on the prognostic value of the eyes in the context of clinical medicine. Notable excerpts from the Hippocratic Corpus highlighting these include :

The eyes normally sparkle in tuberculosis (Epidemics iii. 14)

Squinting eyes in postpartum fever is prognostically bad (Epidemics iii. 11)

Rapid eye movement in the presence of epigastric pathology reflects insanity (Prognostic vii)

The prognosis is bad when the eyes are distorted in fever or become blind (Aphorisms iv. 45)

Hellenistic (Post-Hippocratic) era

The invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC by Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic era in which Greek cultural influence and power reached the peak of its geographical expansion. The Alexandria School of Medicine, where the first systematic dissection of the human body was performed, further advanced the understanding of ocular anatomy and physiology . Much of this was contributed by Herophilus (330-260 BC), a Greek physician who showed a special interest in the eye and devoted a treatise specifically to this topic . Unfortunately, only fragments of his written works survived, with much of it inherited through quotations from subsequent scholars such as Celsus, Rufus and Galen. Through their work, existence of further ocular structures was given clear recognition, including the lens (a drop-like body named crystalloides) and a large empty space ( locus vacuus) containing "humor", likely representing the anterior chamber ( Fig. 4).

Ancient India

Although the knowledge and history of ophthalmology in this region has been largely insular for hundreds of years, it is seeing a rapid resurgence as a result of recent restoration initiatives. It is clear that ophthalmology has been practised from the earliest times but the interpretation of certain findings has remained the subject of debate.

Sushruta, the most celebrated physician and surgeon in India, is widely regarded as the father of Indian ophthalmology. The exact timeline of his existence remains a controversial topic due to a lack of traceable evidence but current consensus places him around the fifth century BC (a century earlier than Hippocrates) . He devoted a complete volume of his experiences on ocular anatomy and pathology to the final sections of the Sushruta Samhita, a monumental treatise on surgery. This compilation, referred to as the Uttara Tantra, contained elaborate descriptions of 76 eye diseases ( Nayana-Budbada), of which 51 were amenable to surgical treatment. These included diseases such as glaucoma ( Gambhirika), uveitis ( Adhi-mantha), cataract ( Kacha) and trichiasis ( Pakshma-kopa) . In addition, Sushruta described in the Samhita of what may be the first extracapsular cataract extraction using the Yava Vaktra Salaka, a sharply curved needle used to loosen and push the cataract out of the field of vision ( Fig. 5) .

Ancient Rome

Roman ophthalmology in classical antiquity represented further progress and modification of pre-existing Greek knowledge. This was reflected by the fact that most physicians working in the Roman Republic were in fact from the Hellenistic area and worked as slaves in wealthy families. Pliny the Elder, a commander of the early Roman empire, commented on this in his encyclopedic Naturalis Historia which claimed that Rome had well-established medical care but no Roman physicians . Trachoma (called "aspiritudo" (roughness)) was particularly endemic in ancient Rome and was treated with collyria containing copper acetate and surgical removal of the granular lesions . Various sculptures were dedicated to the eyes, evident through existing stone votives for ocular ailments left in shrines by grateful patients ( Fig 6.).

The Greco-Roman physicians made remarkable anatomical discoveries of the eye and refined surgical instruments and techniques. Among these, Celsus (25 BC to 50 AD) was the first to systematically deal with ophthalmology, with related manuscripts preserved to the present day. Through his pioneering work De Re Medica, Celsus earned the reputation as one of the greatest contributors to ophthalmology during the Roman empire . In it, he described in Latin various ocular diseases and their treatment. These descriptions, largely inspired by his Greek predecessors, were later developed into a more sophisticated classification by the Romans. Certain views such as the crystalline lens as the central organ of vision and cataract as opaque concretions between the lens and iris were still held with high regard, and these persisted through the Middle Ages .

Arabian Era

During the Middle ages or medieval period, the fall of the Western Roman Empire saw the centre of Caucasian civilization shifting eastward to the Arabist world which dominated not only politically but intellectually and culturally. The rich heritage of the Grecian era was largely neglected by Europe during the dark period, in contrast to the Arab Empire which embraced and further developed Hellenistic medical knowledge. During this period, incomparably more manuscripts on ophthalmology were written in Arabic compared to Latin, Greek and other European languages combined .

The Kahhal (کحال) or oculist, was highly regarded in society and had a privileged place in royal households. The most famous Kahhal, not only during his time but cited as an authority throughout the medieval period, was Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (also known as Johannitius in Latin; 809-873). He was the son of a Nestorian Christian chemist with knowledge of the Greek language and wrote the Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye which built upon the work of Greek scholars and delineated the first detailed anatomical illustration of the eye .

Revolutionary work in the field of optics was achieved by Ibn Al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen in Latin; 965-1040) through his Book of Optics ( Kitab al-Manazir). In it, he described the correct theory of vision in which the seeing process was facilitated by light rays radiating from an object to the eye ( Fig. 7) . This disproved the opposite ideas of preceding Greek philosophers who proposed the intromission theory, whereby rays emanated from the eye itself to an object.

The previous practices of earlier Greco-Roman physicians were deemed crude and frowned upon by many of the leading figures in the medieval Arabist age. Guided by scientific methods, the flourishing science of ophthalmology in the Arabic era served as the foundation to that of European science and endured well into the Modern era. This was echoed by Julius Hirschberg in his address to the American Medical Association in 1905 :

" During this total darkness in medieval Europe they (the Arab Muslims) lighted and fed the lamps of our science (ophthalmology) - from the Guadalquivir (in Spain) to the Nile (in Egypt) and to the river Oxus (in Russia). They were the only masters of ophthalmology in medieval Europe."

The Renaissance

The 14th century witnessed the beginning of the Renaissance, a fervent period of "rebirth" in science, culture and politics for Europe. The first physicians specialising in ophthalmology were known as "oculists", a term adapted from the Latin word oculus (eye).

Many great leaps in ocular anatomy were achieved. Giacomo Berengario (1460-1530) accurately described the conjunctiva as a separate ocular structure for the first time . Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) discovered that the human crystalline lens, when removed, functioned as a convex lens . The true anatomical position of the lens behind the pupil was later demonstrated by Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1533-1619) around 1600. This discovery was however largely disregarded at the time and it was not until the 18th century that the concept started to gain support after being advocated for by Antoine Maitre-Jan (1650-1725) who is widely regarded as the father of French ophthalmology . It was also around this time that the first full cataract extraction in the Western world was performed by Charles Saint Yves (1677-1731) in 1707 . This technique was born out of serendipity as it reflected the piecemeal extraction of a lens which had become displaced into the anterior chamber during an attempt at couching. Jacques Daviel (1696-1762) further refined Saint Yves' technique and contributed much to the dissemination of extracapsular cataract extraction.

George Bartisch (1535-1607), a German physician who wrote extensively on eye disease in the 16th century, was perhaps the most well-known oculist of his time and is considered by many to be the father of modern ophthalmology ( Fig. 8). He spent a considerable portion of his life plying his trade around different countries, eventually settling down in Dresden where he became court oculist to Duke Augustus I of Saxony in 1588 . He is credited for publishing Ophthalmodouleia Das ist Augendienst, the first Renaissance manuscript on ophthalmic disorders and eye surgery in 1583 . This comprehensive work featured 92 full-page woodcuts depicting eye disease, surgical methodology and instrumentation. It remains a pivotal work of contemporary ophthalmology and is considered by some the precursor to the modern textbook. In addition to his highly influential work, Bartisch was also the first to perform a complete eye removal in a living patient in which he removed a cancerous eye with a sharp enucleation spoon .

In 1722, Saint Yves published a treatise of eye pathologies that became an established pillar of the French school of ophthalmology. John Taylor (1703-1772), an English oculist and self-proclaimed Chevalier, was a controversial figure and was known as a quack having practised his art on an unsuspecting public and surgically blinding many prominent figures of his time including Handel and Bach . Nonetheless, he is credited with providing one of the most complete pre-ophthalmoscopic descriptions of glaucoma. Along with John Woolhouse (1666-1734), a fellow English oculist, they recognized that glaucoma destroys the visual system .

The 18 th century also met the likes of Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759), a German anatomist who is often referred to as the father of ocular anatomy . Despite dying at the young age of 31, he left behind an incredibly vast amount of original work. In his book Descriptio Anatomica Oculi Humani ( Fig. 9), Zinn provided the first detailed, comprehensive, layer-by-layer anatomy of various ocular structures . His legacy is reflected by the many anatomical structures named after him, with notable examples including the zonule of Zinn, annulus of Zinn and circle of Zinn. Prominent successors who continued his work included Hippolyte Cloquet (1787-1840) and Friedrich Schlemm (1795-1858).

The early 19th century saw the discipline of ophthalmology becoming a well-defined area of practice due in part to the work of Austrian ophthalmologist Georg Joseph Beer (1763-1821). In 1812, he founded the first university department of ophthalmology in the general hospital of Vienna by special decree of the emperor and established the first medical school and clinic dedicated to the treatment of eye disease . Ophthalmology was made a prerequisite course for medical students and Beer was appointed as the first director and professor of ophthalmology. He was also known for introducing a "flap" method (Beer's operation) for cataract surgery and creating a special triangle-tipped instrument with an accompanying needle (Beer's knife). Around the same time, the first dedicated ophthalmic hospital was opened in London, England in 1805 . Currently known as Moorfields Eye Hospital ( Fig. 10), it was initially founded as the London Dispensary for Curing Diseases of the Eye and Ear by English oculist John Cunningham Saunders (1773-1810) to care for patients suffering the blinding complications of trachoma. It is perhaps the best known ophthalmic hospital in the English-speaking world and is considered the home of British ophthalmology by many.

The mid 19th century saw the invention of the direct ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894), a German physicist and physician, in 1851 which offered unprecedented diagnostic capabilities and revolutionized the practice of ophthalmology . For the first time, ophthalmologists were able to unravel the mysteries of the inner eye and reveal the links between eye manifestations and systemic diseases. Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870), a fellow German ophthalmologist ( Fig. 11), further reformed modern ophthalmology and made numerous first discoveries such as excavation of the optic disc in glaucoma (1855), iridectomy in glaucoma (1857), central artery occlusion (1859) and the eponymous von Graefe's sign seen in Graves disease . He also founded the journal Archiv für Ophthalmologie (now known as Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology) in 1854 and the Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft (German Ophthalmological Society) in 1857.

Alongside von Graefe's work, similar efforts to professionalize the field was led by Sir William Bowman (1816-1892) from Moorfields. He founded the Ophthalmological Society of the UK (now known as the Royal College of Ophthalmologists) in 1880 and provided a central organization and platform for ophthalmologists to learn through meetings and presentations . An important international collaboration was also forged during the Great Exhibition of 1851 in which Bowman developed a close partnership with Albrecht von Graefe from Berlin and Frans Donders from Utrecht . Bowman contributed hugely to the scientific development of ophthalmology, while von Graefe and Donders revolutionized the understanding of surgical treatment and optical science respectively.

The 20th Century

Allvar Gullstrand (1862-1930), a Swedish ophthalmologist, invented the slit lamp in 1911 with Carl Zeiss (1816-1888) of Germany using the Nernst electric bulb . This groundbreaking invention ( Fig. 12), which allowed a magnified, illuminated view of the interior of the eye with a slit of light, has arguably acquired the greatest importance to the practical ophthalmologist. Gullstrand's key inventions also included the reflex-free ophthalmoscope and the schematic eye. He is the only ophthalmologist to receive the Nobel Prize for medicine through his work on physical and physiological optics .

Advancements in various branches of ophthalmology accelerated during the 20 th century. Jules Gonin (1870-1935), a Swiss ophthalmologist, is credited with changing the landscape for retinal detachment surgery by recognizing retinal breaks as the cause (and not the consequence as it was largely believed at the time) . In 1922, he pioneered the procedure of ignipuncture (a technique which involved the cauterization of the retina with a very hot pointed instrument)which became the first successful surgical treatment technique for retinal detachments. The invention of light coagulation by Gerhard Meyer-Schwickerath (1920-1992) in 1946 subsequently led to the development of laser photocoagulation for the treatment of retinal defects and represented the first application of laser in medicine .

The 20 th century also ushered in a golden age for cataract surgery due to the contributions of pioneers, most notably Sir Harold Ridley (1906-2001) and Charles Kelman (1930-2004) . Although Ridley performed the first intraocular lens implant in 1949 ( Fig. 13), it was not some 30 years later that it only received the recognition and respect it deserved. Nearly two decades later, Kelman ( Fig. 14) introduced phacoemulsification in 1967, the seemingly perfect complement to the intraocular lens, after being inspired by his dentist's ultrasonic probe . The combination has since revolutionized the nature of cataract surgery and transformed it into an outpatient procedure due to faster postoperative recovery and the reduced need for extended hospital stays.

For more information on the history of cataract surgery, visit this EyeWiki article.

The following is a chronological list of landmark inventions in ophthalmology and their inventors, where known:

[Video Credit - International Council of Ophthalmology]

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"Those about to study medicine, and the younger physicians, should light their torches at the fires of the ancients" - Baron Carl von Rokitansky (1804-1878) Ophthalmology has always been at the forefront of medical research while having an admirable history of innovation.

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They play cs:go past, now they’re playing cs2

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They play cs:go past, now they’re playing cs2

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That two games is not absolutely the same so they are not the same tactics

With that said, here’s a comprehensive comparison between CS2 and CS:GO.

All differences between CS2 & CS:GO

Game engine upgrade for CS2

Server tick rate in CS2: Sub-tick explained

New CS rating and Premier mode in CS2: Competitive vs Premier

CS2 map changes

Gameplay and mechanics change in CS2

UI changes in CS2 vs CS:GO: New buy menu & HUD

Matchmaking round system in CS2

Quality of life and additional improvements in CS2

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CS2 vs CS:GO: How is CS2 different from CS:GO? All differences explained - Charlie INTEL

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Here’s every difference between CS2 and CS:GO, listing and explaining all the major upgrades that come in the latest title.

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Nannies have played an integral part in households for centuries. Nannytax explore the history of nannies starting with ancient times.

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https://esportsinsider.com/esports-history

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whaling, the hunting of whales for food and oil. Whaling was once conducted around the world by seafaring nations in pursuit of the giant animals that seemed as limitless as the oceans in which they swam. However, since the mid-20th century, when whale populations began to drop catastrophically, whaling has been conducted on a very limited scale. It is now the subject of great scrutiny, both by formal regulatory bodies and by nongovernmental organizations.

Whaling has been documented in many sources-from Neolithic cave art to present-day annual reports of the International Whaling Commission-but there is no firm proof as to what people first engaged in the practice. Prehistoric inhabitants of far northern coastal regions, lacking adequate agriculture, developed successful whaling techniques using Stone Age weapons. By the time the Inuit (Eskimo) of eastern and western North America were first encountered by Europeans, they had already mastered whale hunting, and many Inuit methods were used as recently as 1900. For the Inuit, a captured whale supplied food, fuel, and light; sinews provided cordage, and bones were used for tools and construction. Not until the 20th century, when floating factory ships came into use, did other civilizations succeed in the same efficient use of the whole carcass. Elsewhere, from the first intensive hunting of whales in the early 17th century to the early 20th century, little more than blubber and baleen was used, and the remainder of the animal was discarded. Each successive discovery of new whaling grounds resulted in the near disappearance of a particular species. The efficiency of modern hunting methods hastened this trend to the point that the industry has all but taken its place in history, leaving only a few enterprises to carry on in a limited fashion.

The history of whaling

International whaling developed in stages that were determined by changing demand, diminishing stocks, and advancing technology. A lengthy primitive stage eventually led to commercial whaling; new markets and technical and chemical advances then produced modern whaling, which led to virtual extinction of the quarry and a return to a primitive stage. The commercial stages were dominated overwhelmingly by northern Europeans and Americans-first the Dutch, then the British and Americans, and finally the Norwegians and British. Only at the very end, when Europeans no longer found the trade profitable, did they surrender the remaining whales to the Russians and Japanese.

Primitive whaling

Archaeological evidence suggests that primitive whaling was practiced by the Inuit and others in the North Atlantic and North Pacific by 3000 bce, and it continues in a number of remote cultures to the present. The quarry has always been small, easily beached whales, such as belugas and narwhals, or larger species that would come close to shore to breed in sheltered bays. The Japanese used nets, and the Aleuts used poisoned spears. The Inuit successfully hunted large whales from skin boats, employing toggle-head harpoons attached by hide ropes to inflated sealskin floats. A number of harpoons were darted into a whale, impeding its escape until a safe kill could be made with a lance. In Europe, Nordic people hunted small whales, and in Iceland laws addressed whaling in the 13th century.

The forerunners of commercial whaling were the Basques, who caught northern right whales as they gathered to breed in the Bay of Biscay. Docile, slow-moving, and sleeping on the surface, the whales were chased by rowboat, struck by harpoon, "played" like fish, and then lanced. Their bodies, which floated after death, were towed to shore for stripping and boiling of the thick blubber and processing of the baleen. When seaworthy oceangoing ships were built, Basques set off in search of other whaling bays and found them-perhaps as early as the 14th century and certainly by the 16th-across the Atlantic off the coast of southern Labrador.

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Whaling, the hunting of whales for food and oil. Although once widely conducted, whaling has declined since the mid-20th century, when whale populations began to drop catastrophically. Learn more about the history and process of whaling as well as opposition to it.

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鸽了1年半，哎嘿这是一个介绍B站历史的节目的第二集第一集 BV1wV41167k5, 视频播放量 2097、弹幕量 9、点赞数 112、投硬币枚数 52、收藏人数 53、转发人数 3, 视频作者 老九, 作者简介 这个人很懒，写了一大堆，相关视频：【BiliBili：一段站史1】11年前B站流传的那些梗，B站古早住民挑战 凉风Kaze 都找不到的B站古早视频，没错我就是列文虎克！，“草东没有派对，新时代青年的互联网狂欢”，一个视频带你了解草东为什么能如此之火！［5w粉丝纪念］，万年前岩画刻满基因图谱，证实人类是实验室产物！10个最惊人的古代岩画发现，在日本过新年——神社初詣（yì），刘一飞爆料：特别可爱说相声的男星和媳妇也离婚的内料

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https://www.britannica.com/sports/esports

https://www.ispo.com/en/sports-business/esports-history-how-it-all-began

https://esports.gg/guides/esports/the-history-of-

espor https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ej41167dp/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=aa5a93f3286563f29b16e53bbce3f1b3 ts/

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They play cs2 just like this video

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【上海Major】G2 vs Spirit 欧洲区RMR 11月23日_游戏热门视频

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【上海Major】G2 vs Spirit 欧洲区RMR 11月23日共计3条视频，包括：第一局、第二局、第三局等，UP主更多精彩视频，请关注UP账号。

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https://bebusinessed.com › history › history-of-babysitting

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The History Of Detectives: From Origins To Present Day

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The origins of detective work can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where the need for solving crimes and maintaining order became evident

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维多利亚时期伦敦的警察。/ 公共领域 即使在许多非英语国家，"警察 "一词也是最通用、最相似的词汇之一。 马修-A-麦金托什（Matthew A. McIntosh）策划/审核公共历史学家 简介警察的合法权力包括逮捕和使…

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Now, mercenaries still get paid to fight in wars or conflicts, but it's not like it used to be.

Most countries have their own professional armies, so we don't see mercenaries as much. But in places where there's trouble or fighting, like some African countries or areas with disputes, private military companies might be hired. They can do security work or even fight, like protecting important places or important people.

Because the world economy and tech have grown, some mercenaries now know a lot about IT or cyber - security. They can be hired to do cyber - attacks or stop them in conflicts. But remember, in many countries, there are laws against using mercenaries. That's because they can cause problems and don't follow the same rules as regular soldiers. International laws also try to control what they do so wars and conflicts are more under control.

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https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dQ9xYrE5p/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click

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The Grind_ What is the future for whaling in the Faroe Islands__哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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www.youtube.comThe Grind_ What is the future for whaling in the Faroe Islands, 视频播放量 6、弹幕量 0、点赞数 0、投硬币枚数 0、收藏人数 0、转发人数 0, 视频作者 DunbaX, 作者简介 ，相关视频：AI对教育的影响 6 Ways AI Will Revolutionize Education by 2025 - 20240125，有争议的传统 Pamplona’s Running of the Bulls，AI对教育的影响 Should we let students use ChatGPT _ Natasha Berg _ TEDxSioux Falls，有争议的传统: Bullfighting ban needs to be weighed carefully，智能手机禁令 France tests banning mobile phones in middle schools，【世界杯】1998年法国世界杯欧洲区预选赛 第6组第?轮 法罗群岛 - 西班牙 (2-6) 【全场录像】

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(Photo: Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, self-portrait / Wikimedia Commons / Public domain)

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What did nearsighted people do before the age of eyeglasses?

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Glasses probably came to Norway about 400 years ago.

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refers to a professional who specializes in evaluating the historical, artistic, and scientific value of cultural artifacts, analyzing their preservation status, and performing tasks such as reinforcement, cleaning, restoration, surface sealing, and structural repair.

Key Responsibilities:

‌Assessment and Authentication‌
Conservators assess and authenticate cultural relics to determine their value and appropriate restoration methods.

‌Cleaning and Restoration‌
They use specialized tools and materials to clean and repair artifacts, including fixing surface damage, filling missing sections, and restoring structural integrity.

‌Preservation and Anti-Corrosion Measures‌
Conservators develop and implement protective measures to prevent damage from corrosion, insect infestation, humidity, and other environmental factors.

‌Documentation and Research‌
After restoration, conservators document repair processes, techniques used, and conduct research to uncover the artifact’s historical context and significance.

‌Exhibition and Public Education‌
They design exhibition plans and educational programs to showcase restored artifacts and communicate their historical and cultural value to the public.

‌Work Environment and Safety‌
Conservators ensure workspaces and equipment meet safety standards and take precautions to protect themselves and others.

(I) Career Requirements

The profession is divided into five levels:

‌Fifth Level/Junior Worker‌

‌Fourth Level/Intermediate Worker‌

‌Third Level/Senior Worker‌

‌Second Level/Technician‌

‌First Level/Senior Technician‌

Salary Overview

The annual salary for cultural relics conservators typically ranges from ‌70,000 to 100,000 RMB‌, with compensation structured according to professional grade. For example:

‌Entry-level conservators‌ earn a monthly salary of ‌3,000 to 4,000 RMB‌, with wages increasing significantly at higher grades.

(Note: Salary figures may vary based on location, institution type, and project complexity.)

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The Evolution of Police: From the 19th Century Beat Cop to Today

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The role of law enforcement (as well as public perception) has changed dramatically over the last century. What will be the next evolution of police roles?

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B站UP主简史：从搬运到自制从无偿到盈利，最终改变人生轨迹

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B站UP主简史：从搬运到自制从无偿到盈利，最终改变人生轨迹

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Overview

What is an ophthalmologist vs an optometrist?

An ophthalmologist is an eye care specialist. Unlike optometrists and opticians, ophthalmologists are doctors of medicine (MD) or doctors of osteopathy (DO) with specific training and experience in diagnosing and treating eye and vision conditions.

An ophthalmologist is qualified to deliver total eye care, meaning vision services, eye examinations, medical and surgical eye care, and diagnosis and treatment of disease and visual complications that are caused by other conditions, like diabetes.

What education is required to become an ophthalmologist?

An ophthalmologist has completed four years of pre-medical undergraduate education, four years of medical school, one year of internship, and three or more years of specialized medical and surgical training in eye care. As a qualified specialist, an ophthalmologist is licensed by a state regulatory board to diagnose, treat, and manage conditions affecting the eye and visual system.

When would I need an ophthalmologist?

An ophthalmologist can take care of all your eye care needs, but you should consider working with an ophthalmologist any time you have a serious eye problem that will require surgery or specialized treatment.

What eye problems require surgery?

Ophthalmologists perform surgery for the following eye problems:

Cataracts. Normally your eyes are clear. Cataracts happen when your eyes cloud, causing symptoms such as blurred vision.

Glaucoma. This condition is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. People with glaucoma have optic nerve damage from fluid buildup in the eye.

Retinal detachment. This is a serious eye condition that happens when your retina, the layer of tissue in the back of your eye, pulls away from supporting tissues.

What eye problems require specialized treatment?

Here are some examples of conditions when you might seek treatment from an ophthalmologist:

When should I have my eyes examined?

Regular eye screening is another thing you can do to protect your and your family's good health. Your eye health can change over time, so it's a good idea to plan for regular eye examinations.

All children should have vision screening in a pediatrician's or family practitioner's office around the time when they learn the alphabet, and then every one to two years afterward. Screening should begin sooner if any eye problems are suspected.

Adults ages 20 to 39 should have complete eye exams every five to 10 years.

Adults between the ages 40 to 54 should have their eyes checked every two to four years

Adults between the ages 55 to 64 should have their eyes checked every one to three years.

What should I expect from my appointment with my ophthalmologist?

Most routine eye examinations start with questions about your eyes:

Are you having any eye or vision problems?

If so, what are they?

How long have you had these problems?

Are there factors that make your eye or vision problems better or worse?

Next, your ophthalmologist will ask about your history of wearing eyeglasses or using contacts. They might also ask about your overall health and your family medical history, including any specific eye problems.

What tests are done to check my eyes?

Your ophthalmologist will perform several tests to learn more about your eye health:

Visual acuity test. You'll be asked to read from a chart, called a Snellen chart that contains lines of random letters that become smaller as you move down the chart.

Color blindness test. You'll be asked to look at several charts filled with colored dots that form numbers.

Stereopsis test. This test determines if you have adequate 3-D vision.

Peripheral vision tests. You might be asked to look into a machine and indicate when you see points of light.

Eye muscle test. You might be asked to look at a penlight or pencil and move your eyes in different directions.

Pupil constriction test. Your ophthalmologist might look at your pupils with a penlight to confirm your pupils respond to light by constricting or closing.

Fundus check. You might be given eye drops to dilate your pupils so your ophthalmologist can check the structures at the back of your eye. This area is called your fundus and includes your retina, nearby blood vessels and your optic nerve.

Front of eye check. You might be asked to look into a slit lamp, which is a magnifying device so your ophthalmologist can check your eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera and iris.

Glaucoma test. This test involves placing your eye up to a lens that emits a puff of air so your ophthalmologist can check for glaucoma.

Frequently Asked Questions

What questions should I ask my ophthalmologist?

You might see your ophthalmologist as part of a regular checkup or for a specific eye problem. Either way, you'll want to know what's happening with your eye health. Here are a few questions for you to consider:

What condition do I have?

What causes this condition?

Will it affect my vision, now or in the future?

Do I need to make any changes to my everyday life?

Are there any symptoms I need to watch for?

What do I need to do if I notice those symptoms?

Do I need any tests?

What do you want to find out from the test?

When will I get my test results?

Does the test have any risks or side effects?

Will I need more tests later?

What treatment do you recommend for me and why?

When will I start treatment and how long will it last?

What do I need to know about the medicine you're prescribing?

Are there any side effects?

What are the risks and benefits of this treatment?

Are there other treatment options?

A note from Cleveland Clinic
Protecting your eye health should be one of your personal health priorities. Few things in life are as precious as the ability to see clearly. Fortunately, there are many ways to treat common eye problems. Make your eye health a priority by having eye examinations as recommended by your ophthalmologist and seeking help anytime you notice changes in your vision.

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What is an Ophthalmologist? Definition & Types

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An ophthalmologist is an eye care specialist. Unlike optometrists and opticians, ophthalmologists are doctors of medicine (MD) or doctors of osteopathy (DO) with specific training and experience in diagnosing and treating eye and vision conditions.

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In the past, before modern standing armies, mercenaries were widely used. Ancient civilizations, feudal lords, and city - states hired them often. For example, the Italian condottieri in the Renaissance. Now, most countries have professional armies, so mercenaries are less common. But in unstable areas like parts of the Middle East and Africa, private military companies are still hired, though not as central as before.

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https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-doctors-optometrists-ophthalmologists

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Eye Doctors: Optometrists and Ophthalmologists

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Finding the right eye doctor can make all the difference in maintaining good eye health. Discover the key factors to consider when choosing an eye doctor in this helpful guide.

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In the early days when China had little internet copyright awareness and Bilibili lacked content - buying means, some UP hosts selflessly fetched new anime from overseas sites, translated, and uploaded them. They also brought in ACG secondary - creation videos like MAD and MMD from Niconico.

These early "love - driven" UP hosts, like Saber Sauce and Kiyomi Asai, worked for free out of passion. Meng Er and Xiao Jiu, early Bilibili users, still recall them.

Later, users got inspired to create. Some domestic UP hosts imitated Niconico. For instance, famous ghost 畜 UP hosts such as Hank, Tutuwan, and Why Do Girls Wear Short Skirts added skit - like plots to Niconico's rhythm - only ghost 畜 works. They turned voices into instruments, innovating deconstruction, spoof, and brainwashing effects.

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History of Whaling | Why it Began and Where it is Now

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Whaling is the act of hunting whales for their meat, bones and blubber which are used to make various products and chemicals such as transmission fluid, candles, margarine, jewelry, toys and tools. While most people think about whaling in recent years

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https://wenku.baidu.com/view/ce708f9d4328915f804d2b160b4e767f5acf80f8.html?_wkts_=1744766642031&bdQuery=%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D%E5%B8%88%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87&needWelcomeRecommand=1

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https://www.medifind.com/specialty/ophthalmology

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https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzkwNzUxMDAzOQ==&mid=2247507364&idx=1&sn=0be1634f5240a84eae53b46176389797&chksm=c0dab5dcf7ad3cca72c65791ae2e6199121b48f0988b33f3222c01af68530ea8cf1fbf653082&scene=27

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明 沈周 庐山高图

古今中外的画家都卖画。

欧洲的画家很少在乎体制身份。自由职业者居多，能与教会签订合同，进行创作的画家，靠的是实力。能给贵族和官员们画肖像的画家，也靠真实的水平和影响力。

中国的画家与欧洲相比，完全不同。差别表现在哪里呢？最大的不同是：中国画家格外迷恋体制身份，至今如此。

在明代，有画家靠卖画为生，也有不靠卖画为生。比如: 画院画家和官员画家。画院画家是职业画家，官员稍显复杂，有业余画画的，也有以画画为主的。

中国画家不论职业的还是业余的，其作品都愿意交易。卖画是交易，以画作为馈赠礼品，换取其他利益，其实质还是交易。

董其昌 《青卞图轴》 美国克利夫兰美术馆藏

明代的画家是怎样卖画呢？那时画家卖画有这样几种形式：

1.委托和书信

先由买画人写信给画家，希望购买什么内容的作品在信函提出来。画家如果同意也回信。有趣的是购买画的一方这封信的写法，往往决定了画家同意与否。

买画者对画家的画风应该了解，要在信里面赞美画家。说好听的话，夸得画家比较舒服，这样容易成交。

不过奉承画家也有风险。比如，说得不到位或者夸得过分，都有可能让画家不高兴，无法成交。

明代画家在卖画的问题上，表现出个性鲜明，自尊自大者并不少见。买家如果真想得到某画家的作品，投其所好是必须的。写好这封信就显得至关重要。

当时，有专门为求购书画，写信的写作范本、指南一类的书。有文献可考的例子证实，这样的指南，最早可以至唐代。举个例子：

有一封书信建议如此开场白："先生笔力堪比荆（浩）、关（仝），精微处乃有顾（恺之）、陆（探微）之遗韵。满纸烟云，春风沐面，成造化之功。"

如此奉承不知是否对画家的脾气。同时，指南编者也告诉写信求画的人，对画的主题风格要求，只可笼统提及，以免限制了画家而对他有所冒犯。

2.中介和代理人

充当这类角色人员身份多种多样，多数是行家。在交易过程中，中间人收取售价的百分之十作为酬金，其中包括他们的估价服务费在内。

董其昌《燕吴八景图册》（部分）

3.市场和画室

除非万不得已，有点名气的画家一般不愿意到市场去卖画。那是降低身份的行为，等于把自己放在了小摊小贩的位置上。会被看成辱没斯文有失体面。

中国很早就有文字记载提到销售古画古物的市场。

如：庙会形成的集市，以及城市某区域内的商店。

直接到画家画室拜访和求购作品，有一定的难度，特别是名气大的画家。许多画家并不愿意在家里接待买画者。有的画家甚至会当面拒绝买画者，特别是对素未谋面的索画者。（高居翰《画家生涯》）

沈周 伥立远眺

4.交易方式

我们理解的交易是现金交易。明代画家在买卖书画过程中，除了现金交易之外，也有许多其他方式。比如，送礼品、宴请等等。礼品包罗万象什么都可以，只要画家愿意就成交。

明代有许多画家很有意思，嘴上说以卖画为耻，卖画辱没了斯文和清高，画照样卖，只是低调些。

明 沈周 山水图轴 纸 32X114

5.买画的用途

画买回来之后做什么用？有几种情况：为了收藏、欣赏；为保值增值；为炫耀主人富有；买了为了再卖，赚钱；为了办事给官员送礼。

明代腐败成风，行贿受贿是普遍现象，绘画也与珠宝金银玉器一样，具有特殊价值。

在明代有影响的画家不少，如：洪武年间的王履；永乐年间的谢环、戴进；吴派的沈周；苏州画家徐渭、唐寅、仇英、文徵明；明晚期的董其昌、蓝英、陈洪授等等。

沈周自画像

我们来说几个画家。先说沈周。

沈周（1427～1509），字启南，号石田，长州（苏州）人。文徵明、唐伯虎都出于他的门下。

沈周，算得上明代画家中少数富有者之一。以今日类比，他既为官宦之后又出自豪富之家。他祖上留下的土地、房产、收藏养活了好几代人，到了沈周已经是第四、第五代的样子。

俗话说，富不过三代，可是到了沈周这辈儿，家族依然富裕。如果那时有今天的豪车，沈周写生中国时，不只是坐轿骑驴，买几辆兰博基尼车开出去写生，那是小意思。

为富而骄、恃才傲物，不把地方官员放在眼里是沈周的幼稚。

苏州当地几任一把手请沈周出来做幕僚，都被沈周找各种理由推脱了。领导看得上他的画，又不好直接要，作幕僚就好办了。估计，沈周清楚领导的心思，就是不给面子。

乐于悠闲自在的沈周，不依靠组织不愿意寄生体制，愿做平头百姓。当然难以混到大哥的位置，其绘画的价格始终不及弟子文徵明高。而且，许多时候只收礼品不敢收钱，原因不详。

明曾黥、项圣谟合绘董其昌像 选自董其昌《秋兴八景图册》 上海博物馆藏

另一个具有传奇般色彩的人物，在明代最具影响力，官职最高的画家是董其昌。

董其昌（1555～1636）字玄宰，号思白，又号香光居士。华亭（今上海松江县）人。

董其昌早年在贫穷中度过。

贫穷导致人的生活窘迫，社会地位低下。穷则思变应该是他成年后努力上进的动力。凭着聪颖和悟性，他在实现个人梦想过程中，选择的道路和方法是行之有效的。

二十多岁开始，他勤奋作画，以临摹地方藏家所收古画为学习方式。同时苦读应试，1588年，33岁的董其昌乡试及第。次年会试上为二甲第一名进士，由此荣登仕途，青云直上，官至礼部尚书。

他还任过太子的讲官，教太子读书，数年后此太子继承皇位。 没曾想，该太子继任皇位后不久，便驾崩了。

董其昌深谙官场之道，数度辞拒官职。越是推辞不就，其政治家的声名也就与日俱增。

从中央机关回来，他成了集政治、艺术、商业资源于一身的大富豪，当地人人敬畏羡慕的大明星，商业资本追逐的对象。

许多官僚士绅富豪纷至沓来，求写字、作画、鉴赏文物者络绎不绝。润笔费那是不用说的。

董其昌有聪明过人的能力，而且将其能力发挥到了极致。《南北宗论》是他的著作。这本书几乎成为艺术法律，顺我者昌逆我者亡。

沈周是个一贯不给领导面子的人，得罪了董其昌，被他打压整治叫苦不迭，成为历史公案。

董其昌算得上典型的官员画家，拥有绝对权威。是赫赫有名的画家、收藏家、艺术理论家、批评家。他是明代绘画历史中一个很特殊的人物。

董其昌从社会底层从贫困中走来，实现了自己的梦想之后，变成了地方恶霸。因其作恶太多，引起当地百姓的公愤激起民变。老百姓放火烧了他家的公馆，使得他好长时间东躲西藏无处安身。

陈洪绶《花鸟草虫写生册》之一

陈洪绶是另一种有代表性的画家。

陈洪绶（1598～1652）字章候，号老莲，悔迟，云门僧等。浙江渚暨人。

陈洪绶八岁丧父，十八岁丧母，二十六岁丧妻。他祖父是功成名就的高官，到他父亲那辈儿，家道中落。

从小，陈洪绶就表现出强烈的实现个人功名的抱负。他曾参加县试，考取生员，这是科举的初等考试。但是，此后他多次赴京考试，皆未中。

他志存高远，并不愿以绘画为生，而又不得不以卖画艰难度日，且身处乱世，他的中年充满挫折和心酸。

陈洪绶两度娶妻，女方都是名门望族，家族对他抱有很高期望，也成为巨大压力。他极其自尊，科举又多次落第，在亲友们面前抬不起头是有的。

44岁时，他纳赀进入国子监，皇帝赐他宫廷画家之职。按理说命运并非对他不公。可是，做画家与他的理想，做文士大儒相差甚远。他没给皇帝面子，辞拒不受。

再回老家还是只能卖画。他的身份决定，他的画不可能卖出高价。只能艰难度日。

1645年，满清军队攻入南方，社会动乱。他纵酒买醉，哀伤感叹，经常酒后失态放声哭嚎。或许，他想过自杀；或许，他怀疑人生。

他有六个儿子、三个女儿、一妻、一妾。加上他自己，12口人要吃饭，全家生计都仰赖他一笔又一笔画出来，可以想到有多艰难。

苦闷和命途多舛，使得他放浪形骸狎妓酗酒，终于身体垮掉了，仅活了54岁就撒手而去。

阅读历史，泱泱华夏数百年过去了，许多事情已经改变，还有些事情一如既往。

陈洪绶《花鸟草虫写生册》之一

以上三个有一定代表性的画家经历，能够引起读者何种思考呢？我想有以下几点：

1.陈洪绶的命运和失败的人生有何必然性？

以今日之眼光看，陈洪绶的一生毫无疑问是失败的。

失败，或许有他性格缺陷问题，或许与他能力不足有关。但是，根本的还是他追求的人生目标，他的梦想无法实现。他的梦想也是社会共识，这种共识和价值取向，压垮了他。

他靠卖画养家糊口，看似画家都在卖画，差别可太大了。市场容量有限，蛋糕就那么大。效率和公平在权力社会里，哪有平衡点。只会向权力倾斜，不掌握权利就意味没有出路可言。

那么假设，陈洪绶实现了自己的理想，做了文士大儒，会不会也和董其昌一样呢？答案多半是肯定的。

明 董其昌 疏林远岫图 纸本38.3x98.4

2．董其昌在实现了个人梦想之后，为何没有变善良？

当占有和分配社会资源，决定的因素是权利的大小，而权力并不受监督的时候，加上人性无止境的贪婪，决定董其昌功成名就、富裕了之后，不可能资源共享，不可能体恤弱势群体。

共同富裕的社会是公平正义的社会。实现共同富裕，必须依靠严格的法制保障，权利必须受监督和受制约。

否则，像董其昌这样怙恶不悛的官吏、商人、画家就是成功的标志，行业的领军人物，市场价格的决定者，学术标准的制定者。只能为富不仁。

明 文徵明 山水图(立轴)纸本166.7x48.4

3．明代的绘画真的能以"道"为最高理想吗？

宗炳的《画山水序》中，屡次提到 "道"，"圣人含道暎物"，"圣人以神法道"，"山水以形媚道"等等。...道指的是天地万物的总规律、总法则。儒、道、仙、佛家俱言"道"，"道也者，不可须臾离也。"（陈传席《中国绘画美学史》）

如果画家艺术创作真的是追求"真理"和"道"的精神，真如宗炳画论说得那样，画得好不好水平高低，判断的标准应该是清晰的。

现实是，谁的权利大，谁的职务高谁就掌握话语权，就离"道"近。岂不是"道"和真理也向权利倾斜？

权利巫术浸润的毒苹果，能够毁灭白雪公主的生命，权利的滥用，同样能阻碍艺术的发展进步。

当权利崇拜成为文化符号，社会共识的时候，像文徵明、陈洪绶这样的杰出画家，只能成为权利、等级、专制制度的牺牲品，受欺压被边缘化的人。（文/宋志江）

作者 美术世界|发布：2021-06-12 13:11:04 更新：2019-01-11 23:54:00

本文仅代表作者个人观点，不代表百度百科立场。举报

本文经授权发布，未经许可，请勿转载。如有需要，请联系tashuo@baidu.com。

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https://people.com/funeral-director-breaks-down-biggest-misconceptions-of-her-job-exclusive-8785698

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https://moment.rednet.cn/pc/rednetcms/news/20180531/1291611.html

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https://kidsit.com/babysitting-responsibilities

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Babysitting Guide Create My Free Profile
Create a Babysitter Profile for Free And make money in your spare time while staying local

Are you considering babysitting for the first time? If so, you're probably wondering what the job is like and what duties you'll have. Every babysitting job is different but there are some things that parents will expect of you almost every time.

Here are the most common responsibilities of a babysitter:

Ensuring child safety

Preparing meals and snacks

Helping with homework

Playing games and having fun!

Changing diapers

Getting children to bed on time

Laundry and light housework

Bathing and dressing young children

Transporting children

Preparing and cleaning baby bottles

In this article, I'll cover a more complete list of common responsibilities that parents expect of their babysitters and how your duties may change depending on the job requirements.

Let's get started.

1. Ensuring Child Safety

This is the most important responsibility, and it's always required. That's why it's number one!

Make sure children are safe at home and while 'out and about.' It's vital. Parents expect that children will be under the watchful eye of the sitter at all times.

If you need to step away from the child to make lunch or prepare a bath (how this is done, of course, depends upon their age), make sure the child is in safe surroundings and check on them regularly. You can also use a baby monitor if the family has one available.

Read our safety guides:

2. Meeting the Children Beforehand

It's really important that you get along with the kids you're caring for, and the only way to find out is to meet them.

Parents will often expect a new babysitter to come for a short visit or even do a paid trial run to see how things feel at the beginning. This is a perfect opportunity for you to create a good first impression with the kids and the parents.

Make sure to dress appropriately for working with kids. When you arrive, be friendly and approachable, and don't be afraid to ask a few questions, so the parents will know you're genuinely interested in their child and want to provide the best care possible.

This is also a good time to learn the child's routine, discuss their habits, and agree on a list of job responsibilities, such as food preparation, bathing, laundry, bedtime, etc.

Want to know how to make a great first impression? Read our guide to meeting children for the first time.

3. Have Your Vaccinations Up to Date

This one is often forgotten.

It's highly recommended that anyone caring for a young child, especially an infant or newborn, be in good health.

Babysitters should be vaccinated for common illnesses that are dangerous to babies, such as whooping cough (pertussis), diphtheria, H. flu (HiB), pneumococcus, Hepatitis B, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and influenza (each season) ( source). This precaution is necessary because babies have an underdeveloped immune system due to a lack of exposure to common contagions.

Check with your healthcare professional and be sure your shots are up-to-date. Let them know you are babysitting young children.

4. Bathing and Dressing Young Children

Bath time can be fun for both the child and the babysitter but always follow common safety practices.

Always check the temperature of the deepest part of the bath water with the sensitive skin of your inner forearm or toes before putting a child in the tub.

Infants and young children can easily get burned when the water is too hot. You may begin running the water for a bath, and then not realize it has become quite a bit warmer by the time it is finished running. Never put a little one in without checking the deepest part of the water (not just the surface) with your forearm or toes first.

Never leave a child unattended in or near a bathtub!

Get all of the toys, towels, soap, and anything else you might need before running the bath. No matter what the circumstance, you must always be present in the bathroom right next to the tub as long as there is water in it. Allow the phone to ring out, and the doorbell to go unanswered. Nothing is more important than ensuring the protection of a child in and around water.

Read our guide: 25 Kids Water Safety Tips for Babysitters for a more comprehensive list of safety instructions.

5. Changing Diapers

When babies and toddlers have soiled diapers, it's never a treat, but it's necessary to change them as soon as possible.

If a changing table is unavailable, change the baby on the floor. Never turn away from a baby on a changing table because they can roll off in an instant! And make sure you get everything ready beforehand, including the diaper, baby powder, wet wipes, and clothing because you can't go get it once you start!

Need help with changing diapers? Check out our complete guide to changing diapers for babysitters for all the necessary tricks.

6. Preparing and Cleaning Bottles for Babies

This is often a necessary duty for babysitters taking care of an infant.

Bottles must always be thoroughly cleaned and sanitized. You may wash them in hot, soapy water, or use a dishwasher with a heat-drying cycle, which should be sufficient in places where the water is clean. Sanitation, if needed, usually involves placing bottles, teats, caps, etc. in boiling water for 5 minutes to kill any bacteria that washing may have missed ( source & source).

This process is called sterilization, and it's normally only done until the child is 3 months old, after which washing alone should suffice.

Be very careful with boiling water! Make sure that no children are nearby while performing this task. Hot water can burn a child's skin in an instant! Never leave the boiling pot on the stove unattended. Turn the handles of all pots on the stove inward, so a toddler cannot reach up and grab them. This duty is best done after the little ones are in bed.

Check out our beginner's guide to babysitting a baby for more essential tricks and techniques for babysitting infants.

7. Preparing Meals and Snacks

This responsibility is often expected of babysitters and can present its own challenges.
If you're preparing food for kids then read this first: food safety guide for babysitters.
If the child has food allergies, make sure the parents outline them carefully so you can make all efforts to avoid a potentially dangerous reaction. Parents should keep a list of the foods to avoid on the refrigerator.

Also, if you are going to be cooking during your sit, find out what foods are acceptable to the parents and kid-friendly. Learn how to make fun, healthy versions of child favorites like pizza, spaghetti, tacos, hamburgers, cookies, and muffins.

8. Administering Medications

This is an important responsibility for any babysitter. Like all medications, drugs must be administered exactly as specified. Instructions for dosage are usually clearly outlined on the packaging or provided in a pamphlet by the doctor or pharmacist.

Never give medicine without parent approval first!

If a child requires medicine, make sure the parents provide detailed instructions, so you know what to do. These should always be in the written form, so don't rely on your memory for this.

Do exactly what parents request and, for any doubts, contact them to clarify. If you are unable to give a scheduled medication for any reason, you must contact the parent right away.

It's the responsibility of the parent to ensure that you are both aware of and comfortable with administering any required medication.

If the child is unwell, make sure you read our guide: How to babysit a sick child for some helpful strategies.

9. Disciplining Children

This can be a tricky one!

Discipline is primarily the responsibility of the parent but will fall upon the shoulders of the babysitter when parents are away. Learn the family's preferred discipline strategy and follow it as closely as you can to maintain consistency for the child.

For example, the family may use 'time-outs.' This is where the child is removed from an activity for a short time (usually 1 to 10 minutes, 1 minute for each year of age) in order to discourage inappropriate behavior.

The child is usually placed in a quiet, safe space, alone, and can return once they are willing to behave. It's not acceptable to scold or yell at a misbehaving child, and never, ever should a babysitter physically strike a child.

Always seek to resolve conflict in a safe, calm, and kind manner. If in doubt, always discuss this with the parents.

Read our child discipline guide for more tips: How to babysit a difficult child.

10. Helping with Homework

This may apply to school-aged children and could be part of a mutual agreement between you and the parents.

Parents may instruct you to ensure that all homework is done before the child is allowed to watch TV, play video games, or whatever recreational activity they want to do.

11. Provide Contact Information and Keep the Lines of Communication Open

This goes both ways. You should be able to reach the parents as required, and the parents should, in turn, always be able to contact you.

Make sure you exchange cell phone numbers as well as provide emergency contact numbers in case they cannot get ahold of you for some reason. Contacts may include a parent, friend, or another trusted adult, and should be provided in advance.

12. Sanitizing Toys And Cleaning Up Play Areas

This duty may be required if you are looking after multiple children or if a child is not well. Avoid the spread of germs by keeping toys clean and play areas tidy.

It's also helpful to encourage healthy practices among children, such as frequent hand-washing, keeping toys and foreign objects out of their mouth, and returning all toys to their proper places after playtime to avoid trips and falls.

13. Being Prepared

If possible, bring some age-appropriate games or crafts to keep the child engaged and entertained. It's recommended that you play along with the child as much as possible. This will make your time together more enjoyable, and will also help you bond with the child.

Parents are likely to ask the child "how did it go?" So it's good to have some stand-out fun that the kids can recall. If kids enjoy themselves, then you're more likely to get repeat work in the future!

Check out our huge list of over 200 babysitting games and activities if you're stuck for ideas.

14. Being Organized

Most children do well in a controlled environment, so structure and routine are necessary.

If you're babysitting multiple children at different locations, keep a journal to save valuable information. It will help you track each child's likes, behaviors, required medications, food allergies, emergency phone numbers, etc. It also eliminates the need to commit to memory each and every detail about a specific child.

See our checklist: What to bring on a babysitting job, so you never forget anything important.

15. Transporting Children To School and Events

This may be a babysitter's responsibility if the parents work and are unable to drop off or pick up their child.

If car transport is required, make sure you use the correctly-sized child seat for their age and weight. Children 8 years and above are usually big enough not to require a booster seat but double-check in your city just to make sure.

Safety is the priority, so working seat belts and a reliable vehicle are necessities. These, and all things regarding the safe transportation of their child, should be discussed in detail with the parents ahead of time.

16. Get Children to Bed on Time

This is probably one of the toughest responsibilities for a babysitter as children are not always cooperative when it comes time for bed.

It may be more challenging for the babysitter than parents as children often test their boundaries with someone new.

Make sure the usual routine is followed as much as possible (e.g., putting on pajamas, having a snack, brushing teeth, reading stories). Ask the parents exactly how and when each step should be done.

A firm, yet kind, approach to a child that is unwilling to cooperate is often necessary. Just remember to stay calm and implement the routine.

For essential bedtime tactics, check out our guide: How to get kids to bed when babysitting.

17. Being Able to Calm Upset Children

As a babysitter, you may find yourself in situations where a child becomes agitated or distressed. When tempers flare or tears begin to fall, it's essential to know how to handle it.

Validate the child's feelings, so they know you understand and want to help them. In a soothing manner, approach the child and discuss ways to get past the hurt.

Try to distract them with a toy. Read a story or play a video on your phone.

Suggest a fun activity to do together - something light that encourages laughter is often perfect.

Sometimes, it can take a little time to stop the tears. But if you carefully solve their problem, you can build up trust, and this will enable you to do a better job in the future.

Need some help with a crying child? Read our 17 strategies for How to Calm an Upset Child.

Want to build meaningful relationships with the kids you babysit? Refer to our guide: How babysitters can nurture children and bring out their best.

18. Solving Conflict

Conflicts between children often arise because kids don't yet have the skills to solve problems on their own. As a babysitter, it's your job to gently guide them so they can come up with a solution themselves. This is how kids learn.

19. Doing Laundry And Light Household Duties

As a babysitter, you may be expected to do some daily chores, especially when observing infants or toddlers, as they can be very messy!

Such duties may include doing laundry, keeping toys clean and in their place, tidying up the child's bedroom, and vacuuming the play area.

For more details on what parents may expect regarding household duties, see our guide: Should babysitters clean?

20. Have the Required Qualifications

Anyone considering a job in childcare should complete a first aid course and become certified in CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).
Make sure to also bring a portable first aid kit to your babysitting jobs (here's the kit we recommend) having the right equipment in an emergency is so important!
Babysitters can earn more money and find more work by being CPR certified because most parents consider this training to be vital when someone is caring for their beloved child.

Organizations like the Red Cross offer babysitting courses to obtain CPR, First Aid, and AED (automated external defibrillator) certifications.

Other courses you might consider taking include water safety, infant care, nutrition, fitness education, special needs care, and positive discipline training.

See our complete list of babysitting qualifications to see if any others may be right for you.

21. Being Accountable

As a babysitter, you must always be responsible and accountable.

Understand and acknowledge the important role you have to the parent who hires you and the children you care for.

Show up on time (or a bit early) and honor all commitments that you make.

Have a valid driver's license (if transport is required), administer any and all medications properly (if necessary), and always put the best interests of the child first to create an environment where happiness and safety are key players.

It should be your primary interest to foster the mental, emotional, and physical health and well-being of the children you babysit.

Learn how babysitting develops leadership skills.

22. Being Patient

Being a good babysitter takes time, and caring for children can take plenty of time!

Learning can't be rushed.

While it might seem frustrating at times, you'll need to allow children to find their way, learn from their mistakes, and even take 15 minutes to tie their shoes!

You will quickly learn that planning ahead can end up saving you time.

If you're a patient and understanding babysitter, you might want to try babysitting children with autism for an extra rewarding challenge.

23. Having Fun!

When things run smoothly, babysitting can be the most fun.

You'll get to invent crazy games, go on adventures, read inspiring stories, tell funny jokes, make amazing discoveries, and create beautiful art, sometimes all in the same day!

Try telling that to your buddies stuck in an office job.

Summary
Next:

Daniel Moore
Toronto, ON CA
Every babysitting job will be slightly different, and there will be varying duties and responsibilities that parents expect of you, depending on the situation and the children you are caring for.

As you gain experience, you'll become more qualified for a wider range of situations. In order to find more jobs and earn more money, you may even consider taking some courses related to babysitting. These will give you confidence by improving your knowledge base and skills, so you can bring greater value to your babysitting jobs.

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Babysitting Responsibilities (23 Common Duties on the Job)

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Learn the most common responsibilities that parents expect of their babysitters and how your duties may change depending on the job requirements.

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Ensuring child safety

Preparing meals and snacks

Helping with homework

Playing games and having fun!

Changing diapers

Getting children to bed on time

Laundry and light housework

Bathing and dressing young children

Transporting children

Preparing and cleaning baby bottles

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What is esports? A beginner’s guide to competitive gaming

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Not sure what esports is? We’ve got you covered

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Frannie Comstock Frannie Comstock is a writer based in Chicago.

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Esports | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica

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Esports are online gaming competitions in which amateur and professional gamers participate individually or in teams through organized leagues, often with monetary prizes on the line.

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What does a Lawyer do?

A lawyer has several duties which go beyond the basic court trial. Researching information, drafting documents, mediating disputes and providing counsel to clients about their legal rights are just some responsibilities involved depending on the area of law.

The law is so broad and extensive that it is impossible for a single lawyer to successfully provide legal counsel across each different area of law. It can be likened to a doctor that focuses on a specific area of the body or a specific type of ailment or disease - lawyers also specialize in one or two related areas of law.

Below is a list of nine types of lawyers and descriptions of each lawyers' law practice:

Divorce Lawyer
Divorce lawyers specialize in the many legal aspects that need to be addressed when terminating a marriage. Some of these details may include child custody, legal filings, and the division of assets and debts amongst spouses. In the case of legal separations, a divorce lawyer will grant the separation in the form of a court order (a legal separation is a process by which a married couple may formalize a separation while remaining legally married). When there are children involved, a divorce lawyer will help set the terms for child support and child custody.

Throughout the divorce process, lawyers try to ensure that they are protecting their client's rights and that their client is given a just settlement once the marriage has been legally dissolved. A divorce lawyer must systematically investigate each case in order to substantiate the supporting evidence. The compiled paperwork documenting the evidence must cover every single detail before it is submitted to the court. A divorce lawyer must also be an attentive listener and must remain non-judgmental - these skills are vital when dealing with such a variety of clients.

Family Lawyer
A family lawyer handles anything having to do with direct family issues, such as adoption, surrogacy, child abuse, child abduction, spousal abuse, estate or family planning, divorce, custody battles, paternity determinations, juvenile delinquency, child emancipation, prenuptial agreements, and name changes. Lawyers practicing family law represent their clients in family court proceedings or in negotiations and also draft any necessary legal documents.

While some family lawyers only focus on divorce, most cover all areas of family law. Divorce law and family law are sometimes thought of as one in the same, however, divorce law is only one of many issues a family lawyer deals with. It is interesting to note that a family lawyer can handle a divorce, but a divorce lawyer usually does not have the expertise to represent clients in other family law matters.

Immigration Lawyer
Immigration lawyers determine the legal rights, obligations, and duties of individuals considered aliens and specialize in helping them gain legal citizenship within a specific country. They will also assist with citizenship tests, represent individuals in court to prevent them from being deported, and help get immediate access citizenship to those in emergency situations.

The immigration process can be very complicated - immigration lawyers do a lot of work on behalf of their clients, such as analyzing all the possibilities and strategies that might be needed throughout the process, preparing paperwork, organizing the documents and forms that will be needed for the application, and preparing testimony and statements. They usually act as mediators between clients and immigration authorities.

Criminal Lawyer
A criminal lawyer represents defendants and organizations facing criminal charges in state and federal courts. This can include fraud, domestic violence crimes, theft, embezzlement, violent crimes, driving under the influence (DUI), sex crimes, and drug-related crimes. The scope of practice for a criminal lawyer includes trials, bail bond hearings, post-conviction remedies, plea bargains, and revocation hearings (parole or probation).

After investigating a case, a criminal lawyer will interview all witnesses involved, research the statutes, case law, and crime codes, and then build a defence as well as develop a case strategy. Negotiation with the prosecution is typically involved in order to plea bargain to lesser charges. During trial, the criminal lawyer will advocate for the defendant and argue motions (motions to dismiss or motions to suppress), and also argue appeals - all motions and appeals need to be drafted and filed by the lawyer in advance.

Accident and Personal Injury Lawyer
Accident and personal injury law involves civil law cases that focus on physical and psychological injuries due to an accident. This type of lawyer tends to practice primarily in the area of law known as tort law, and provides legal service to those who claim to have been injured as a result of the negligence of another person or entity. They help those who have suffered injuries get reimbursement for the costs that they have incurred - this compensation is often needed to pay for medical treatment and make up for lost wages. Examples of common personal injury claims include traffic collisions, slip and fall accidents, workplace injuries, defective products, and professional malpractice.

Most accident and personal injury claims are settled without going to trial. There are times, however, that the only way for a victim to get compensation is by going through a full civil trial, if their insurance company denies the claim. Litigation can be extremely complex and requires strict adherence to specific procedures and rules of evidence.

Business and Corporate Lawyer
Business and corporate lawyers can handle a wide range of legal issues for publicly held companies and privately held businesses, and specialize in counselling and guiding their clients through complex legal processes. They focus on agency and employment law, contracts, sales, commercial paper, business organizations, and property and bailment. Their expertise can range from being able to assist brand new internet companies with their start-up needs to negotiating complex acquisitions for multibillion dollar companies.

Business transactions may include: negotiating, drafting and reviewing mergers, acquisitions and divestitures; advising on the rights and responsibilities of corporate directors and officers; assisting with the financial information business owners must provide to their employees, owners, and shareholders; and assisting with the mandatory reporting to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and other government agencies.

Bankruptcy Lawyer
A bankruptcy lawyer assists individuals or organizations that make legal declarations stating their inability to pay their creditors. Understanding the process and filling out the bankruptcy forms can be daunting. Due to the complicated nature of bankruptcy filings, most are completed by bankruptcy lawyers that not only give legal advice but will handle the paperwork from start to finish.

A bankruptcy lawyer will meet with potential clients to: review their income, debts and assets; determine if bankruptcy is right for the them; determine which chapter of bankruptcy to file; determine a filing date; and enter into a contract with the client. On the appropriate date, the lawyer will file the petition electronically with the court. When the date for a hearing is set by the court, the bankruptcy lawyer, the debtor, and the bankruptcy trustee will meet and discuss the situation. Following that, the bankruptcy lawyer will make sure that the client meets any obligations required by the bankruptcy trustee and will keep the client updated regarding the confirmation and discharge of the bankruptcy.

Employment Lawyer
An employment lawyer governs the employer-employee relationship which includes contracts, regulations, bargaining agreements, protection against discrimination, sexual harassment, wages and hours, health and safety, and severance negotiations. Other responsibilities may include advising employers on environmental regulations or defending employers in front of governmental boards and agencies. Employment lawyers also assist in employment-related lawsuits.

Employment lawyers advise employees and employers on the local, state or federal government's legal standards in order to make sure that there is consistent and fair treatment. For employment lawyers who represent the employer, they help employers draft policies that inform management to not discriminate on the basis of race, colour, sex, age, national origin, religion or disability. Employment lawyers may also help advise employees on their rights to form a union, as well as their responsibilities regarding union workers.

Animal Lawyer
An animal lawyer is involved with legal cases involving veterinary malpractice, wrongful death, tainted pet food products, dog bite defence cases, discrimination, landlord-tenant disputes, estate planning, purchase disputes, animal cruelty, and other animal related legal issues.

Animal lawyers may be hired by animal welfare organizations, animal protection groups, pet service providers, conservation organizations or by individual clients. An animal lawyer will advise clients, research cases, review and prepare legal documents, conduct depositions, create pet trusts, argue cases in court, file class action lawsuits and a variety of other duties. They may also publish case studies in journals dedicated to the study of animal law.

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A lawyer is someone who is licensed to practice law, and whose obligation it is to uphold the law while also protecting their client's rights. Some duties commonly associated with a lawyer include: providing legal advice and counsel, researching and gathering information or evidence, drawing up legal documents related to divorces, wills, contracts and real estate transactions, and prosecuting or defending in court.

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想要进行高端游戏鼠标拆解横评，首当其次的第一件事，就是需要将这7款鼠标一一折开。尽管看似废话，但实际证明想要完美的拆开每一只鼠标，并不是一件容易的事。为避免玩家私拆鼠标影响质保，厂商往往会设下一些小小的。

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https://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2025/01/inside-the-world-of-modern-detectives/

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The world of detective work has long been romanticised as one of intrigue and intellect, where officers use their knowledge and skills to untangle webs of deceit to deliver justice for victims. Yet, our research reveals that today behind this façade, lies a profession grappling with significant challenges. By interviewing detectives and investigators from five police forces in England and Wales, our research sheds light on the realities of modern investigative work and the systemic hurdles faced by investigators.

Detective work begins with a sense of purpose. Increasingly detective vacancies are being filled by those employed via direct entry or fast track schemes. Lacking that traditional 'apprenticeship' in policing, novice investigators enter the field motivated by a desire to make a difference, to help victims, and to build meaningful careers for themselves. However, many quickly find themselves disillusioned. High workloads, inadequate mentoring, and the overwhelming demands of balancing professional, academic, and personal lives while trying to find their feet in the high pressure investigative milieu, can erode their initial enthusiasm. A recurring theme is that, lacking a grounding in police work, many new detectives 'don't know what they don't know,' because they have been thrown into the deep end without sufficient support or preparation.

Attrition is greater in some forces than in others, as are long-term sickness levels, but simply resigning from the job, or looking to take a break from it, are not the only coping mechanisms that new detectives employ. For some, the lack of preparedness pushes them to seek promotion or specialisation as a way to escape the pressures of frontline investigative work. Officers who follow either of those paths are not lost to the service but they are lost to those areas of investigation with the greatest need; safeguarding and main CID roles. Of course, that relatively new officers are able to move on so quickly suggests that all may not be well, further along the chain. Certainly, detectives told us that posts in the more specialised areas of investigation, customarily filled by experienced peers, increasingly are taken by detectives who may lack the experience 'really' needed for the role.

For experienced detectives, the outlook can be equally challenging. The profession faces a national shortage of mentors with the skills and time to guide the new recruits. This void in mentorship capacity leaves less experienced investigators leading others, creating a cycle where knowledge and best practices fail to trickle down. Even experienced detectives can be overburdened with excessive caseloads, leading to high stress levels and a diminished quality of investigations. Many of our research participants expressed frustration with being unable to do justice to their cases due to time constraints, which ultimately impacts victim support and investigative outcomes negatively.

Another notable concern is the detectives' perception of lack of parity between themselves and their uniformed colleagues. From more favourable shift patterns and pay discrepancies to the absence of allowances, detectives feel undervalued despite the additional responsibilities they shoulder. This feeling of inequity extends beyond financial concerns, as many investigators feel their role lacks the professional respect it once commanded.

Team dynamics and workplace culture also play significant roles. A strong team ethic is often missing, exacerbated by a 'blame culture' that discourages collaboration and open dialogue. Investigators report that remote working and the physical separation from other key police functions have further weakened interdepartmental relationships, limiting opportunities to build professional rapport and shared understanding. The blurring of roles within forces is exacerbating the challenges faced by detectives, sometimes forcing them to take on cases typically managed by less specialised investigators.

This role dilution not only undermines their expertise but also limits their capacity to focus on complex or high-stakes investigations. For example we were told that in one force detectives were being assigned to shoplifting cases; an area currently under heightened scrutiny by the government. That has created a ripple effect. More serious crimes like robberies and burglaries are being delegated to response officers, which not only risks compromising the quality of those investigations but also raises questions about the effective use of specialised resources in addressing the most pressing criminal cases.

Our research highlights systemic inefficiencies in recruitment, retention, and professional development. Current training, including the Professionalising Investigations Programme (PIP) accreditation process, often is seen as a box-ticking exercise rather than a meaningful developmental tool. Detectives want more robust training programmes that emphasise practical, scenario-based learning and provide opportunities for continual professional growth.

Our project is far from complete. We and our colleagues at Liverpool John Moores University currently are examining whether these challenges are emblematic of peculiarly British problems or are to be found in detective departments elsewhere. Our interviews with detectives in police departments in Europe suggest that they too face challenges connected to changing demographics and societal norms and to a seemingly inexhaustible demand for their professional services.

Looking ahead, we want to map out what our research is telling us about those challenges and how they might be addressed. What we have learned already is that recruitment strategies must better prepare candidates for the realities of the role, and retention efforts should focus on fair compensation, manageable workloads, and fostering a culture of respect and support. Enhanced mentoring programmes, clearer role definitions, and streamlined administrative processes could significantly improve job satisfaction and investigative outcomes.

Detective work, as noble as its mission may be, requires systemic reforms to remain a sustainable and attractive career choice. By addressing the gaps in mentorship, training, and workplace culture, and by deploying officers to investigations commensurate with their skills, the profession can reclaim its identity as a respected pillar of justice, providing not just a rewarding career path for investigators but also better outcomes for the communities they serve.

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Overburdened and undervalued: inside the world of modern detectives

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The world of detective work has long been romanticised as one of intrigue and intellect. Yet, research by Liverpool John Moores University reveals a profession grappling with significant challenges.

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Mercenaries: Hired soldiers fighting regardless politics.‌13
Historically utilized as military supplements pre-17th-century standing armies.

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mercenary, hired professional soldier who fights for any state or nation without regard to political interests or issues. From the earliest days of organized warfare until the development of political standing armies in the mid-17th century, governments frequently supplemented their military forces with mercenaries.

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https://bebusinessed.com/history/history-of-babysitting/

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The history of babysitting might seem like a straightforward topic: parents needed someone to take c…

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想了解最高端的游戏鼠标？想感受键鼠外设行业最新科技？想知晓各大外设品牌设计实力？一切中关村在线键鼠频道年中巨献《巅峰对决八大品牌旗舰级游戏鼠标横评》。通过十大项目全面对比，简洁直观的数据参照，客观详实

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Escalette Permanent Collection of Art at Chapman University

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According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word "modern" is defined as, "of or relating to the present time." The word "contemporary" is defined as "happening or beginning now or in recent times." While these definitions may appear to be similar or even nearly identical, in terms of art genres, they are very incongruent.

The modern art movement began in the 1860's during the period of the Industrial Revolution. With the advent of photography, artists no longer saw the necessity to make art for the sake of portraying reality exclusively. Many artists therefore began experimenting with color, form, shape, abstraction, different mediums, and different techniques. Modern art was a major diversion from techniques of the past, as described below by Melissa Ho, an assistant curator at the Hirshorn Museum:

"[Traditional academic painting of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries] was about perfect, seamless technique and using that perfect, seamless technique to execute very well-established subject matter [...] With modern art, there is this new emphasis put on the value of being original and doing something innovative."

Modern art made way for many different trends and movements, including futurism, cubism, abstract expressionism, pop art, and
many more. Al Held and Roy Lichtenstein were two very influential modern artists who helped define the trends within modernism, and we are proud to have works by both included in the Escalette Permanent Collection of Art. Al Held was primarily focused around abstract expressionism, but particularly favored playing with geometric shapes, layers, and illusion. All three of these components are clearly exhibited in his work Stoneridge, which is currently on display in Beckman Hall, third floor. Roy Lichtenstein, on the other hand, was a passionate participant and leader of the pop art movement. Early on in his career, he would depict widely recognized images from comic books and advertising, putting his own spin on the illustrations using bright colors and large shapes. Later on in his career in the 1970's, however, he began to experiment with more abstract forms, as can be seen in his work Mirror #5, which is also on display on the third floor of Beckman Hall.

Contemporary art, on the other hand, is typically less well-defined as the former topic. This style is most commonly described as belonging to artists still living today. Much like what spurred the modern art movement, contemporary art has begun to incorporate new mediums to match societal advancements in resources and technology- including video art, site-specific art, and installation art.

The majority of the Escalette Permanent Collection of Art features some intriguing pieces by contemporary artists. Two of these artists are Lisa Adams and Ellina Kevorkian , both of whom have their works on display on the fourth floor of Beckman Hall. Lisa Adams primarily works to create paintings and gouaches, and typically depicts scenes of nature. In The Wood Family, Adams further incorporates nature into her piece by adding wood as a medium in the work itself. Further exploring the idea of mixed media within a singular piece of art is Ellina Kevorkian, who, as she advertises on her own website, "creates hybridized relationships between painting, photography, video, and performance using tropes, humor, and the visual languages of art and popular culture." Kevorkian is "contemporary" in every sense of the word, and her work cannot be represented better than in her piece Last Night My Tears Were Falling, I Went To Bed So Sad And Blue, Then I Had a Dream Of You. Using glitter, spray paint, acrylic paint, lace, and puff paint, Kevorkian creates a rich world poking fun at the trope of what is widely considered, "feminine."

While contemporary art and modern art may sound similar, in form and practice they are quite contrasting. In many ways, modern art has laid the groundwork for contemporary art, as both seem to have arisen directly as a result of technological advancements in society and are concerned with being indicative of popular culture or social issues of their respective time period. We here at the Escalette Collection invite you to take a look at the artwork on display all around Chapman University's campus, exploring our vast collection of modern and contemporary artists and seeing if you can define what makes each unique to one another!

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Contemporary Art vs. Modern Art - Defining

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According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the word "modern" is defined as, "of or relating to the present time." The word "contemporary" is defined as "happening or beginning now or in recent times." While these definitions may appear to be similar or even nearly identical, in terms of art genres, they are very incongruent.

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Smarthistory – What made art valuable, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance vs. now

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【双语】【科教】考古学是什么——了解考古记录@阿尔法小分队科教组

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【双语】【科教】考古学是什么--了解考古记录@阿尔法小分队科教组_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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有争议的传统 Japan commercial whaling_ Outdated cruelty or sacred tradition_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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www.youtube.comJapan commercial whaling_ Outdated cruelty or sacred tradition, 视频播放量 7、弹幕量 0、点赞数 0、投硬币枚数 0、收藏人数 0、转发人数 0, 视频作者 DunbaX, 作者简介 ，相关视频：有争议的传统 Bullfighting in Spain_ Tradition, Controversy, and Cultural Identity，有争议的传统 Pamplona’s Running of the Bulls，The Grind_ What is the future for whaling in the Faroe Islands_，AI对教育的影响 6 Ways AI Will Revolutionize Education by 2025 - 20240125，西方谎言终露马脚！这些发明都来自中国！，智能手机禁令 Germany debates whether to ban mobile phones in schools DW 20240630，智能手机禁令 ‘Phones are not the problem’ Channel 4 20240220，代餐饮料的争议 The TRUTH about Meal Replacements 20240118，人口问题 日本的人口老龄化 Why Japan’s Aging Population Is an Economic Time Bomb 20241206，第1季~第8季【WowEnglish】火爆油管的趣味英语启蒙史蒂夫和他的乌鸦朋友，适合零基础的小朋友狂刷！全489集完整8季！！

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Mercenary Companies In Medieval Europe And England: Soldiers For Hire | Medieval Chronicles

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“Mercenaries were a double-edged sword in medieval Europe. While they offered a flexible and specialized fighting force, their loyalties often lay with the

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Whaling In The Faroe Islands In 2023: The ‘Grind’ Explained

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Whaling in the Faroe Islands: the grind hunts explained, including why people eat whale meat and the impact on pilot whales

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Mercenaries, or paid soldiers, have played a key role in warfare for centuries. However, as global conflicts become increasingly privatized, new opportunities have been created for proxy fighters from Africa, Latin America and even Eastern Europe. Most of these mercenaries toil for $1,000 to $16,000 per month. For…

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中英双字 | 英国远洋捕鲸影像（20世纪40年代）_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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YT标题：1940s whaling in the Antarctichttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zADNZup3Fmg作者：Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewahttps://www.youtube.com/@tepapa来源于网络公开资源，仅用于学习交流。, 视频播放量 36、弹幕量 0、点赞数 1、投硬币枚数 0、收藏人数 2、转发人数 0, 视频作者 B_miNh, 作者简介 ٩( ‘ω’ )و ，相关视频：中英双字 | 南非萨尔达尼亚湾捕鲸业影像（20世纪40年代），中字 | 南乔治亚岛和捕鲸者的故事，中英双字 | 人造黄油制造影像（20世纪40年代），1997年英军撤离香港，众人冒着大雨举行告别仪式，他吃中餐都是解开皮带哐哐炫，体重上升太快了，改吃英国菜结果破防了……，英国最厉害的线列步兵战术，英日关键时刻反水，中国稳坐钓鱼台，美国慌了手脚，我们到底应该如何看待英国？【施展世界】，tiktok上外国小姐姐发现“中国版”世界地图英国在边缘角落里，而“英版”世界地图英国在正中心，引发评论区一片热议！，APT 摆式列车：胎死腹中的英国高铁！

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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-a-100-year-old-lie-detector-and-150-year-old-arsenic-tests-tell-us-about-forensic-science-today-180984623/

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The police have many tasks. First, they patrol, or keep watch over, streets and neighborhoods. Most police officers patrol in cars. But sometimes they patrol on foot, on horseback, on motorcycles, or on bicycles. Second, police go to the scenes of crimes and emergencies to catch criminals and to help victims. Third, police investigate, or study, crimes to find out who committed them. Police fight many types of crimes. One of the most serious is terrorism. (Terrorists use violence to try to affect people's beliefs or ways of life.)

Some police officers wear uniforms. Others work in everyday clothing, called plain clothes. Many police officers carry handcuffs, a notebook, and a two-way radio. Some also carry a handgun. Some use a stun gun or pepper spray to stop criminals without seriously harming them. Some officers travel with specially trained police dogs.

Police officers whose main job is investigating crimes are called detectives. Detectives usually work in plain clothes. They talk to witnesses, or people who may know something about the crimes. They also talk to suspects, or people they think may be guilty of the crimes. Detectives sometimes use hidden microphones or cameras to record the conversations and actions of suspects.

At the scene of a crime, detectives look for evidence, or clues to help them figure out who committed the crime. Evidence includes fingerprints, footprints, bits of cloth, blood, hair, and anything else that the criminal may have left behind. When they find the person who they think committed the crime, they arrest that person. The person may then be put on trial to determine if they did commit the crime. During the trial, the detectives and other police officers often talk about the evidence they gathered when they were investigating the crime.

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The police have many tasks. First, they patrol, or keep watch over, streets and neighborhoods. Most police officers patrol in cars. But sometimes they patrol on foot, on horseback, on motorcycles, or on bicycles. Second, police go to the scenes of crimes and emergencies to catch criminals and to help victims. Third, police investigate, or study, crimes to find out who committed them.

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Careers in Forensic Science

The word forensic comes from the Latin word forensis: public, to the forum or public discussion; argumentative, rhetorical, belonging to debate or discussion. A relevant, modern definition of forensic is: relating to, used in, or suitable to a court of law. Any science used for the purposes of the law is a forensic science. The forensic sciences are used around the world to resolve civil disputes, to justly enforce criminal laws and government regulations, and to protect public health. Forensic scientists may be involved anytime an objective, scientific analysis is needed to find the truth and to seek justice in a legal proceeding.

What Do Forensic Scientists Do?

What's a Forensic Scientist?

A forensic scientist is first a scientist. When a scientist's knowledge is used to help lawyers, juries, and judges understand the results of scientific tests, the scientist becomes a forensic scientist. Because the work of a forensic scientist is intended to be used in court and because scientific evidence can be very powerful, the forensic scientist must be accurate, methodical, detailed, and above all, unbiased.

Analyze Information and Document Findings

In most cases, the item or items in question are provided to the forensic scientist for examination and analysis. In other cases, they may need to go to the scene to conduct an on-site analysis, gather evidence, or document facts for later analysis. Having been provided or having gathered the relevant information, the forensic scientist then has to decide which examinations, tests, or analyses are appropriate - and relevant - to the issue(s) in dispute. (Is that powder cocaine or not? Did a defect in the road surface cause the crash?). They must conduct the most appropriate tests/analyses and document the process to interpret the results and document the steps followed to reach this conclusion or opinion.

Testify in Court as an Expert Witness

The forensic scientist will, at some point, have to testify. Testimony is the verbal statement of a witness, under oath, to the judge or jury. Forensic scientists are "expert" witnesses as opposed to ordinary or "fact" witnesses. Expert witnesses are permitted to testify not just about what the results of testing or analysis were ("facts"), but also to give an opinion about what those results mean. For example, a forensic scientist may testify about the observed, factual results of a chemical drug analysis and that, in their expert opinion, the results show that the tested substance is a specific drug, such as cocaine or heroin.

To qualify as an expert witness, the forensic scientist must have a solid, documented background of education, training, and experience in the scientific discipline used to conduct the examinations, testing, or analyses about which the forensic scientist wants to testify.

Being a member of the AAFS may assist in qualifying a forensic scientists as an expert witness.
Become a Member
A party to a court case may challenge whether the scientist performed the tests correctly; whether the scientist interpreted the results accurately; or, whether the underlying science is valid and reliable. A party to a court case may additionally challenge whether the scientist is properly qualified to render an expert opinion or question the scientist's impartiality.

"If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science. You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to convict or save - you must bear testimony within the limits of science."

- Dr. P.C.H. Brouardel
19th-Century French Medico-Legalist

How do I Become a Forensic Scientist?

You will need:

How Much Money Will I Make?

What Do Forensic Scientists Do?

What's a Forensic Scientist?

A forensic scientist is first a scientist. When a scientist's knowledge is used to help lawyers, juries, and judges understand the results of scientific tests, the scientist becomes a forensic scientist. Because the work of a forensic scientist is intended to be used in court and because scientific evidence can be very powerful, the forensic scientist must be accurate, methodical, detailed, and above all, unbiased.

Analyze Information and Document Findings

In most cases, the item or items in question are provided to the forensic scientist for examination and analysis. In other cases, they may need to go to the scene to conduct an on-site analysis, gather evidence, or document facts for later analysis. Having been provided or having gathered the relevant information, the forensic scientist then has to decide which examinations, tests, or analyses are appropriate - and relevant - to the issue(s) in dispute. (Is that powder cocaine or not? Did a defect in the road surface cause the crash?). They must conduct the most appropriate tests/analyses and document the process to interpret the results and document the steps followed to reach this conclusion or opinion.

Testify in Court as an Expert Witness

The forensic scientist will, at some point, have to testify. Testimony is the verbal statement of a witness, under oath, to the judge or jury. Forensic scientists are "expert" witnesses as opposed to ordinary or "fact" witnesses. Expert witnesses are permitted to testify not just about what the results of testing or analysis were ("facts"), but also to give an opinion about what those results mean. For example, a forensic scientist may testify about the observed, factual results of a chemical drug analysis and that, in their expert opinion, the results show that the tested substance is a specific drug, such as cocaine or heroin.

To qualify as an expert witness, the forensic scientist must have a solid, documented background of education, training, and experience in the scientific discipline used to conduct the examinations, testing, or analyses about which the forensic scientist wants to testify.

Being a member of the AAFS may assist in qualifying a forensic scientists as an expert witness.
Become a Member
A party to a court case may challenge whether the scientist performed the tests correctly; whether the scientist interpreted the results accurately; or, whether the underlying science is valid and reliable. A party to a court case may additionally challenge whether the scientist is properly qualified to render an expert opinion or question the scientist's impartiality.

"If the law has made you a witness, remain a man of science. You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or innocent person to convict or save - you must bear testimony within the limits of science."

- Dr. P.C.H. Brouardel
19th-Century French Medico-Legalist

How do I Become a Forensic Scientist?

You will need:

Bachelor's degree in science - (chemistry, biology, physics, etc.) Take other courses in math, statistics, and writing skills.

Advanced degree - certain jobs require advanced degrees and specialized training.

Good speaking skills - courses enhancing your public presence and speaking ability are highly recommended.

Good note-taking and observation skills - take laboratory courses.

The ability to write an understandable scientific report

The ability to be unbiased, intellectual curiosity, and personal integrity

How Much Money Will I Make?

Income in the forensic sciences and average work weeks vary greatly depending on the type of job, the employer, and the work requirements. Most scientists in forensic laboratories work 40 hours per week. Others work in the field, some may be "on call," and their work hours may vary. Every branch of forensic science offers opportunity for personal growth, career advancement, and increased financial compensation.

The average salary of a forensic scientist is estimated to be between $40,000 and $100,000 a year.

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Careers in Forensic Science The word forensic comes from the Latin word forensis: public, to the forum or public discussion; argumentative, rhetorical, belonging to debate or discussion. A relevant, modern definition of forensic is: relating to, used in, or suitable to a court of law.

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A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court.[1] A detective may work for the police or privately.

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The police have many tasks. First, they patrol, or keep watch over, streets and neighborhoods. Most police officers patrol in cars. But sometimes they patrol on foot, on horseback, on motorcycles, or on bicycles. Second, police go to the scenes of crimes and emergencies to catch criminals and to help victims. Third, police investigate, or study, crimes to find out who committed them. Police fight many types of crimes. One of the most serious is terrorism. (Terrorists use violence to try to affect people's beliefs or ways of life.)

Some police officers wear uniforms. Others work in everyday clothing, called plain clothes. Many police officers carry handcuffs, a notebook, and a two-way radio. Some also carry a handgun. Some use a stun gun or pepper spray to stop criminals without seriously harming them. Some officers travel with specially trained police dogs.

Police officers whose main job is investigating crimes are called detectives. Detectives usually work in plain clothes. They talk to witnesses, or people who may know something about the crimes. They also talk to suspects, or people they think may be guilty of the crimes. Detectives sometimes use hidden microphones or cameras to record the conversations and actions of suspects.

At the scene of a crime, detectives look for evidence, or clues to help them figure out who committed the crime. Evidence includes fingerprints, footprints, bits of cloth, blood, hair, and anything else that the criminal may have left behind. When they find the person who they think committed the crime, they arrest that person. The person may then be put on trial to determine if they did commit the crime. During the trial, the detectives and other police officers often talk about the evidence they gathered when they were investigating the crime.

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The police have many tasks. First, they patrol, or keep watch over, streets and neighborhoods. Most police officers patrol in cars. But sometimes they patrol on foot, on horseback, on motorcycles, or on bicycles. Second, police go to the scenes of crimes and emergencies to catch criminals and to help victims. Third, police investigate, or study, crimes to find out who committed them.

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1. Visual acuity assessment: This checks how well you can see. The doctor will ask you to read letters or symbols on a chart from a certain distance to figure out if your vision is normal or if you have problems like nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism.

2. Ocular tonometry to determine intraocular pressure: This measures the pressure inside your eye. High eye pressure can be a sign of glaucoma, a serious eye disease that can cause vision loss. The doctor uses a special instrument to gently touch the eye or blow a puff of air on it to measure the pressure.

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https://img.freepik.com/free-photo/ophthalmologist_656297-325.jpg