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This bibliography is a collection of resources aimed at healthcare staff and patients, specifically but not limited to those in the NHS. In the last ten years Artificial Intelligence has transformed almost every facet of existence, and healthcare is no different - it is clear that AI is here to stay. What these resources highlight is the Information Literacy skills that healthcare staff and patients currently have, and attempts to shed light on initiatives that may help both groups benefit from this technology as it evolves and becomes more sophisticated.

Resources have been selected that give a clear picture of how humans and technology are going to integrate in the healthcare sector. Both staff and patients must be literate in matters of information and AI. There are many ways in which this can happen, whether it be through face-to-face workshops or simulation training enhanced by virtual reality.

It seems that at the current moment we are in a transitory phase, at the beginning of a new technological dawn. What These resources illuminate how the healthcare sector can work in-tandem with technology to create a brighter future for both the people who help and the people who receive care. Overall, they highlight how Information Professionals and AI can empower the NHS Workforce and Patients with Information Literacy.

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Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies in the Healthcare Industry: Opportunities and Challenges.

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Application of Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies in the Healthcare Industry: Opportunities and Challenges.

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Lee, D. and Yoon, S.N. (2021) ‘Application of artificial intelligence-based technologies in the healthcare industry: Opportunities and challenges’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), p. 271. doi:10.3390/ijerph18010271.

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This Open Access research article focuses on the implementation of AI in the industry of healthcare. It has been cited 135 times across reputable journals including 'AI and Ethics'. It highlights the challenges and opportunities of AI incorporation and ultimately illuminates the potential for AI to improve the accuracy of medical diagnoses, to aid with administrative tasks, and to strengthen patient engagement through healthcare apps accessible on a smart phone.

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The 'International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health' is a peer-reviewed open access journal, which scores highly on the impact factor rating on Journal Citation Reports.

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The typing is on the wall: Australia’s healthcare future needs a digitally capable workforce.

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The typing is on the wall: Australia’s healthcare future needs a digitally capable workforce.

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Woods, L. et al. (2023) ‘The typing is on the wall: Australia’s Healthcare Future needs a digitally capable workforce’, Australian Health Review, 47(5), pp. 553–558. doi:10.1071/ah23142.

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This is a perspective paper, which means it reflects the experience and expertise of the leading author Leanna Woods. Leanna is a primary care registered nurse and a digital fellow. Although not focused on the NHS, it offers some good initiatives to improve digital literacy of healthcare staff.

It highlights training facilities and courses for staff, such as Queensland Digital Academy, which offers support for digital health training, leadership, and digital transformation across the healthcare sector in Queensland. There is also mention of the newly founded Clinical Informatics Fellowship program, which helps to develop the next generation of health leaders whilst offering accreditation.

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This perspective paper has taken into account the author expertise and has been published in the reputable 'Australian Health Review', published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Australian Healthcare and Hospitals Association.

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Digital health education: the need for a digitally ready workforce.

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Digital health education: the need for a digitally ready workforce.

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Holland Brown, T.M. and Bewick, M. (2022) ‘Digital Health Education: The need for a digitally ready workforce’, Archives of disease in childhood - Education &amp; practice edition, 108(3), pp. 214–217. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-322022.

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With primary focus on the NHS, this Open Access article discusses how pivotal is is for both healthcare professionals and students to be digitally literate. It details how digital health and AI implementation are a priority for the NHS but explains that there is a gap in providing education in these areas.

The surge in popularity of health apps is also discusses, and an outline of how this could benefit both staff and patients is provided. However, without training or a framework to safely recommend health apps, HCPs may make mistakes when choosing or recommending apps. For NHS trusts, this can be mitigated by implementing online systems that
tracks which apps the clinician has prescribed to which
patient and alerts the clinician to any app changes.

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This journal is an offshoot of British Medical Journal and is a 'Plan S compliant Transformative Journal'. The first and main objective was to require that, from 2021, publicly funded research must only be published in journals or on platforms on an open access basis without embargo.

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Making IT work: harnessing the power of health information technology to improve care in England

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Making IT work: harnessing the power of health information technology to improve care in England

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Making it work: Harnessing the power of Health Information Technology to improve care in England (2016) GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/using-information-technology-to-improve-the-nhs/making-it-work-harnessing-the-power-of-health-information-technology-to-improve-care-in-england#executive-summary (Accessed: 28 November 2023).

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This independent government report gives several recommendations and examples of NHS workforce development in the digital world. The plan stresses the importance of raising the digital education level for all healthcare professionals.

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This was published on a UK governmental website. Government reports are considered reliable sources of information.

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Harwich, M. and Laycock, K. (2018) 'Thinking on its own: AI in the NHS,' Reform Research Trust.

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This report examines the role of AI and its potential to help the NHS delivery more efficient services. It highlights some examples of the benefits of AI, such as boosting productivity.

Is also notes challenges, such as over reliance, which can be hugely problematic in cases where the machine makes a wrong recommendation. It emphasises that clear guidelines should be established as to how medical staff interact with AI tools, machine should be seen as decision-support tools not the decision tool.

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Reform is a independent, non-party think tank whose mission is to set out a better way to deliver public services and economic prosperity. The website has a 'transparency' section which shows where funding comes from, and despite being founded by a Conservative MP, features publications and research from all angles of the political spectrum.

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Developing healthcare workers' confidence in AI

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Developing healthcare workers' confidence in AI

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Health Education England, NHS AI Lab (2022) 'Developing healthcare workers' confidence in AI,' 25 Oct. Available at: https://digital-transformation.hee.nhs.uk/binaries/content/assets/digital-transformation/dart-ed/developingconfidenceinai-oct2022.pdf (Accessed: 28/11/2023).

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This NHS report is the cornerstone of this bibliography. It splits staff up into four 'archetypes', they are creators, drivers, embedders and users. To cover the needs of all staff 'archetypes', the report emphasises the need for foundational AI training for all NHS staff, such as providing basic AI literacy training, and promoting awareness through e-learning or workshops.

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CILIP (Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals) have an ongoing and successful partnership with HEE which assures the credibility of this report.

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How, for Whom, and in Which Contexts or Conditions Augmented and Virtual Reality Training Works in Upskilling Health Care Workers: Realist Synthesis

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How, for Whom, and in Which Contexts or Conditions Augmented and Virtual Reality Training Works in Upskilling Health Care Workers: Realist Synthesis

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Gasteiger, N. et al. (2022) ‘How, for whom, and in which contexts or conditions augmented and virtual reality training works in upskilling health care workers: Realist synthesis’, JMIR Serious Games, 10(1). doi:10.2196/31644.

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This peer-reviewed article explores the potential benefits and drawbacks of augmented and virtual reality training programs for healthcare workers. It provides an evidence-based theories that will help to support implementation and development of AI training tools in the healthcare sector.

One positive aspect the paper draws upon is the fact that VR training can help workers to repeatedly practice in an environment that is safe. Trainees can practice without the need of real patients. However, some trainees had negative reactions when using for extended periods, such as headaches, nausea, or eye strain. It is important that these issues are addressed when adopting these new strategies.

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This is a realist-synthesis (a type of literature review) from 'JMIR Serious Games' which is an open access peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes research on 'serious games' and 'gamification' applied to health and wellbeing contexts.

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Digital Fellowships: Inspiring use of contemporary technologies in Applied Healthcare

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Digital Fellowships: Inspiring use of contemporary technologies in Applied Healthcare

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Salisbury, T. et al. (2023) ‘Digital Fellowships: Inspiring use of contemporary technologies in Applied Healthcare’, npj Digital Medicine, 6(1). doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00922-8.

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This editorial explores the role of digital fellowships in advancing the digital transformation of the healthcare sector.

Of particular interest is the Fellowship in clinical AI, in which clinical leaders can gain experience using AI tools. Fellows would learn how to use, maintain, and assess AI software in real clinical workflows under the supervision and mentorship of experts in clinical AI. Fellows would also be attached to various Trust projects in the NHS.

One example project focuses on how AI algorithms can be used for triaging CT head scans, which could help streamline the process for healthcare staff. Initiatives like this fellowship help to develop competencies within the NHS workforce which benefits both staff and patients alike.

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This is an editorial that has been published in npj Digital Medicine. Editorials provide valuable insight but may not be original research articles or peer-reviewed as rigorously. Despite this, the fact that the journal is associated with a respectable institution adds credibility to the content.

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Improving Health Literacy with Artificial Intelligence

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Improving Health Literacy with Artificial Intelligence

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Burton, P. (2020) Improving health literacy with artificial intelligence, PharmaBoardroom. Available at: https://pharmaboardroom.com/articles/improving-health-literacy-with-artificial-intelligence/ (Accessed: 28 November 2023).

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This opinion piece by Richard Saynor discusses the ways in which AI can improve health literacy and outcomes for patients. Richard has twenty years in the pharmaceutical industry and is part of Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

The piece emphasises how the key barrier for health literacy is language. Richard explains how AI can help to break down and explain complex medical terminology, he uses the example of chatbots that are being developed to answer basic patient queries.

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Despite the pertinent points raised, it is important to verify information and consider potential biases at play. This article does not have a reference list, which means it is difficult to find the source of the ideas mentioned. This eradicates the useful exercise of backward chaining. The 'PharmaBoardroom' website is for professionals who want to benefit from their peers’ on-the-ground experience.

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Meet the Fellows in Clinical Artificial Intelligence

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Meet the Fellows in Clinical Artificial Intelligence

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Meet the fellows in clinical artificial intelligence (2022) AI Centre. Available at: https://www.aicentre.co.uk/news-and-events/news/meet-the-fellows-in-clinical-artificial-intelligence (Accessed: 29 November 2023).

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This informational piece from the 'AI Centre For Value Based Healthcare' provides context about a clinical artificial intelligence fellowship programme that is being run by both London AI Centre and Health Education England.

Thirteen trainees were selected for the inaugural fellowship. The trainees express their enthusiasm and also state what goals they want to achieve. These trainees bridge an important gap, and hope to integrate AI into clinical practice and delivery of healthcare in the NHS.

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The announcement includes the specialities and real names of the fellows, and the organisations involved. The association with Health Education England and London Centre of AI verifies the credibility of this scheme.