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Great Depression: What is Rugged Individualism? - History GCSE

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The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum

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Eighty-five years after its completion, Hoover dam is still considered an engineering marvel. It is named in honor of President Herbert Hoover, - who played a crucial role in its creation.

Appropriations were approved and construction began in 1930. The dam was dedicated in 1935 and the hydroelectric generators went online in 1937. In 1947, Congress officially "restored" Hoover's name to the dam, . Hoover Dam was built for a cost of $49 million (approximately $760 million adjusted for inflation). The power plant and generators cost an additional $71 million. The sale of electrical power generated by the dam paid back its construction cost, with interest, by 1987.

Today the Hoover Dam controls the flooding of the Colorado River, irrigates to over 1,500,000 acres of land, and provides water to over 16,000,000 people. Lake Mead supports recreational activities and provides habitats to fish and wildlife. Power generated by the dam provides energy to power over 500,000 homes. The Hoover Compromise still governs how the water is shared.

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EnlargeDownload Link The Hoover Dam, 1941. DownloadPrint The Hoover Dam, 1941. Eighty-five years after its completion, Hoover dam is still considered an engineering marvel. It is named in honor of President Herbert Hoover, - who played a crucial role in its creation.

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by Michael Gou, Gary Richardson, Alejandro Komai and Daniel Park

President Hoover signed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act on January 22, 1932, establishing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The subtitle of the act indicated the RFC's purpose:

"to provide emergency financing facilities for financial institutions, to aid in financing agriculture, commerce, and industry ... ;"

The RFC was a new government-sponsored financial institution whose purpose was to lend directly to banks and other financial institutions including those without access to Federal Reserve credit facilities. "Almost from the time he became Governor of the Federal Reserve Board in September 1930, Eugene Meyer had urged President Hoover to establish" a Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) modeled on the "War Finance Corporation, which Meyer had headed during World War 1" (Chandler 1971, 180). Meyer told the New York Times that the RFC "would be a strong influence in restoring confidence throughout the nation and in helping banks to resume their normal functions by relieving them of frozen assets ( New York Times 1932)."

The RFC was a quasi-public corporation, staffed by professionals recruited outside of the civil service system but owned by the federal government, which appointed the corporation's executive officers and board of directors. The RFC's initial capital came from $500 million in stock sold to the US Treasury. The RFC raised an additional $1.5 billion by selling bonds to the Treasury, which the Treasury in turn sold to the public. In the years that followed, the RFC borrowed an additional $51.3 billion from the Treasury and $3.1 billion directly from the public. All of these obligations were guaranteed by the federal government.

The RFC was authorized to extend loans to all financial institutions in the United States and to accept as collateral any asset the RFC's leaders deemed acceptable. The RFC's mandate emphasized loaning funds to solvent but illiquid institutions whose assets appeared to have sufficient long-term value to pay all creditors but in the short run could not be sold at a price high enough to repay current obligations. The RFC also loaned funds to the receivers of banks in liquidation enabling receivers to repay depositors as soon as possible; Federal Land Banks, which financed farm mortgages; and Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, which financed crops in production; insurance companies; and railroads.

On July 21, 1932, an amendment authorized the RFC to loan funds to state and municipal governments. The loans could finance infrastructure projects, such as the construction of dams and bridges, whose construction costs would be repaid by user fees and tolls. The loans could also fund relief for the unemployed, as long as repayment was guaranteed by tax receipts. In March 1933 the powers of the RFC were liberalized still further to include authority to recapitalize banks through purchases of preferred stock.

In December 1931, the Hoover administration submitted the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act to Congress. Congress expedited the legislation. Support for the act was broad and bipartisan. The president and Federal Reserve Board urged approval. So did leaders of the banking and business communities. The bill passed quickly and with few amendments, in part because it was based on the War Finance Corporation of World War 1, which policymakers believed to have been a big success.

During the years 1932 and 1933, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation served, in effect, as the discount lending arm of the Federal Reserve Board. The governor of the Federal Reserve Board, Eugene Meyer, lobbied for the creation of the RFC, helped to recruit its initial staff, contributed to the design of its structure and policies, supervised its operation, and served as the chairman of its board. The RFC occupied office space in the same building as the Federal Reserve Board. In 1933, after Eugene Meyer resigned from both institutions and the Roosevelt administration appointed different men to lead the RFC and the Fed, the organizations diverged, with the RFC remaining within the executive branch and the Federal Reserve gradually regaining its policy independence.

In retrospect, scholars see the Reconstruction Finance Corporation as mostly successful, particularly in the period when the RFC was able to accept less liquid collateral and recapitalize banks. While estimates vary, statistical analyses show that RFC assistance helped banks survive the Depression and increased bank lending (Butkiewicz 1995; Mason 2001; Mason 2003; Vossmeyer 2016). More than half of the banks in the U.S. received direct support from the RFC (Jones 1951). However, its success was limited, as some banks that received RFC support did not survive the Depression.

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During the years 1932 and 1933, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation effectively served as the discount lending arm of the Federal Reserve Board.

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28th July 1932: Bonus Marchers forcibly evicted from Washington D.C. by the Army

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The Great Depression spread in America as quickly as Herbet Hoover unsuccessfully to respond to the nation's problems.

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Hoover and FDR | America: Facts vs. Fiction

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The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C. in 1932 to demand early payment of a promised bonus for their military service. However, Hoover did not agree with the Patman Bill. Later, the bill was rejected in Senate.