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1. Keywords : Soccer, Toyota Stadium

2. Description : The National Soccer Hall of Fame is a private, non-profit institution established in 1979 and currently located in Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. It honors soccer achievements in the United States. Induction is the highest honor in American soccer.

3. Reference : https://youtu.be/J_u_fLMM_II?si=rV3Wy2faa41FvU4J

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Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 鄭力瑋 江允平 溫培雅

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Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 鄭力瑋 江允平 溫培雅

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1.keywords:

basketball

commemorative jersey

2.Description:

This place is full of basketball elements.There is an indoor court on the first floor where you can play ball The second floor displays commemorative jerseys of NBA stars or some personal items.Each player also has an exclusive documentary. The third floor mainly introduces the history of basketball and some basketball coaches.

3.Reference:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIExgkRy5lw

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【美國籃球之旅】19世紀的籃框有夠難投？！傳說中的籃球名人堂開箱！以前的籃球竟然不是圓的？！Basketball Hall of Fame Vlog Eng Sub

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東京巨蛋Tokyo dome 吳冠樺 李晟溢 黃浩賢 陳彥彤 郭竺恩

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東京巨蛋Tokyo dome 吳冠樺 李晟溢 黃浩賢 陳彥彤 郭竺恩

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Keywords:

-atmospheric pressure 大氣壓力

_tokyo

Description:

The Tokyo Dome is an "air-supported Dome" that supports the roof film through air pressure difference. Through the pressurized fan, the air pressure inside the Tokyo Dome is about 0.3% higher than the outside, so it can support the roof film. This pressure difference is equivalent to the pressure difference between the first and ninth floors, so the human body will hardly feel anything. In addition, in order to prevent air loss in the Tokyo Dome as much as possible, revolving doors are used at the entrance and exit.

Reference:

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東京巨蛋 | 東京巨蛋 （遊客特別網站）

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東京巨蛋城還表示，在“臉” 東京巨蛋設施的規模和建築結構，並引入了設施。

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劉通/蕭宇芯

1.Keywords

acrylic glass

Green Olympics

2.Description

The Olympic Stadium with its world-famous tent roof by architect Frei Otto. Among other things, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1972 Olympic Games were held here.

After soccer moved to the Allianz Arena in 2005, it now mainly hosts cultural events such as music concerts by world stars. But sports are also still present.

3.reference

https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/attractions/olympic-park

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Tent architecture, concerts, events and sports - all info

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Keywords:

Singapore

Marina Bay

Floating Platform

World's largest floating stage

National Day Parade

Formula One

Youth Olympic Games

Description:

The Marina Bay Floating Platform is located in Marina Bay, Singapore. It is the world's largest floating stage. It is 120 meters long and 83 meters wide, and consists of 15 steel pontoons. It can hold a weight of 9,000 people, 200 tons of stage props, and three 30-ton military vehicles.

The floating platform was completed in 2007 and was originally only intended to be used until 2012. However, it was later retained. It has hosted a number of major events, including the Singapore National Day Parade, the Formula One Singapore Grand Prix, and the Youth Olympic Games.

In 2017, the Singapore government announced that the floating platform would be redeveloped into NS Square. NS Square will be a combined community and lifestyle space that will feature an outdoor performance venue, water and land sports facilities, and a museum dedicated to National Service. The floating platform was decommissioned in March 2023 and NS Square is expected to be completed in 2026.

Reference:

Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Float_@_Marina_Bay

再見 濱海灣浮動舞臺 (zaobao.com)

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一座浮台，承载了新加坡人的家国梦想，见证圣火点燃、历史缔造、军训结业。15年的感动与精彩，你是否也在其中？

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New Taipei City Tu-Cheng Civil Sports Center 新北市土城國民運動中心 林宸澔 嚴樂斌 陳家萱 黃振翔 陳羿丞

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New Taipei City Tu-Cheng Civil Sports Center 新北市土城國民運動中心 林宸澔 嚴樂斌 陳家萱 黃振翔 陳羿丞

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1. Keyword
-ice rink
-Paintball

2. Description
（1）New Taipei City Tucheng Sports Center is the only sports center with ice rink. It is also the only ice hockey rink in the New Taipei City that can meet international standards.

（2）The Tucheng Sports Center in New Taipei City has an outdoor paintball field which target shooting field and multi-person shooting field. It is also one of the sports center that have a paintball field.

Link : https://wedid.ntpc.gov.tw/Governance/Detail/7RApPkzyve64

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台北田徑場（Taipei Municipal Stadium）The Games of the 2017 FISU 張珈瑜 張珈瑄 王家姍 鄭怡君 黃翊真 鄭捷予

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台北田徑場（Taipei Municipal Stadium）The Games of the 2017 FISU 張珈瑜 張珈瑄 王家姍 鄭怡君 黃翊真 鄭捷予

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Keyword:

1. FISU World university games

2. Asia Record

Description:

Chao-Tsun, Cheng who is Chinese Taipei player. He was broke the javelin Asia record at 2017 Taipei Universiade.

Reference:

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%84%AD%E5%85%86%E6%9D%91

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The Colosseum (the Flavian Amphitheater) 陳品翰 楊右宇 陳俊皓 劉宥均

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The Colosseum (the Flavian Amphitheater) 陳品翰 楊右宇 陳俊皓 劉宥均

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1. keywords:

Roman Empire

Gladiatorial contests

2. Description:

The famous Roman amphitheater, the Colosseum, was built between C.E. 70 and 72 and was enjoyed by Roman citizens during the height of the Roman Empire.

The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, is a large amphitheater that hosted events like gladiatorial games.

3. Video: https://youtu.be/xaSbYIeqGWg?si=mT2zOVpRBwfPDBcU

4. Reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/colosseum/

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The Colosseum ( KOL-ə-SEE-əm; Italian: Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum. It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheatre in the world, despite its age. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian ( r. 69-79 AD) in 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, Titus (). Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (). The three emperors who were patrons of the work are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [aɱfiteˈaːtroˈflaːvjo]) by later classicists and archaeologists for its association with their family name ( Flavius).

The Colosseum is built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete. It could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points in its history, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles including animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman mythology, and briefly mock sea battles. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

Although substantially ruined by earthquakes and stone robbers taking , the Colosseum is still a renowned symbol of Imperial Rome and was listed as one of the New 7 Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and has links to the Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum. The Colosseum is depicted on the Italian version of the 5 euro cent coin.

Originally, the building's Latin name was simply amphitheatrum, 'amphitheatre'. Though the modern name Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium) is often used, there is no evidence it was used in classical antiquity. This name refers to the patronage of the Flavian dynasty, during whose reigns the building was constructed, but the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum (with Caesareum an adjective pertaining to the title ), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed a Flavian Amphitheatre in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).

The name Colosseum is believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero on the model of the Colossus of Rhodes. The giant bronze sculpture of Nero as a solar deity was moved to its position beside the amphitheatre by the emperor Hadrian (). The word colosseum is a neuter Latin noun formed from the adjective colosseus, meaning "gigantic" or "colossean". By the year 1000 the Latin name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre from the nearby "Colossus Solis".

The spelling was sometimes altered in Medieval Latin: coloseum and coliseum are attested from the 12th and 14th centuries respectively. In the 12th century, the structure was recorded as the amphitheatrum colisei, 'Amphitheatre of the Colossus'. In the High Middle Ages, the Flavian amphitheatre is attested as the late 13th-century Old French: colosé, and in Middle French as: colisée by the early 16th century, by which time the word could be applied to any amphitheatre. From Middle French: colisée derived the Middle English: colisee, in use by the middle of the 15th century and employed by John Capgrave in his Solace of Pilgrims, in which he remarked: Middle English: collise eke is a meruelous place ... þe moost part of it stant at þis day. An English translation by John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, of Antonio de Guevara's biography of Marcus Aurelius () in about 1533 referred to Middle English: this Emperour, beynge with the Senate at Collisee .... Similarly, the Italian: colosseo, or coliseo, are attested as referring first to the amphitheatre in Rome, and then to any amphitheatre (as Italian: culiseo in 1367). By 1460, an equivalent existed in Catalan: coliseu; by 1495 had appeared the Spanish: coliseo, and by 1548 the Portuguese: coliseu.

The earliest citation for the name Colosseum in Early Modern English is the 1600 translation, by Philemon Holland, of the Urbis Romae topographia of Bartolomeo Marliani, which he used in the preparation of his translation of Livy's Augustan era Ab Urbe Condita Libri. The text states: "This Amphitheatre was commonly called Colosseum, of Neroes Colossus, which was set up in the porch of Neroes house." Similarly, John Evelyn, translating the Middle French name: le Colisée used by the architectural theorist Roland Fréart de Chambray, wrote "And 'tis indeed a kind of miracle to see that the Colosseum ... and innumerable other Structures which seemed to have been built for Eternity, should be at present so ruinous and dilapidated".

Related to the Colossus of Nero statue

After Nero's suicide and the civil wars of the Year of the Four Emperors, the Colossus of Nero statue was remodeled by the condemned emperor's successors into the likeness of Helios ( Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. It was then commonly referred to as the "Colossus solis". Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the Middle Ages and was credited with magical powers. The emperor Constantine the Great remodeled the statue's face as his own.

In the 8th century, an epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world"). This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to the amphitheatre.

The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.

Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations

The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran as well as an artificial lake/marsh. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.

Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre, in effect, placing it both symbolically and geographically at the heart of Rome.

Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the First Jewish-Roman War in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." It is often assumed that Jewish prisoners of war were brought back to Rome and contributed to the massive workforce needed for the construction of the amphitheatre, but there is no ancient evidence for that; it would, nonetheless, be commensurate with Roman practice to add humiliation to the defeated population. Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum. The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, tuff, tiles, cement, and mortar.

Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70-72 AD (73-75 AD according to some sources). The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, Titus, in 80, and the inaugural games were held in 80 or 81 AD. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the , a series of tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius), which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. Honorius banned the practice of gladiator fights in 399 and again in 404. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425-455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.

The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle. In the early to mid 14th century, the Pope's relocation to Avignon caused a population decline in Rome that left the region insecure. The colosseum was largely abandoned by the public and became a popular den for bandits.

Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvial terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. In 1377, after the Pope's return to Rome, the Colosseum was restored by a religious order called Arciconfraternita del SS. Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum, who then inhabited a northern portion of it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime. The iron clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.

During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.

In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there ( see Significance in Christianity). However, there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition, other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been.

Interior of the Colosseum, Rome (1832) by Thomas Cole, showing the Stations of the Cross around the arena and the extensive vegetation

Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810-1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.

The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of Lire 40 billion ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices).

In recent years, the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti-death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012.

Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), Elton John (September 2005), and Billy Joel (July 2006).

Physical description

Unlike Roman theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 24,000 square metres (6 acres). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an ellipse 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.

The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres (3.5 million cubic feet) of travertine stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.

The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three superposed storeys surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters. Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.

Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the , that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center. It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the .

The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadia to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive.

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.

Interior seating

According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.

The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens () and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.

Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.

Each tier was divided into sections ( maeniana) by curved passages and low walls ( praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row ( gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.

Arena and hypogeum

The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet). It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the (literally meaning "underground"). The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian. Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.

The hypogeum was connected by tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.

Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct. However, the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian's behest put an end to the practise of flooding, and thus also to naval battles, early in the Colosseum's existence. There is however wide debate over the practicality and logistics of this phenomenon which leads to speculation over its actuality. This is mostly because there is no physical evidence of naumachiae at the Colosseum remains.

Supporting buildings

The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.

Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.

Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the or awning.

Ave Imperator, morituri te salutant (Hail, Cesar, those who will die salute you), by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1859

The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige and were immensely popular. Another major attraction was the animal hunt, or . This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, Barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, Caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. These events could be huge in scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days. During lunch intervals, executions would be staged. Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena, naked and unarmed, to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces. Acrobats and magicians would also perform, usually during the intervals.

Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1872

During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).

Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor, and animals would then be introduced. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story - played by a condemned person - was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.

Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways that were once used for transporting wild animals and gladiators to the arena, opened to the public in summer 2010.

The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays.

Restoration

In 2011 Diego Della Valle, head of the shoe firm Tod's, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years. Due to the controversial nature of using a public-private partnership to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum's history. The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground-level arches. After three years, the work was completed on 1 July 2016, when the Italian minister of culture, Dario Franceschini, also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018. These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for "cultural events of the highest level." The project also includes creating a services center and restoring the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum. Since 1 November 2017, the top two levels have been opened for guided visits. The fourth level held the marketplace, and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens, the plebeians, gathered and watched the show, bringing picnics for the day-long event.

Significance in Christianity

The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, as evidenced by Church history and tradition. On the other hand, other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome, rather than at the Colosseum, citing a lack of still-intact physical evidence or historical records. These scholars assert that "some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum-their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods", but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus. According to Irenaeus (died about 202), Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum, tradition ascribes it to that place.

In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a "quarry," which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites. This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius - but not the Colosseum - as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason.

Pope Pius V (1566-1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs, although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction. A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra. Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary.

At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, before he died in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains its Christian connection today. A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating:

The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.

Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater.

The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned. Two hundred forty-two species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain.

The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries. Additionally, bird migration, flower blooming, and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city, as well as deliberate transport of species, are also contributing causes. Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire.

In popular culture

Several architectural works have also been modelled on or inspired by, the Colosseum. These include:

The Kongresshalle, or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany

The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium

The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum. It was designed by Moshe Safdie.

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.

The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum. It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II. The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano.

McCaig's Tower, overlooking Oban, Scotland.

References

Bibliography

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Colosseum ( KOL-ə-SEE-əm ; Italian: Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum. It is the largest ancient amphitheatre ever built, and is still the largest standing amphitheatre in the world, despite its age.

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拉斯阿布阿布德體育場 (Ras Abu Aboud Stadium) for 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar 王子晨 周妤萱 劉淑芬 廖羽萱

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拉斯阿布阿布德體育場 (Ras Abu Aboud Stadium) for 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar 王子晨 周妤萱 劉淑芬 廖羽萱

# data[].attributes.body
1.keywords:
-container（貨櫃）

-Sustainable Architecture（永續建築）
-The plane is a rounded rectangle
-FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™
2.Description
The Ras Abu Aboud Stadium, situated on the waterfront in Qatar, is a prime example of sustainable construction. It has a capacity of 40,000 spectators and offers a stunning view of Doha just a few kilometers away. The stadium is constructed using recycled shipping containers and other reusable materials. After the conclusion of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™, the dismantled components will be used in other construction projects within the country.

This picturesque coastal location provides a new and captivating experience for visitors. Ras Abu Aboud is conveniently accessible from the Doha city center across the bay with just a short subway ride.
3.Reference:https://tw.hotels.com/go/qatar/qatar-stadium-guide

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臺北田徑場(Taipei Track and Field Stadium)彭宸緯 李亦真 廖柏寬 游荏茲 楊士慶 陳念慈 鄒明恩

# data[].attributes.subject
臺北田徑場(Taipei Track and Field Stadium)彭宸緯 李亦真 廖柏寬 游荏茲 楊士慶 陳念慈 鄒明恩

# data[].attributes.body
1.keyword
-Taipei 2017 Universiade
-The 21st Summer Deaflympics
2.Description
-Held in Taipei City, the Republic of China from August 19 to August 30, 2017[1], it was the first Universiade held in Taiwan. It was the third World University Games hosted by Taiwan after the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games and the 2009 Taipei Olympic Games. A comprehensive international sports event, it is also the highest-level international sports event Taiwan has ever hosted.
-The Deaflympics, held in Taipei, the Republic of China, from September 5 to September 15, 2009, was the first Summer Deaflympics held in Asia and the first international sports event in which the flame was lit over Taiwan. Judo, karate and taekwondo have become Deaf Olympic events for the first time this year.
3.Reference
-https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E7%94%B0%E5%BE%91%E5%A0%B4

# data[].attributes.body
1.keyword
-2023/12/03
-The 2023 Asian Baseball Championship
2.Description:
Taipei Arena, also known as Taipei Cultural and Sports Park, Taipei Arena, is a multi-functional indoor baseball stadium located in Xinyi District, Taipei City, Taiwan. It is also the largest indoor sports venue in Taiwan. In order to distinguish it from the Taipei Arena, which has already been opened, it is It's called "Taipei Arena". The Arena Park is located between Guangfu South Road, Zhongxiao East Road and Citizen Avenue, and faces the Sun Yat-Senior Memorial Hall across Zhongxiao East Road. The Taipei City Government handed over the construction and operation of the Farglory Arena to the Farglory Arena Company under the Farglory Group in a BOT model until 2062. In addition to the arena, the park's projects include department stores, shopping streets, movie theaters, hotels, and office buildings. and other ancillary commercial facilities.
3.Reference:
Taipei Dome

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曾鄒國瑄

1.keywords
Hanshin Koshien Stadium

Koshien Stadium

baseball park
2.Description
Hanshin Koshien Stadium (阪神甲子園球場, Hanshin Kōshien Kyūjō), commonly referred to as simply Koshien Stadium, is a baseball park located near Kobe in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The stadium was built to host the national high school baseball tournaments, and opened on August 1, 1924. It was the largest stadium in Asia at the time it was completed, with a capacity of 55,000.

The name Kōshien (甲子園) comes from Wood Rat of the sexagenary cycle system. The year of the stadium's founding, 1924, was the first year kōshi (甲子) in the cycle. The design of the stadium was heavily influenced by the Polo Grounds in New York City. In 1936 it became the home stadium for the Osaka Tigers (current Hanshin Tigers), now with the Central League. On February 14, 1964, Hanshin, the Tigers' owners, was appended to the name of Koshien Stadium.

3.Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshien_Stadium

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柯漢忠

1.Keywords:

-Olympic games

-football field

-architect

2.Description:

Rio's Maracana Stadium is the foodball match field of 2016 Brazil Rio Olympics football venue.

This buliding took less than two years to complete the initial construction by seven architects.

3.Reference

https://www.yoyofly.com/theme-detail.asp?seq=17

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Rio's Maracana Stadium (Timelapse) | Building The World Cup

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楊子慶

CHALLENGE TAIWAN Towards the next 10th anniversary

Key word : triathlon swim bike run

CHALLENGE TAIWAN is currently the world's largest triathlon event. The venue for holding the event in Taitung - Living Water Lake, is located in the forest park. It is injected by the underground spring of Beinan Creek and has become a safe swimming environment under perfect planning. It is very suitable for swimming events; road race The road is in Taitung Forest Park and the surrounding roads, which is known as Taitung Garden. Along the way, the bicycle track will pass through international landmarks - seaside parks, Dulan Sugar Factory, water flowing up, etc. It is not only safe, but also able to enjoy the magnificent mountains and rivers and beautiful sea and sky scenery in Taitung. On the way, you can not only shuttle through traditional villages in Taiwan, but also enjoy the quiet rice fields. Because of the beautiful natural scenery and pleasant climate, as well as the friendship and enthusiasm of the local people, Taitung has been ranked as one of the eight major host cities of Challenge Family Asia.

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北京鳥巢巨蛋National Stadium, commonly known as "Bird's Nest"賴慎葳

# data[].attributes.subject
北京鳥巢巨蛋National Stadium, commonly known as "Bird's Nest"賴慎葳

# data[].attributes.body
1.keywords
2008北京奧運
2008；Games of the XXIX Olympiad）
2.Description
The National Stadium, commonly known as the "Bird's Nest", is located in the Olympic Park in Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. It covers an area of 204,000 square meters. It was grounded in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed on June 28, 2008. The whole stadium consists of a series of radial gate-type steel trusses rotating around the bowl-shaped seating area. The structural components support each other to form a grid-like frame. The appearance is like a bird's nest woven from branches. There are about 91,000 spectator seats in the venue, including 11,000 temporary seats. The National Stadium is a landmark building in Beijing. It is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. It also hosts many world-class and national cultural and sports events. In 2014, he was selected as one of the "Top Ten Contemporary Architectures in China"
3.References
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%BA_(%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Keywords:
- Germany national football team
- Munich Olympic Stadium (1972)
- 2006 FIFA World Cup

2. Description:
Allianz Arena is a football stadium in Munich , Bvaria, Germany, with a 70,000 seating capacity for international matches and 75,000 for domestic matches. Widely known for its exterior of inflated ETFE plastic panels, it is the first stadium in the world with a full color changing exterior. Located at 25 Werner-Heisenberg-Allee at the northern edge of Munich's Schwabing-Freimann borough on the Fröttmaning Heath, it is the second-largest arena in Germany behind Westfalenstadion in Dortmund.

3. References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz_Arena

# data[].attributes.headline
高雄國家體育場(Kaohsiung National Stadium) 宋建諳 吳芷潔 張善閎 董宇程 楊詠茹 鄔以柔 郎爾

# data[].attributes.subject
高雄國家體育場(Kaohsiung National Stadium) 宋建諳 吳芷潔 張善閎 董宇程 楊詠茹 鄔以柔 郎爾

# data[].attributes.body
1.keyword
-BLACKPINK
-2009 The World Game
2.Description

The National Stadium , formerly known as the World Games Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is currently the largest stadium in Taiwan in terms of capacity.Completed in 2009, it is used mostly for football matches and it hosted the main events for the 2009 World Games. The stadium has a capacity of 55,000 people. Since the conclusion of the games, the stadium has been used for some Taiwanese football team matches.
The stadium, designed by Japanese architect Toyo Ito, makes use of 1 MW of solar cells to provide most of its power needs. The stadium's semi spiral-shaped, like a dragon, is the first stadium in the world to provide power using solar power technology. The solar panels covering the vast external face of the stadium are able to generate most of the power required for its own operation, as well as additional power that can be sent to the grid.
3.Reference
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%A0%B4_(%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%82)

# data[].attributes.headline
雅典奧林匹亞競技場(Panathenean Stadium) The Games of the 2004 Olympiad 林詩育 吳亭萱 劉嘉宜 余敏慈

# data[].attributes.subject
雅典奧林匹亞競技場(Panathenean Stadium) The Games of the 2004 Olympiad 林詩育 吳亭萱 劉嘉宜 余敏慈

# data[].attributes.body
1.keywords
-Spyridon Louis Stadium
-Olympic Athletic Center of Athens
-Named after the gold medalist in the marathon of the first modern Olympic Games
2.Description
Located in Malusi, on the northern outskirts of Athens, Greece, it is a multi-purpose stadium complex.

The Athens Olympic Stadium was designed in 1979 and construction began in 1980. On September 8, 1982, the then President of Greece, Constantinos Karamanlis, announced the completion of the stadium. The stadium was first opened at the 13th European Athletics Championships in 1982. After Athens' successful bid to host the 2004 Summer Olympics, it was decided to renovate the Olympic Stadium as the main stadium for that Games. The renovation was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was highlighted by an elaborate canopy covering 25,000 square meters and weighing 18,700 tons, covering most of the stadium's seats.
3.Reference https://www.google.com/search?q=%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91&tbm=

# data[].attributes.headline
Arena for 2017 FISU World University Games (Example from Claire)

# data[].attributes.subject
Arena for 2017 FISU World University Games (Example from Claire)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Keywords:

- Arena

- Multipurpose Gymnasium

- Sky pool (Astral pool/infinity pool/prefabricated pool)

2. Description:

In Linkou Arena (National Taiwan Sport University Multipurpose Gymnasium), the first prefabricated pool in Taiwan was built in the complex by an astral pool company, based in Spain. The team used panels to make this Olympic-size pool that suits for swimming and water balls games.

3. Reference: NTSU Arena

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世大運活動式游泳池｜拼裝縮時攝影

# data[].attributes.body
Keywords:

1. luxurious

2. extraordinary

3. Rock-climbing

Description:

The Voyager of Seas is the first ship in the Voyager class operated by Royal Caribbean International. It was one of the largest cruise ship in the world in 1999, featuring many impressive facilities and entertainment options such as a rock-climbing, skating, FlowRider surf simulator, theater and so forth.

Reference :https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_of_the_Seas

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Voyager of the Seas is the lead ship of the Voyager class of cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI). Constructed by Kværner Masa-Yards at its Turku New Shipyard in Turku, Finland, she was launched on November 27, 1998, and formally named by Olympic figure skater Katarina Witt on November 20, 1999.[5]

Voyager of the Seas in Sydney, Australia,
following her 2014 refurbishment

History

Name
Voyager of the Seas

Operator

Royal Caribbean International

Port of registry

Builder

Kværner Masa-Yards, Turku New Shipyard, Turku, Finland

Cost

US$650 million

Yard number

1344

Laid down

March 31, 1998

Launched

November 27, 1998

Sponsored by
Katarina Witt

Christened

November 20, 1999

Completed

October 29, 1999

Maiden voyage

November 21, 1999

In service

1999-present

Identification

Status

In service

Notes
[1]

General characteristics

Class and type

Voyager-class cruise ship

Tonnage

Length

311.1 m (1,020 ft 8 in)

Beam

38.6 m (126 ft 8 in) - Waterline

47.4 m (155 ft 6 in) - Max[1]

Height

63 m (206 ft 8 in)

Draught

9.1 m (29 ft 10 in)

Depth

24

Decks

15

Deck clearance

7

Ramps

4

Installed power

6 × Wärtsilä 12V46 (6 × 12,600 kW (16,900 hp))

Propulsion

Speed

23.7 knots (43.9 km/h; 27.3 mph)

Capacity

3,602 passengers (double occupancy)

4,000 (maximum occupancy)[3]

Crew

1,200[3]

Notes
[4]

Royal Caribbean Line announced the suspension of its operations until June 13, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[6] On May 26, 2021, the CDC approved RCL to resume operations in June.[citation needed ]

Voyager of the Seas at Port of Kobe in March 2013.

The ship was constructed in Turku shipyard and completed its construction in November 1998 in Turku New Shipyard, Finland and launched on November 27, 1998, and formally named by Olympic figure skater Katarina Witt on November 20, 1999.[5] Upon her departure on her maiden voyage the following day, November 21, 1999,[5] Voyager of the Seas was the largest cruise ship in the world, although she was overtaken the following year by her sister ship Explorer of the Seas. She measured 137,276 gross tonnage (GT) at launch and following a refit in 2014 her tonnage increased to 138,194 GT.[1] She is 311 m (1,020 ft 4 in) long overall, has a waterline beam of 36.8 m (120 ft 9 in) and a height of 63 m (206 ft 8 in). It can hold 3,602 passengers at double occupancy, and 4000 passengers maximum.[3]

The investment manager Mario Salcedo began an over 20-year period of living on Royal Caribbean cruise ships after sailing in 2000 on Voyager of the Seas, which impressed him.[7] Salcedo said in a 2016 interview, "It was the biggest cruise ship in the world at the time, and so revolutionary-the first ice skating rink, the first rock climbing wall, so many elements that took cruising to another dimension."[7]

Voyager of the Seas included the first rock climbing wall (mounted on the funnel) and the first ice-skating rink at sea.

In October and November 2014, Voyager of the Seas underwent a refit. The modifications included the installation of an outdoor movie screen near the pool and replacing the inline skating track with a flowrider surf simulator.

Voyager of the Seas underwent a US$97 million refit in September 2019 which included the addition of 72 passenger cabins, water slides, and a number of other improvements as part of Royal Caribbean's Royal Amplified initiative.

Voyager of the Seas was chartered for Indian passengers in May 2016. The ship made a maiden call in July 2018, and called the largest cruise ship to call at a Filipino port when it arrived in Manila, Philippines for the first time. It sailed in the Southeast Asia in September 2018 to June 2019, and made a homeport to Sydney at 2019. The ship made a maiden call after it arrived in Bintan Island, Indonesia for the first time. The ship is the first cruise liner visit in 2020, when it berthed at the Port of Lautoka with 3853 passengers. It sailed in Tokyo, Japan during the summer of 2020, and is set to call in Shanghai in the summer of 2021.

In December 2014, many passengers claimed that they were ill and had been diagnosed with whooping cough in the ship; it failed to detect the outbreak during the destination of Singapore to Sydney.

In October 2018, the passengers were horrified when 1,300 workers from the Indian tobacco company Kamla Pasand boarded the ship and blocked them from using some facilities.

In May 2019, two male passengers from Singapore died of unrelated natural causes while on board the ship.

Thousands of passengers of cruise ships that disembarked at Sydney, Australia in March 2020 were told to isolate due to COVID-19 fears. Passengers disembarked from Voyager of the Seas on March 18. A Toowoomba, Queensland man was infected on the ship and was sent into intensive care unit of a Toowoomba hospital after disembarking but died. the two cases of outbreak in Tasmania were linked to the ship. On 2 April 34 passengers and 5 crew members had tested positive for the virus in New South Wales alone. On 9 April, Ovation of the Seas transferred its 880 Filipino crew members into Voyager of the Seas to send them back to their country while off the coast of Indonesia, and sailed in Manila, Philippines on April 19. On 23 April, a 79-year-old New Zealand man died from the disease while his wife had also been infected.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Voyager of the Seas is the lead ship of the Voyager class of cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International (RCI).

# data[].attributes.body
You can add other destinations that meet the definition of "nostalgia sport tourism."
Remember to put:
1) 2 technical terms when describing or interpreting the place.
2) 2 sentences to describe the place.
3) References (links)
4) picture/video/website of the destination

# data[].attributes.body
1. Keywords:

Forkball

2. Description

3. Reference:

https://hotel.fhgh.com.tw/en/baseball/

# data[].attributes.headline
Tokyo Dome (the home field of the Yomiuri Giants )陳昕妤、陳雅欣、楊迦樂、謝張元、湯奇穎

# data[].attributes.subject
Tokyo Dome (the home field of the Yomiuri Giants )陳昕妤、陳雅欣、楊迦樂、謝張元、湯奇穎

# data[].attributes.body
1. Keywords:
-Multipurpose Gymnasium
-Indoor Stadium
-BIG EGG(東京巨蛋的暱稱)

2. Description:
Tokyo Dome opened on March 17, 1988. Japan's first air-supported dome supports the membrane roof by air pressure difference.

It is not only the home field of the professional baseball team Yomiuri Giants, but also a premier venue in Japan where more than 8 million people visit annually.

One of the best stadiums in Japan, it can accommodate 55,000 people. In addition to Japanese artists, international artists perform at Tokyo Dome and large-scale events are held annually.

3. Reference: Tokyo Dome, TOKYO DOME CITY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Watching a Japanese professional baseball game at the Tokyo Dome

# data[].attributes.headline
東京棒球場 劉煒欣、莊宜媛、詹子賢 Devaughn ､葉人瑄

# data[].attributes.subject
東京棒球場 劉煒欣、莊宜媛、詹子賢 Devaughn ､葉人瑄

# data[].attributes.body
1.keyword

全壘打 （Home Run ）

三振 （strikeout k）

盜壘（steal）

2.describe

Tokyo Baseball Stadium usually refers to Tokyo Dome, the home stadium of the Yomiuri Giants in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), located in Bunkyō, Tokyo. This indoor stadium has a seating capacity of approximately 45,000 spectators, and its domed design allows games to be played without being affected by the weather. In addition to baseball games, it also frequently hosts concerts and other large-scale events.

3. Sports Network

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ROYAL CARIBBEAN Amazing cruises 梁雪欣 洪彥雙 沈蓮英

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ROYAL CARIBBEAN Amazing cruises 梁雪欣 洪彥雙 沈蓮英

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1.keywords:

- adventure

- family friendly

-ice skating

-water park

-food & drink

2.description:

This thrill-packed ship has endless ways to fill your days between scenery scoping and whoa-worthy memory making.

3.reference: https://www.royalcaribbean.com/cruise-ships/liberty-of-the-seas/things-to-do

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1.baseball

2.indoor

3.2011-2024

1.First large-scale indoor stadium with 40,000 seats.

2.Formerly known as the Songshan Tobacco Factory of the Monopoly Bureau of the Taiwan Governor's Office.（前身是台灣總督府專賣局松山菸草工廠）

https://www.farglorydome.com.tw/

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第十九屆夏季奧林匹克運動會（英語：the Games of the XIX Olympiad，法語：les Jeux de la XIXe Olympiade，西班牙語：los Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada）倪華恩、吳恩華、連祥延、吳陳子軒、陳子陽、謝瑞玲

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第十九屆夏季奧林匹克運動會（英語：the Games of the XIX Olympiad，法語：les Jeux de la XIXe Olympiade，西班牙語：los Juegos de la XIX Olimpiada）倪華恩、吳恩華、連祥延、吳陳子軒、陳子陽、謝瑞玲

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Long Jump – 跳遠（Bob Beamon 創驚人世界紀錄）

Doping Test – 禁藥測試（1968 年首度實施）

Taiwan-台灣(第一次用台灣名字)

Pictograms – 運動圖示（墨西哥奧運是首屆全面使用運動圖標的奧運）

Synthetic Track – 合成跑道（首次使用塑膠跑道取代傳統煤渣跑道）

Television Broadcast – 電視轉播（首屆有彩色電視轉播的奧運）

Mascot – 吉祥物（雖然 1968 年沒有官方吉祥物，但影響了後來的奧運）

Taiwan participated under the name 'Taiwan' at the time（台灣當時以「台灣」名義參賽）

Enriqueta Basilio, first woman to light the Olympic cauldron（恩里克塔·巴西里奧，首位點燃奧運聖火的女性）

First Olympic Games with doping tests（首次進行興奮劑檢測的奧運會）

https://youtu.be/GHBSQh22nog?si=mjlVe_vEplUNXTdf

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2024 Liyu lake Dragon Boats Racing Carnival 陳建宇 呂恩 黃玟萍

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2024 Liyu lake Dragon Boats Racing Carnival 陳建宇 呂恩 黃玟萍

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Key words :

*Dragon boats

*Dragon boats Festival

*Traditional sports

Description : It's the largest dragon boat race in Taiwan, and it also combining Aboriginal and Chinese culture in thiscarnival.

Reference : https://www.hl.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=32725&s=159381

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1.keywords

*FISU2017

*William Jones basketball tournament

*FIFA Futsal World Championship Chinese Taipei 2004

2.description

It is known as Linkou Dome because of its dome-shaped appearance.

National university of physical education general gymnasium basketball, football,and swimming competitions can be held.

3.reference

https://iplay.sa.gov.tw/gyminfo/index/2352

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羅馬競技場(曾捷琳 江伃蕓  黃國倫)

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羅馬競技場(曾捷琳 江伃蕓  黃國倫)

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1. keywords

colossus

Combat

Thunderbolt

2. Describe

The Colosseum was the largest oval amphitheater of the ancient Roman Empire.

Later, it became a venue for battles between humans and wild beasts.

During Nero’s era, there was a colossal statue of himself at this location.

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/尼禄

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1.NBA

2.concert

3.Award Ceremony

1.Taipei Arena hosted an NBA game in 2009 and the NBA Global Games Taipei in 2013.

2.There’re many concerts being held in Taipei Arena before.

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Keyword :

1. Olympic games

2. “Bird Nest “

3. Symbol of "nurturing and hope"

Beijing National Stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 to 24 August 2008.The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 to 17 September 2008.Though designed for track and field events of the Olympics, the stadium continued to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing.