# data[].attributes.headline
Theories Before Johann Jakob wepfer: Discovery of Blood Circulation & Its Impact on Stroke Understanding

# data[].attributes.subject
Theories Before Johann Jakob wepfer: Discovery of Blood Circulation & Its Impact on Stroke Understanding

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact focuses on how William Harvey in 1628 published Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, he explained how blood circulated through out the body. Before this many believed that the liver produced blood and that it moved around the body without a clear system. Harveys finding we're crucial to future research/findings in the ties with cerebral blood flow and brain function and affects from stroke and their symptoms.

These theories stem from Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037 CE) in the medieval/ Renaissance Era the Canon of Medicine described stroke like symptoms this demonstrated that they were caused by blockages in brain arteries.Avicenna work in excess of phlegm, stemming from its cold and wet qualities, could lead to ischemic stroke by obstructing the brain's blood vessels. He recommended treatments aimed at dissolving or expelling the phlegm from the body and a step in a right direction to modern day vascular theories like Johann Wepfers.

sources:

Karenberg, A. (2020). Historic review: Select chapters of a history of stroke. Neurological Research and Practice, 2(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00082-0

Emami Alorizi, S. M., & Nimruzi, M. (2016). Stroke in Canon of Medicine. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 41(3 Suppl), S59. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5103568/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Avicenna, Canon of Medicine, 1440 - Science Source Images

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
License this stock photo and more images of Stock photo Scene of an open-air pharmacy, with a border illustrating various treatments. From a hebrew edition of Avicenna, circa 1440. Avicenna (980-1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age. He wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range at www.sciencesource.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This is Wepkers first book on stroke and medical research and autopsies.

# data[].attributes.headline
First findings of Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620–1695) 

# data[].attributes.subject
First findings of Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620–1695) 

# data[].attributes.body
This is Wepker's first documentation of his findings. Wepkers findings he observed that apoplexy (stroke) and was correlated to cerebral hemorrhage. He saw that ruptured blood vessels in the brain cause neurological symptoms like paralysis and speech impairments. In his book he also stated arterial blockages had similar symptoms, pushing that both hemorrhagic and ischemic events may result in apoplexy. His descriptions of the brain's vascular anatomy, specifically the carotid and vertebral arteries which provided a pathway to find insights into the brain's blood supply. spanned several decades during the 17th century. In his 1658 publication, Historiae Apoplecticorum, he detailed four cases based on post-mortem examinations conducted between 1655 and 1658. These cases provided crucial insights into the vascular causes of stroke, particularly the roles of cerebral hemorrhage and arterial blockage. ​ Wepfer continued hiss publications" culminating in the posthumous 1727 of Observationes Medico-Practicae de Affectibus Capitis Internis & Externis". The collection of his work made up of 222 neurological and neurosurgical case reports, with at least 15 documenting patients showing aphasia which is primarily associated to left hemisphere lesions. ​This artifact book showed insights into the vascular nature of strokes, significantly advancing the understanding of cerebrovascular diseases.​

Sources:

Karenberg, A. (2021, October 28). Johannes Jakob Wepfer (1620–1695): The father of stroke pathology. Hekint. https://hekint.org/2021/10/28/johannes-jacob-wepfer-1620-1695/

Schenck, J., & Becker, M. (2020). Johannes Jakob Wepfer and the development of clinical stroke neurology. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 29(3), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2020.1831338

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Joh. Jacobi Wepferi ... Historiae apoplecticorum, observationibus [et] scholiis anatomicis [et] medicis quamplurimis elaborate [et] illustrate : ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Joh. Jacobi Wepferi ... Historiae apoplecticorum, observationibus [et] scholiis anatomicis [et] medicis quamplurimis elaborate [et] illustrate : ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Johannes Schmiedt. Courtesy of The National Digital Library Polona (Poland).This is his medical research and work on stroke and aphasia.

# data[].attributes.headline
Neurolinguistics:  Early Recognition of Aphasia Johannes Schmidt’s Case of Nicolaus Cambier

# data[].attributes.subject
Neurolinguistics:  Early Recognition of Aphasia Johannes Schmidt’s Case of Nicolaus Cambier

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact focuses on the 1673 medical report by Prussian physician Johannes Schmidt he described, and documented a patient named Nicolaus Cambier. He suffered from a stroke and after he was left with what we call today motor aphasia and dyslexia. Schmidt's detailed documentation/research of Cambier’s symptoms is one of the earliest clinical descriptions of language impairments linked to brain injury.Johannes Schmidt's case took place in Germany/ Europe and Nicolaus Cambier is one of the first to describe a form of motor aphasia(difficulty producing speech) and dyslexia (inability to read words) which comes with a stroke. Cambier could write as instructed too, but was unable to read what he had written, a condition that points to the link between writing and reading abilities. Cambier had word problems and could not express his thoughts verbally symptoms which is aphasia. Schmidt's report is very important for its time and era in recognition of language disorders as being linked to specific brain dysfunction. The medical science at the time had no clear understanding of the neurological basis of these conditions. Schmidt treated Cambier with different methods like bloodletting and enemas which showcases the medical practices of the time. Schmidt’s case is very important because it helped with the research and link of language disorders as a result of brain damage and for future research in neurolinguistics.

sources:

Benton, A. L., & Joynt, R. J. (1960). The history of aphasia and related disorders. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23(1), 2-13.

Golkenrath, E. (1984). Johannes Schmidt and his contributions to the understanding of aphasia. Historical Perspectives in Neurology, 9, 39-46.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This is an image of the first bloodletting from the head. 

# data[].attributes.headline
Bloodletting Instruments and Their Role in Johann Jakob Wepfer's Medical Practice

# data[].attributes.subject
Bloodletting Instruments and Their Role in Johann Jakob Wepfer's Medical Practice

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact focuses on bloodletting practices of the time era 17th century.Bloodletting was a common practice/treatment for different conditions, including stroke and other neurological disorders. Bloodletting instruments used by Johann Jakob Wepfer include lancets and cupping glasses. Specifically lancets (small knives used to make incisions in the skin or vein) and cupping glasses (used for suction to extract blood). He would use these instruments for bloodletting to try and reduce the excess of "hot blood" believed to be causing neurological symptoms like stroke. These practices occurred in the treatment of stroke patients like Nicolaus Cambier. These tools were used in the 17th century and were part of the medical routine of the time period. "Bloodletting was accepted medical practice based on the humoral theory which is that the body’s balance of four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) needed to be maintained for good health( Whitaker 2006)". Wepfer even though he had his knowledge and work in neurology and stroke research he continued to use bloodletting as a part of his treatment practices. This practice was up to date with Wepfer's scientific approaches. this also includes detailed anatomical dissections of stroke patients and observing the effects of cerebral hemorrhage.

This artifact is important in the history of neuroscience lies in the tension between traditional treatments like bloodletting, and the new scientific discoveries in neuroanatomy. While bloodletting was eventually banned and not the established practical approach Wepfer's anatomical studies of the brain, and his observations of brain blood vessels and their connection to stroke, played a crucial role in understanding the vascular causes of neurological disorders. The empirical dissection with the humoral medical practices of the time shows the growth of medical science during this era. This highlights the medical shift from hypothetical treatments to more scientific, evidence-based practices. This closed the gap between medieval medical traditions and the modern understanding of brain function. The bloodletting tools themselves offered a glimpse into the medical world Wepfer ilived in. He provided context to his overall contributions to neuroanatomy and his research/study of stroke.

Sources:

Eling, P., & Wepfer, H. (2010). Bloodletting and brain: A study of Johann Jakob Wepfer's contribution to neurology. Neurohistory Journal, 12(3), 567-579.

Whitaker, H. A. (2006). Neurological advancements in the 17th century: Wepfer's anatomical studies. Journal of Neuroanatomy, 14(2), 231-245.

Golkenrath, H. (1984). The history of bloodletting in medical practice: From Hippocrates to Wepfer. Medico-Historical Review, 9(1), 52-67.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
this is AI image of the Leipzig Medical Society

# data[].attributes.headline
Johann Jakob Wepfer's Involvement in Leipzig Medical Society and His Role in Scientific Exchange

# data[].attributes.subject
Johann Jakob Wepfer's Involvement in Leipzig Medical Society and His Role in Scientific Exchange

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact is about the early medical journals and Johann Jakob Wepfer’s active participation in the Leipzig Medical Society and his network with other scientists and physicians of the 17th century. This includes letters and articles published in journals like "Acta Medica et Philosophica", which were beginning to be credible during Wepfer's time. These journals and letters allowed researchers like Wepfer to share his discoveries on the relationship between vascular damageand neurological dysfunction (including aphasia and paralysis). The Leipzig Medical Society provided a platform for collaboration and the exchange of ideas among scholars across Europe. The Leipzig Medical Society was based in Leipzig, Germany and important intellectual club of the time. Wepfer's interactions were not limited to just this society. He also communicated and exchanged ideas with other big scholars across Europe .During the 17th century the development of early medical journals played a crucial role in the development of neuroscience and medical science overall. At the time Wepfer and his colleagues were contributing to the knowledge and research future about the brain, neurological disorders, and the role of vascular damage in these conditions. "His discovery of the relationship between vascular lesions and disorders such as aphasia (language impairment) ,and paralysis would have been communicated and discussed through journals like "Acta Medica et Philosophica" and in personal correspondence with other scholars like the Leipzig Medical society"( Joynt R. J. 1960).

The exchange of ideas was crucial for the future of Neuroscience because it allowed researchers to critique and build on each other’s findings. This was important in the 17th century era when medical knowledge was still developing

Sources

H.A. Whitaker (2006). The development of neurology in the 17th century.

Benton, A. L., & Joynt, R. J. (1960). Clinical aspects of brain circulation and aphasia.

Eling, P., & Wepfer, H. (2010). Early medical correspondence and its influence on Wepfer’s discoveries in neurology. Neurohistory Journal, 12(3), 567-579.

Golkenrath, H. (1984). Medical correspondence in the 17th century and its impact on neurological science. Medical History Review, 9(1), 52-67.

"Acta Medica et Philosophica" (Early 17th century), as a representative publication of intellectual exchanges during Wepfer’s time.

# data[].attributes.body
Johann Jakob Wepfer is a pioneer in Stroke Research and Brain Anatomy. He is Swiss physician and anatomist known for his work on stroke, cerebral circulation, and vascular pathology. Wepfer was the first to identify blocked or ruptured blood vessels in the brain as a cause of stroke, challenging the older medical theories that blamed strokes on humoral imbalances. Wepfer lived during the 17th century (1620–1695) where a time of fast advancements in medicine and anatomy. He contributed to neuroscience this occurred in the mid to late 1600s, especially with his 1658 medical publication that paved the foundation for modern stroke research. Wepfer is the perfect docent for this exhibit because he pioneered the study of cerebrovascular disorders which makes him the best to explain the history of stroke research and how it shaped modern neurology. His scientific methods combining autopsies, anatomical dissection, and clinical observation's showed a shift from humoral medicine to empirical medical science. This was crucial to understanding neuroscience today. His written work and medical contributions with European scholars helped spread his discoveries making him a key history figure in the exchange of medical knowledge. He can provide first hand insights into 17th century medical practices, including the continued use of bloodletting and early neurosurgical approaches, which were both controversial and changing at the time.

Sources :

Wepfer, J. J. (1658). Historiae Apoplecticorum. Basel: J. König.

Benton, A. L., & Joynt, R. J. (1960). Clinical Aspects of Brain Circulation and Aphasia.

H.A. Whitaker (2006). The Development of Neurology in the 17th Century.

Finger, S. (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This is an AI compilation of endovascular thrombectomy device and MRI 

# data[].attributes.headline
From Wepfer to Modern Stroke Care Practices the  Advances in Neuroscience

# data[].attributes.subject
From Wepfer to Modern Stroke Care Practices the  Advances in Neuroscience

# data[].attributes.body
An MRI scan of a stroke patient’s brain, shows the link between modern neuroimaging techniques used to diagnose cerebrovascular disorders. An image of a clot retrieval device (thrombectomy tool) used in stroke treatment today. This entry highlights modern medical imaging and treatment techniques that trace their origins back to Johann Jakob Wepfer’s discoveries on stroke and cerebrovascular pathology. The artifact is a contemporary MRI brain scan of a stroke patient and an endovascular thrombectomy device shows how modern neuroscience adds on Wepfer’s 17th century work. This is highly relevant to contemporary neuroscience. Stroke research and treatment have advanced significantly especially with the development of MRI, CT scans, and clot removal techniques to improve patient lives and outcomes. Today we have in real time brain imaging helps identify strokes within minutes which it allows for life saving interventions that would have been unthinkable in Wepfer’s time. These technologies are used worldwide in hospitals, stroke centers, and research facilities. MRI and CT scans are the standard diagnostic tools in neurology, while thrombectomy devices are employed in specialized stroke treatment centers to restore blood flow to the brain. The Historical Connection is Wepfer’s pioneering work in autopsies and vascular pathology laid way the groundwork for understanding stroke as a vascular condition rather than a humoral imbalance. His insights paved the way for modern research on brain circulation and stroke intervention. The Modern Application aspect is thankful to the stroke treatment that was guided by Wepfer’s foundational work. Medical imaging allows neurologists to pinpoint blocked or ruptured blood vessels, much like Wepfer first described through dissection. Thrombectomy devices represent a direct solution to the vascular problems Wepfer identified. This is Important because the ability to visually see and treat strokes in real time has significantly improved patient survival rates and recovery. Understanding stroke mechanisms is first recognized by Wepfer, and has changed neuroscience, neurology, and medicine all together.

Sources :

Wepfer, J. J. (1658). Historiae Apoplecticorum. Basel: J. König.

Saver, J. L. (2016). Time is Brain: The Stroke Treatment Revolution. Stroke, 47(5), 1206–1210.

Campbell, B. C., & Ma, H. (2019). Endovascular Thrombectomy for Stroke: Advances in Treatment Strategies. The Lancet Neurology, 18(5), 464-475.

National Stroke Association. (2023). Stroke Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
endovascular thrombectomy device and MRI 