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The UK announced the end of their colony of India, as well as dividing the country into two nations by their religions . Muslim, which is now Pakistan, and the Hindu group which is now India. India and Pakistan's conflict started from then. Their first war started in 1947, the year they had gained independence, for the Kashmir area. In 1965, as a second war, they also fought over the Kashmir region. The Kashmir region was and is important to them, because it's a regional central to their nation's identity as a Muslim-majority area, and strategic for military and water resources. 1971, fought about Bangladesh's independence and lastly the Kargil war in 1999, for the distribution and overtaking of the Kashmir area. Their conflict is still continuing by now, and lots of experts are stating that there are possibilities for World War 3, with nuclear bombs involved since both countries own nuclear weapons.

Not for wars, but the conflicts and discussions, in 1960, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty, a World Bank-mediated deal under which they agreed to share the waters of the six Indus Basin rivers they both relied on, and still is. In 1963, the foreign minister of India and his Pakistani counterpart, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had a discussion over the territory of Kashmir. These talks were mediated by the US and the UK. No exact details of the discussions were made public, and it resulted as no agreement. However, in 1964, Pakistan referred the Kashmir case to the United Nations.

In conclusion, India might have a war with Pakistan, involving nuclear weapons, due to the separation of it after the UK gave independence. Although there already was a conflict between the Muslim and Hindu, but the UK triggered it to be official by actually dividing the religions into countries.

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Nonviolent Resistance, peace keeping method, is one example of resolution strategies, usually protested and propelled by people who see struggle as essential and thinks they could wage the conflict without violence. It is not ignoring the conflict, but trying to resolve it by not sacrificing hundreds of people but with talking through it.

Mahatma Gandhi persuaded people into nonviolent resistance by showing off his personal experiences and philosophical beliefs. For example, Salt March was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience which was led by him. Under the British colonial rule, Indians were not allowed to produce or sell salt independently, and were forced to buy salt that was heavily taxed from the British, heavily taxed salt from the British, even though salt was a basic necessity for life to them. With thousands of followers, Gandhi walked 240 miles from the Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of dandi in Gujarat. Although after this act, 60,000 people including Gandhi was arrested, the protest drew international attention about how India was treated inequally by the British government and rule, and increased support for India to conquer independence.

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Mahatma Gandhi played an essential role in helping India gain independence from the British government and rule. He led the Indian independence movement through his philosophy and theory of nonviolent resistance, which mobilized millions of people and ultimately pressured the British by granting independence. The first major activity and movement Gandhi made, was in response to violence after the Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. The Rowlatt Act, was a law passed by the British colonial government in India. It was named after Sir Sidney Rowlatt, the British judge who chaired the committee that recommended the act. After the passing and allowing of law, there was violence, because the whole point of the law was allowing the British to arrest and seize Indians without trial or justice.

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A resource war is a type of war caused by conflict over resources. In a resource war, there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource. This power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century. Following the rise of industrialization, the amount of raw materials an industrialized nation uses to sustain its activities is heightened.

Illustration of the Chincha Islands of Peru, circa 1859

One of the most prolific examples of resource war in history is the conflict over Chincha Island guano in the late 19th century. The Chincha Islands of Peru are situated off of the southern coast of Peru, where many seabirds were known to roost and prey on fish brought there by the currents of the Pacific Ocean. The guano of these seabirds is incredibly dense in nutrients and became a sought-after resource as a fertilizer. Soil that was nutrient rich allowed for higher crop yields, which subsequently translated to better sustenance of the population and overall improved economic performance. Known colloquially as "white gold", guano from the Chincha Islands began to catch the interest of Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other industrial powers at the time.

The international interest for that resource resulting in a number of conflicts including the Chincha Islands War between Spain and Peru and the War of the Pacific between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Although the primary inciting force of the conflict originated over possession of the nutrient-rich guano, Spain also attempted to exercise prior colonial control over Peru during its aggressions during this conflict. The Chincha Islands guano became a resource of imperialism with foreign nations inciting conflict and establishing dominion over it. In 1856, United States President Franklin Pierce passed the Guano Islands Act with the exclusive purpose of addressing American scarcity over guano. Under the Guano Islands Act, any piece of uninhabited land that harbors a guano deposit could be claimed as a territory of the United States to extract the resource. The legislation acted as a workaround for the United States to access Peruvian seabird guano since direct trade was not an option because of a treaty between Peru and the United Kingdom.

Under the geopolitical lens for interpreting resource wars, the main rationale behind resource conflict is strategic. It assumes that control over the resource provides a particular advantage to that nation and interprets hostile attempts to take over the resource as a means to acquire that advantage for themselves. Resources that are deemed strategic shift over time and pertain to what is required for economic expansion or success at the time. Examples of this include timber during the seventeenth century for naval development or oil during the twentieth century onward for enabling military technology and transportation.

Dr. Thomas Homer-Dixon at an NDP convention in British Columbia, circa 2007

Also known as the environmental scarcity or political economy, the environmental security perspective interprets resource conflict as a response to resource scarcity. A notable proponent of the environmental security perspective is Dr. Thomas Homer-Dixon, a Canadian political scientist and professor at the University of Waterloo. The work of Homer-Dixon focuses on two different phenomena regarding the effect of resources on violent conflict: resource scarcity and resource abundance. Under the environmental security perspective, resource scarcity perpetuates conflict by inciting pressures on a society that is dealing with resource deprivation. According to Homer-Dixon, populations struggling with resource scarcity are also impacted by overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation. Overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation can make resource scarcity even more pronounced, creating a cyclical instability in the society.

Conversely, countries with natural resource abundance are impacted in a different way. Countries that are wealthy in resources have been shown to have disproportionate economic growth, less democracy, and overall insufficient development outcomes. This permeates from an overdependence on their resource from an economic standpoint, where authoritarian traits may begin to take effect. This creates pressure on the citizens as a whole due to undermined governance of the nation and volatile economic state if the resource fluctuates heavily in price. This phenomenon is known as the resource curse.

Conflict resources are natural resources extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting. There is both statistical and anecdotal evidence that the presence of precious commodities can prolong conflicts (a " resource curse"). An unfortunate irony is that many countries rich in minerals are impoverished in terms of their capacity for governance. Conflict, corruption and bribery may be seen as the typical costs of doing business. The extraction and sale of blood diamonds, also known as "conflict diamonds", is a better-known phenomenon which occurs under virtually identical conditions. Petroleum can also be a conflict resource. Other commodities are also involved in financing conflict.

The concept of "conflict resource", or "conflict commodity" emerged in the late 1990s, initially in relation to the " blood diamonds" that were financing rebellions in Angola and Sierra Leone. Then "conflict timber" financed hostilities in Cambodia and Liberia.

The concept was first officially discussed by the UN General Assembly in the context of 'conflict diamonds': The UN Security Council has since referred to conflict resources in several resolutions, particularly resolutions 1533 and I698.97.

Since 1996 the Bonn International Center for Conversion has tracked resource governance and conflict intensity by country. Aside from fossil fuels, metals, diamonds, and timber it tracks the governance of other primary goods that might fund conflicts, including: poppy seeds and talc (Afghanistan), rubber (Côte d'Ivoire), cotton (Zambia), and cocoa (Indonesia).

Several countries and organizations, including the United States, European Union, and OECD have designated tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold connected to conflict in the DRC as conflict minerals and legally require companies to report trade or use of conflict minerals as a way to reduce incentives for armed groups to extract and fight over the minerals.

In the 2020s, the concept of conflict minerals was extended to those mined to support conflicts in parts of the world other than where the mining takes place. The Wagner Group has been granted mining rights in the Central African Republic in return for securing the continuity of the government. This "blood gold" is then sold to support Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Wagner also has gold-related operations in Mali and Sudan.

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A resource war is a type of war caused by conflict over resources. In a resource war, there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource. This power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century.

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Cotton was one of the important raw material that attracted the British East India Company to India. Cotton was in high demand for Britain's textile industry during the Industrial Revolution, and India's large cotton-growing regions, such as Bengal, provided a ready supply of raw cotton.

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Mangal Pandey's Revolt at Barrackpore (March 1857)

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Mangal Pandey's Revolt at Barrackpore (March 1857)

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The first significant act came in March 1857 when Mangal Pandey, a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native infantry, attacked British officers at Barrackpore. He protested against the use of the new cartridges and the disrespect shown to Indian soldiers. Although he was quickly arrested and executed in April, his action inspired many other sepoys to question British authority and readiness to rebel.

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Jute, which was primarily cultivated in Bengal, was another important raw material as it was used for making sacks, ropes, and coarse fabrics. Even though its significance increased in the 19th century, the British recognized the economic potential of it earlier. Control over fertile agricultural lands for jute cultivation became a factor in British territorial aim.

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The most important resource during British India war was fertile land that India had and its revenue. From the past, battles, such as The Battle of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764) were fought over the right to collect land revenue from Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

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Spices and textiles, like pepper, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, mace, and turmeric, were highly prized Indian exports, which eventually attracted European powers, including the British. Control over ports and trade routs to export these resources lead to early conflicts such as the Carnatic Wars in the mid-18t century, where British and French forces fought for dominance of them.

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Cotton was not only important to India, but also British as it was central to the British Industrial Revolution's textile boom. The East India Company's control over Bengal and other cotton-producing regions occurred due to the steady and cheap supply of raw cotton that India provided to British. This control disrupted the traditional India handloom industries, which led to deindustrialization and economic decline locally since British manufactured textiles flooded Indian markets.

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Jute's importance increased with the rise of global trade in the 19th century, especially as the demand for packaging materials increased. There often were conflicts fought over the control of jute like Santhal Rebellion, which is a conflict occurred due to the exploitation of tribal Santhals due to British land policies and the clearing of forests for cash crops like jute.

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Control over land in India often led to conflicts, especially with British. After securing the Diwani rights in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa posts-Buxar (1764), the British transformed land revenue into a systemic source of wealth extraction. The Permanent Settlement (1793) filed revenue demands on zamindars, who often exploited peasants, led to landlessness.

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Spices and textiles often attracted European powers, including British. Control over spice-producing regions in India and textile centers was important for dominating lucrative trade routes. Early conflicts such as the Carnatic Wars were fought to secure ports and trade monopolies of these resources.

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Mutiny at Meerut and March to Delhi (March 10, 1857)

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Mutiny at Meerut and March to Delhi (March 10, 1857)

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The Indian rebellion officially began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut, when sepoys mutinied against their British officers. They freed imprisoned comrades, killed a number of British civilians and officers, and marched approximately 80 miles to Delhi. When reaching Delhi, the rebels declared the aging Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as their symbolic leader, which gave the rebellion a help uniting many different groups against the British.

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Capture and Siege of Delhi (May to September 1857)

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Capture and Siege of Delhi (May to September 1857)

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Delhi quickly became the main center of the rebellion. The sepoys and local rebels took control of the city, but the British organized a military force, which is known as the Delhi Field Force, to retake it. The siege began in July and lasted for several months, with street fighting and heavy casualties on both sides. The British finally recaptured Delhi on September 20, 1857, making a major turning point. The fall of Delhi was a secure blow to the rebels, and the Mughal emperor was captured soon after, which ended the symbolic leadership.

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Kanpur was another important battleground. The sepoys and local rebels laid siege to the British garrison under Nana Sahib, a local leader who claimed to be the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa. The siege lasted for weeks, during which a number of British soldiers, women, and children were killed, including in the infamous Aatichaura Gghat massacre where British evacuees were attacked while attempting to leave by boat. The British eventually recaptured Kanpur in March 1858.

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Siege and Relief of Lucknow (1857 - 1858)

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Siege and Relief of Lucknow (1857 - 1858)

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Lucknow, the capital of the Awadh region, was another important center of resistance. British forces were trapped in the Residency, besieged by rebel forces for several months starting from June 1857. The British commander, Sir Henry Lawrence, died early in the siege. Relief efforts were led by Sir Henry Havelock and later by Sir Colin Campbell, who fought to break through rebel lines. The first relief occurred in September 1857, but the British had to evacuate the city later that year. Lucknow was fully recaptured by the British in March 1858 after a second relief and prolonged fighting.

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Spread and Suppression of Rebellion (Late 1857 to 1858)

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Spread and Suppression of Rebellion (Late 1857 to 1858)

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The rebellion spread beyond these major cities to may parts of northern and central India, such as Jhansi, Gwalior, and Awadh. Important leaders also began to emerge, including Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, a warrior queen who led resistance, and Tantia Tope, a skilled guerrilla commander. Despite earlier successes, the rebels faced increased pressure from British reinforcements and better-organized military campaigns. The British used harsh reprisals, including executions and destruction of villages suspected ofd of aiding rebels. Eventually, the British regained control of rebel-held territories through military force and political negotiation.

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The last major battle of the rebellion took place at Gwalior, where British forces defeated the combined rebel armies, including those led by Rani Lakshmibai. The British victory at Gwalior ended organized resistance and marked the collapsed of the rebellion as a coordinated movement. After this, remained rebels either surrendered, file, or were hunted down.

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Official End of the Rebellion (June 1859)

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Official End of the Rebellion (June 1859)

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By mid-1859, the British officially declared the rebellion over. Thousands of rebels were captured and many were executed while other went into hiding or exile. The uprising had lasted more than two years and involved soldiers, peasants, artisans, and princes from across India.