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"Of a certain knight that swore, by his honour, they were good pancakes, and swore, by his honour, the mustard was naught. Now, I'll stand to it, the pancakes were naught and the mustard was good - and yet was not the knight forsworn."

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"I will render thee again in affection ... Therefore, my sweet Rose, my dear Rose, be merry."

Use of language conventions (terms of endearment) of romantic love, high modality

Emphasises the love and emotional connection between Rosalind and Celia, and Celia's loyalty as she promises to return Rosalind to her position.

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Quote

"Which teacheth thee that thou and I am one." - Celia

Technique

Symbolism of one

Explanation

Celia, Through saying that she and Rosalind are one, symbolises their strength in their friendship as they are "one" with each other.

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“Therefore, out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint you withal,”

Charles came to Oliver out of his love and loyalty towards him to warn him that Orlando was going to try to wrestle him and he was not going to let him win. Charles speaks in blank verse when saying this to show that he is being honest and truthful, this shows that his loyalty and love lies strong with Oliver.

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Performance and Reality

"By my troth, thou say'st true: for since the little wit that fools have was silenced, the little foolery that wise men have makes a great show. - Here comes 'Monsieur the Bear'

Metaphor, the court is likened to that of a show, full of theatrics. Even the people in the court can be nonsensical, creating an entertaining show within it.

Beatrice is referencing how court jesters were previously allowed to say social commentary under a cloak of humour, but now this has been revoked. Now rather than the entertainment being the jester, people turn their heads towards the 'sensible' people of the court, people look for a performance everywhere. People like to see everything as a performance or spectacle.

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"The spirit of my father grows strong in me - and I will no longer endure it. Therefore... give me the poor allottery my father left me by testament"

Technique - personification of the spirit of Orlando's father to attribute personality traits to inheritance and draw parallels between material and personal fortune.

Orlando feels his father's nature in him and guiding his actions, and he feels fortunate for this, despite the fact that his father left him meagre material fortunes.

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"The Duke my father loved his father dearly."

-- Rosalind claims that due to her father's love for Orlando's father, she too should love Orlando as an explanation to her sudden epiphany of love, portraying the familial hierarchy being maintained.

"By this kind of chase I should hate him for my father hated his father dearly; yet I hate not Orlando"

-- Celia's rejection of the familial hierarchy, not following in her father's example in hating Orlando, interrupts the natural order of society.

There is overall disorder in this conversation with the repetition of the word 'hate' echoes the perplexing relationship between love and order.

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"for her benefits are mightily misplaced, and the bountiful blindwoman doth most mistake in her gifts to women"

Fortune is unfair to women in this society. The society in which they live is patriarchal, favouring men over women and offering women little power. Rosalind criticises nature and fate as women are left in an unequal society.

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"No, hath not? Rosalind lacks then the love Which teacheth thee that though and I am one." The use of high modality language in "I am" shows Celia's conviction towards her loyalty and love for Rosalind. This highlights the strength of love and friendship and how that leads to complete loyalty towards the person. This is especially evident as Celia considers herself banished, as Rosalind is banished, emphasising their togetherness due to a mutual love and friendship.

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Quote: "They say he is already in the Forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England."

Technique: The allusion to the story of Robin Hood represents the inherent freedom and whimsy of Nature, as represented in Shakespeare's world. He contrasts this with the unpredictability and harshness of Fortune.

Statement: The Forest of Arden represents a magical getaway from the court life compared to the harsh reality of Fortune.

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"Indeed, there is fortune too hard for Nature, when Fortune makes Nature's natural the cutter-off of Nature's wit."

Technique- personification and deification of nature.

In the context of talking about women and through the personification of nature as someone who is "the cutter-off", Rosalind is relating to this as a woman, as she is restricted to her fortune because of her status in the patriarchy.

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Quote: "Now will I stir this gamester. I hope I shall see an end of him, for my soul - yet I know not why - hates nothing more than he."

Technique: Prose emphasises his passion and anger towards his brother.

Statement: Oliver is creating his own reality to paint Orlando as the villian and skew his image.

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Quote

"You know my father hath no child but I, nor none is like to have, and, truly, when he dies, thou shalt be his heir, for what he hath taken away from thy father perforce, I will render thee again in affection"

Technique

Emotive and certain language is used by Celia to highlight her true intention to restore Rosalinds power

Statement

Celia's loyalties lie with Rosalind, which subverts societal norms of women being loyal to their fathers and complacent with their rules.

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"Something that hath a reference to my state: No longer 'Celia" but 'Aliena'"

Dramatic irony is created in this scene as the audience is aware that Rosalind and Celia will be disguised while the other characters are left unaware. In changing her name to 'Aliena', Celia recognises the masking of her true identity. In naming herself after the Latin word for stranger, an allusion is made to how in the future of the play the girls are able to deceive the people in the forest and court, appearing as strangers when they are not.

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Quote:

"And therefore look call me 'Ganymede'

But what will you be called? .. No Longer 'Celia' but 'Aliena'"

Technique:

Alliterative Allusion to being someone else, and disguising oneself to be another.

The name Ganymede is used in Roman mythology, which is a symbol of youthful male sexual desires. In this, it hints at the idea of disguise, or performing to be someone else.

Statement:

Rosalind now has freedom and will be able to explore aspects of her own identity which would otherwise be inaccessible.

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two girls in shakespearean time disguising themselves one as a man and one as a different looking woman  

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"The courtesy of nations allows you my better, in that you are the first-born, but the same tradition takes not away my blood, were there twenty brothers betwixt us."

technique: juxtaposition of traditional social (order), Oliver's rights of the firstborn, with natural equality (disorder) - his belief that they share the same blood and hence worth.

statement: highlights the breakdown of familial and social order, although society dictates Orlando should respect his older brother’s status, Oliver has denied him education and inheritance, creating a moral disorder.

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Quote: For I assure thee - and almost with tears as I speak it - there is not one so young and so villainous this day living.

Technique: hyperbole, irony

Statement: Oliver is performing as a loving older brother and painting Orlando as a villain when in reality, he was creating a fallacious narrative about his younger brother.

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Big idea: The mistreatment of Orlando by Oliver and the injustices of being the younger sibling do not align with the expectations of love.

Quote: 'I know you are my eldest brother, and in the gentle condition of blood you should so know me.....I have as much of my father in me as you"

Technique: Prose- signifies social order and high emotional dialogue

Statement: The violent argument between the brothers contrasts our expectations of brotherly love and loyalty.

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"The more pity that fools may not speak wisely that wise men do foolishly.'' paradox - appear to be wise but appearances are false/ a performance.

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"So wouldst thou, if the truth of thy love to me were so righteously tempered as mine is to thee."

Celia is showing her love towards Rosalind by describing it as true and well forged. But Celia describes their love as imbalanced as if Celia loves Rosalind more than Rosalind loves Celia, but gives her the opportunity to balance their relationship. This highlights their honest and loyal relationship.

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"Indeed there is fortune too hard for nature Nature, when Fortune makes Nature's natural the cutter-off of Nature's wit." - Rosalind

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Quote:

"And wheresoe'er we went, like Juno's swans, still we went coupled and inseparable."

Technique:

Celia uses mythical allusion to highlight how her love for her cousin and therefore the extent to which the love extends to.

Statement:

This emphasises her love and loyalty to her cousin Rosalind, in that their close relationship is for life, making them inseparable on their joint 'life journey'. It is also highlighted how she has more loyalty to her cousin then her father.

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"Well, said: that was laid on with a trowel"

after Rosalind praises a wrestler, Celia mocks her for overdoing it

technique: metaphor - suggests excessive or exaggerated flattery (plaster being thickly applied with a trowel)

statement:

the metaphor exposes the performative nature of speech as Rosalind isn’t being genuine but playing a role in the social interaction

Shakespeare uses this moment to show how characters perform emotions or roles to fit expectations, blending appearance and reality

this foreshadows Rosalind’s performance later in the play when she disguises herself as a man, blurring identity and truth

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Big idea: Love is inherently disordering. The court and forest contrast each other as areas of order and disorder.

"Now go we in content, To liberty, and not to banishment"

technique: Caesura - creates emphasis and suspense/reflection which furthers the new perspective of exile, seeing as a new chance for freedom and liberation.

Statement: the contrast between the disorder of the court and the order of the forest allows characters the power to control their relationships and embrace their own personality.

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"That I did suit me all points like a man, ... A boar-spear in my hand, and in my heart Lie there what hidden woman's fear there will."

Technique - archetypes and stereotypes to paint a dramatic picture of opposing gender roles

Rosalind performs as what she believes a man is, strong and brutal, while hiding the reality of her fear which is 'feminine' beneath the façade.

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“As I do trust I am not - then, dear uncle, …Did I offend your Highness” Rosalind uses irony when she chooses to use the word ‘dear’ and ‘your Highness’ to describe her uncle in order to preform and present as this loving niece even though in reality, she does not think that foundly of him

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"I'll tell thee, Charles, it is the stubbornest young fellow of France, full of ambition, an envious emultor...a secret and villainous contrived."

Oliver performs to Charles in order to paint Orlando as evil when, in reality, he describes his own attributes, and Orlando is not what is described of him.

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Quote: "I cannot live out of her company."

Technique: The high modality demonstrates Celia's love for Rosalind and her loyalty to her, going so far as to accompany her in exile.

Statement: Love and loyalty are large themes within this act, especially demonstrated through the bond between Celia and Rosalind.

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Quote:

"And wheresoe'er we went, like Juno's swans, still we went coupled and inseparable."

Technique:

Celia uses mythical allusion to highlight how her love for her cousin and therefore the extent to which the love extends to.

Statement:

This emphasises her love and loyalty to her cousin Rosalind, in that their close relationship is for life, making them inseparable on their joint 'life journey'. It is also highlighted how she has more loyalty to her cousin then her father.

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two girls holding hands in shakespearean times

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"Thou art thy father's daughter, there's enough."

Duke Fredrick believes that it's only natural for Rosalind to be kicked out but her poor fortune and his own meddling under the influence of pursuit of fortune is the true reason behind her exile.

"But now I know her: if she be a traitor, why so am I."

This claim displays Celia and Rosalind's good nature despite the corruption of the court. Thus, despite her good nature, she is treated unfairly by fortune.

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Order and Disorder

Act 1 Scene 2

"You know my father hath no child but I, nor none is like to have, and, truly, when he dies, thou shalt be his heir, for what he hath taken away from thy father perforce, I will render thee again in affection."

Celia uses her father as an example to represent the primogeniture order. Celia uses terms of endearment to promise faith and loyalty.

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1.1 Order and Disorder

Quote: "he lets me feed with his hinds, bars me the place of a brother, and, as much as in him lies, mines my genitility with my education.

Technique: Metaphor - Oliver mistreats Orlando as he depicts Orlando is dependent on him, through the imagery of Oliver feeding him from his hands.

Statement: Order and Disorder is a key influencer of events within the play, highlighting the crumbling family dynamics and unpredictability of fortune.

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"Let us sit and mock the good housewife Fortune from her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally". Because fortune is blind, her gifts are not given based on any metric but instead on pure luck. Therefore, her gifts haven't been given out equally, especially between the genders, as men receive more due to the fortune of being born a man.

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Quote:

"His Horses are bred better for, besides that, they are fair with their feeding, they are taught their manège, and to that end, readers are dearly hired. But I his brother gain nothing under him but growth,"

Technique:

Orlando uses animalistic imagery, comparing himself to Oliver's horses, to highlight that he spends more time on his animals.

Statement:

This, amongst his other comments, foregrounds the fraternal conflict that disrupts the harmony and nature of a family. The idea of putting family and, more so, brotherly love, above all else, and the disruption to the eldest being the expected responsible character.

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"Your spirits are too bold for your years: you have seen cruel proof of this man's strength. If you saw yourself with your eyes or knew yourself with your judgement, the fear of your adventure would counsel you to a more equal enterprise." - Celia, 1.2, 135

Techniques; Personification of proof; proof itself cannot be 'cruel' + root word repetition of 'you' (Polyptoton) + direct address

Statement; Cecilia challenges Orlando to consider how he perceives himself VS. how he presents in the world to others