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blue = lecture

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green = textbook

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yellow = article

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dura mater:
- outermost leathery layer
- double layered external covering
> periosteum: attached to inner surface of skull
> meningeal layer: outer covering of the brain
- folds inward in several areas

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- middle layer
- web-like structures spanning subarachnoid space to attach it to the pia mater
- arachnoid granulations protrude the dura mater and absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood

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- internal layer
- clings to surface of brain and SC

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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and ventricles

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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and ventricles

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- sodium chloride and other salts
- similar to blood plasma composition
- formed by choroid plexus
- fills ventricles
- circulates around brain and SC in subarachnoid space (btwn arachnoid layer and pia mater)
- cushions the brain

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- produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle
- flow through ventricles and subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures
- some flows through central canal of SC
- absorbed into dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

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form end feet on the BBB
- endfeet allow astrocytes to release substances into the blood stream --> detoxifying the brain

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BBB has least permeable capillaries of the body --> exclude many potentially harmful substances

in general: allows water, glucose, and amino acids to pass capillary walls

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flow of blood through cerebral arterioles and capillaries

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CBF depends on CPP, pressure that dives blood through cerebrum

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arteries supplying posterior circulation enter skull through the foramen magnum

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internal carotid arteries through paired carotid foramina at the base of the skull

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internal carotid arties bring in abt 70% of circulatory input to brain, rest comes from vertebral artieries

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continuous ring of arteries connecting the posterior and anterior circulation
> redundant just in case one fails to provide blood supply

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epidural space: space btwn skull and dura

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epidural space: space btwn skull and dura

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subdural space: space btwn arachnoid and inner layer of dura

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subdural space: space btwn arachnoid and inner layer of dura

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subarachnoid space: btwn arachnoid and pia

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subarachnoid space: btwn arachnoid and pia

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contains CSF, no blood

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no fluid

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no fluid

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contains interstitial fluid (same as CSF), not blood

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- BBB forms the interstitial fluid that bathes the brain parenchyma
- blood filtered through the choroid plexus becomes CSF

interstitial fluid and CSF are the same fluid --> barrier is called BBB

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brain endothelial cells line capillaries --> form BBB

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brain endothelial cells line capillaries --> form BBB

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meningitis: infection of meninges
encephalitis: infection of brain parenchyma

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leathery

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CSF key purpose: buoyancy for the brain!

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CSF key purpose: buoyancy for the brain!

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allow the brain to float in the CSF

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CSF is formed in the choroid plexus > flows through ventricles > flows around SC canals > then around brain through the subarachnoid space

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strokes are cardiovascular, not neuroscience

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strokes are cardiovascular, not neuroscience

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bc oxygen is a blood issue

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circle of willis: includes highlighted arteries

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circle of willis: includes highlighted arteries

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- fat can pass bc the brain is mostly fat
- gas gets through BBB--> so most anesthetics are gas
- all drugs of abuse get through BBB