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3.1- MULTIDIMENSIONS OF ETHNIC SELF IDENTIFICATION.

1. State your selections under the category of Natal Measures and also state why you chose them. Provide examples.

-Within the category of Natal Measures, ancestral lineage and birthplace of grandparents are the two categories that resonate the most with me and have the biggest influence on my ethnic identity. Ancestral lineage has a big influence on my ethnic identity because it allows me to connect deeper with my sense of self by learning about my family's past. In addition to ancestral lineage, the birthplace of grandparents resonates a lot with me as well because I believe so much of the cultural values I have are closely tied to their American Southern roots and passed down from my parents and family members to myself.

2.State your selections under the category of Behavioral Measures and also state why you chose them. Provide examples.

-Within the category of Behavioral Measures, friendship and acquaintances patterns as well as participation in religious activities are the categories that have the biggest influence on my ethnic identity. I believe the choice in the friendships, and acquaintance I've made throughout my life have played a large role in my ethnic identity by shaping what I deem as socially normal or not, and have had an influence on how I behave socially. Perhaps the biggest influence on my behavioral measures as it pertains to my ethnic identity stems from my participation in religious activities, for it played a large in my beliefs, values, and practices.

3. State your selections under the category of Subjective Measures and also state why you chose them. Provide examples.

-Within the category of Subject Measures, self-identification of a preferred ethnic group, and value preferences have the biggest influence on my ethnic identity. Being that , I'm biracial and mixed with Black and White , but was raised by my black side ; self identification of a preferred ethnic group really plays a big role in my ethnic identity. It's always been a struggle for me to identity with my white side since I never really interacted with many whites on a family level, because of that I've always preferred to identity as a Black woman. Value preferences is the other category that has the biggest influence on my ethnic identity because the values that I chose to hold precedence are very much dependent on the principles i've learned culturally.

4. State your selections under the category of Situation-Contextual Measure and also state why you chose them. Provide examples.

-Within the category of Situation-contextual Measures , home and family and education have the biggest influence on my ethnic identity. My family has always put on a big influence on education. From the time I was a young girl I can always remember many of my family members having discussions on the importance of education and being African American. I specifically remember my Aunt who raised me saying "it's difficult to succeed in America without an education" as a young girl and it's something that has stayed with me since.

3.2 MULTI-GROUP ETHNIC IDENTITY MEASURE

1. My Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure score is 42.

2. To me this score means that I have strong and higher sense of Ethnic Identity and bonding to my African American side.

3. I think that this means that I have a weak bond with the whites because my interactions with them aren't as robust as they are with my African American side.

4. To be honest nothing really surprised about the results of this analysis. I've always been highly aware of the difference in how strongly I identify with one of the ethnic groups I am mixed with in comparison to the other.

3.3 ROSENBERG'S SELF-ESTEEM Scale

1. State your score after taking the Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale.

-My score after taking the Rosenberg's self-esteem scale was a 20.

2. State what your score means to you and your understanding of your self-esteem.

To my understanding that score means that my self-esteem is fairly high.

3. State why you believe your score is the number that it is. Provide examples.

-I believe my score is fairly high because I was raised to value myself and take pride in who I am and do my best in all that I do.

3.4: RACIAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT

1. State your stage of Racial Identity Development .

-I believe I am in the Identity foreclosure stage in life as of currently.

2.State why you think that you are in the stage that you identified.

-I believe that I'm in the identity foreclosure stage because although i have clarity about my ethnicity , I haven't truly explored how it affects my concept of self.

4. Provide an example of how you know that you have passed through the previous stages.

-I believe I've passed the identity diffusion stage because i've spent a considerable amount of time exploring my identity and have a clear understanding of identity related issues and the impact they can have on an individual.

5. State one thing that you learned from this process.

-Through this process , i've learned that i have some work to do as it pertains to exploring the other ethnic group i belong to.

3.5: FIND YOUR RACIAL IDENTITY RESOURCE

https://www.mnsu.edu/globalassets/counseling-center/media/racial-battle-fatigue.pdf

I chose to share this resource because, sometimes I can get really exhausted with dealing with issues that surround race ,and this source shares some interesting insight on how to cope with racial trauma and racial battle fatigue.

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1. What types of racism from slide 2 have you seen in the world? What examples from slide 3 have you seen in the world?

-I've bared witness to all 3 forms of racism seen in slide two. The most recent being cultural racism at my job where a young Black girl was told to take off her head wrap because it "wasn't professional". The headwrap was very similar to a headband , my colleagues and myself discussed this issue amongst ourselves and wondered if she wasn't Black 'would wearing the headwrap would be an issue'? From slide 3 , internalized racism stands out the most to me. I remember having a conservation when I was younger with one of my Black guy friends regarding dating. He said to me "why would you want to date a black man , don't know you that your life will be eaiser if you date a man from your White side, you'll live a ghetto life you chose to date a Black man, plus we have it hard, we have it so much harder. I remember leaving that conversation feeling so offput. I felt guilty, sad and ostracized . He wasn't aware that I had no connection with my White side , so after some time I forgave him however those negative beliefs were an example of internalized oppression.

2. From the chapter reading, do you think that we live in a post-racial society? Please state why or why not.

-Without doubt I do not believe we live in a post-racial society. I believe race is still very much an important factor for many. Much more effort needs to be made on an institutional level before we can say we live in a post racial society.

3. What is your personal definition of race and do you think that race is a social construct, a biological construct or something else? Please explain your reasoning.

-My personal definition of race is; the idea that humans are divided into different groups based on physical and behavioral differences. I believe race is a social construct and is grounded in Euro, Hedro, patriarchal beliefs and is created for capitalism and the "dominants" benefit. I also believe that it can change depending on how the individual who is interpreting "race" understanding, beliefs, and perceptions changes.

4. Search and find one resource regarding race being a social or biological concept and post it to your Padlet. State its significance and if you agree or disagree with the resource based on your definition of race.

-https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/

I found a very interesting article for the Scientific American where archaeologist , biologist, and sociologicologist argue why race is a social construct. In this article biologist Svante Pääbo points out that , "there is not a single absolute genetic difference, meaning no single variant where all Africans have one variant and all Europeans another one, even when recent migration is disregarded"(Pääbo) . Pääbo is stating that biologically no one group of people are genetically different.

5. State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit. State its significance.

While reading Belgrave's Race and Racism chapter 4 I learned about the alarming statistics of perceived discrimination in healthcare environments where African Americans reported experiencing discrimination at an alarming 31% in comparison to that of whites at 4%. The significance of this disparity exhibits how far away from a post-racial society we are if people cant receive fair and just treatment while being ill.

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Racial categories are weak proxies for genetic diversity and need to be phased out

By Megan Gannon & LiveScience

More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of "white" and "black" as discrete groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.

Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. And yet, you might still open a study on genetics in a major scientific journal and find categories like "white" and "black" being used as biological variables.

In an article published today (Feb. 4) in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories are weak proxies for genetic diversity and need to be phased out. [ Unraveling the Human Genome: 6 Molecular Milestones]

They've called on the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine to put together a panel of experts across the biological and social sciences to come up with ways for researchers to shift away from the racial concept in genetics research.

"It's a concept we think is too crude to provide useful information, it's a concept that has social meaning that interferes in the scientific understanding of human genetic diversity and it's a concept that we are not the first to call upon moving away from," said Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia.

Yudell said that modern genetics research is operating in a paradox, which is that race is understood to be a useful tool to elucidate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity and an imprecise proxy for the relationship between ancestry and genetics.

"Essentially, I could not agree more with the authors," said Svante Pääbo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany, who worked on the Neanderthal genome but was not involved with the new paper.

"What the study of complete genomes from different parts of the world has shown is that even between Africa and Europe, for example, there is not a single absolute genetic difference, meaning no single variant where all Africans have one variant and all Europeans another one, even when recent migration is disregarded," Pääbo told Live Science. "It is all a question of differences in how frequent different variants are on different continents and in different regions."

In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out that Watson (who, ironically, became ostracized in the scientific community after making racist remarks) and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim.

Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races have had obvious social and historical repercussions, and they still threaten to fuel racist beliefs. That was apparent two years ago, when several scientists bristled at the inclusion of their research in Nicholas Wade's controversial book, "A Troublesome Inheritance" (Penguin Press, 2014), which proposed that genetic selection has given rise to distinct behaviors among different populations. In a letter to The New York Times, five researchers wrote that "Wade juxtaposes an incomplete and inaccurate account of our research on human genetic differences with speculation that recent natural selection has led to worldwide differences in IQ test results, political institutions and economic development."

The authors of the new Science article noted that racial assumptions could also be particularly dangerous in a medical setting.

"If you make clinical predictions based on somebody's race, you're going to be wrong a good chunk of the time," Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a "white" disease. [ The Best Genealogy Software for Tracing Your Family Tree]

Mindy Fullilove, a psychiatrist at Columbia University, thinks the changes proposed in the Science article are "badly needed." Fullilove noted that by some laws in the United States, people with one black ancestor of 32 might be called "black," but their 31 other ancestors are also important in influencing their health.

"This is a cogent and important call for us to shift our work," Fullilove said. "It will have an enormous influence. And it will make for better science."

So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Pääbo said geography might be a better substitute in regions such as Europe to define "populations" from a genetic perspective. However, he added that, in North America, where the majority of the population has come from different parts of the world during the past 300 years, distinctions like "African Americans" or "European Americans" might still work as a proxy to suggest where a person's major ancestry originated.

Yudell also said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like " ancestry" or "population" that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as a political and social, but not biological, variable.

"While we argue phasing out racial terminology in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities between groups," Yudell said.
Copyright 2016 LiveScience, a Purch company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue

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Racial categories are weak proxies for genetic diversity and need to be phased out

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Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective

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1.From the reading, what do you think makes the Black family unique? Please provide descriptive examples.

-I believe the diversity ,and unique circumstances; for example the social and financial hardships Blacks endured that derived from slavery are what the Black family so unique.

2.What do you think are the strengths and challenges of the Black family? Please state why you think so and provide examples.

-I believe there are many attributes that are responsible for the strength of the Black family however there's one example in particular: strong kinship care (which involves relatives caring for children who cannot remain inside their natural homes ) that I can personally relate to very closely . Considering my parents lost custody of my siblings and I when I was young, and my father's side of my family took guardianship of us. I often remember my relatives speaking about how they didn't think twice about getting custody of my siblings and I after we were placed in DCFS 's care. Due to my sensitivity to kinship and custody , I've often played close attention whenever the topic is brought to my awareness in everyday conversation and have noticed that many times Black relatives will pick up the responsibility of caring for children that aren't necessarily theirs when needed. Outside of that one very personally relatable attribute I believe the biggest strength the Black family today is the mindfulness in best preparing their children for the real world by informing them of who they are, where they come from, what struggles they might encounter, how to best prepare themselves for those struggles and how to positively nativage themselves in a world that is still very much racially conscious. I believe the biggest challenge of the black family is due to a lack of upward mobility and single mother/never married households. Never married women have less of an economic advantage than married women, which consequently negatively impacts the upward mobility of the Black family.

3.How do concepts such as racial socialization affect parents and children in Black families? Please explain.

-I believe racial socialization is one of the biggest components , and has the ability to affect the trajectory of the Black family the most. Racial socialization effects the black parent- child dynamic by enabling parents to provide their children with the proper problem solving and critical thinking skills necessary to address race related issues they might encounter without losing their core sense of self.

4.Based on our reading, what factors do you think have impacted Black families the most since slavery and why?

-I believe a lack of upward mobility and single parent households has impacted the Black family the most. Two Parent households do better socioeconomically and can provide families with more resources and consequently opportunities.

5.Search and find one academic resource that helps you understand this topic better and post it to your Padlet. State three main points from the resource and how it helps you understand this topic.

https://scholar.harvard.edu/hendren/publications/race-and-economic-opportunity-united-states-intergenerational-perspective

-I wanted to get a better understanding on how upward mobility is affected by the family dynamic and ran across this scholarly article from a Harvard professor that shed some light on the statics. Three points I learned from this resource include, one; based on parental income the difference income and wage disparity is the largest for Black men in comparison to White men, there is no such difference between Black and White women. Two; to my surprise according to this resource the marital status, education and wealth explain very little as it pertains to the Black-White wage gap. . Henderen stated "Differences in ability also do not explain the patterns of intergenerational mobility we document" which I found to be interesting . Thirdly Henderen went on to state "the Black-White gap persists even among boys who grow up in the same neighborhood. Controlling for parental income, Black boys have lower incomes in adulthood than white boys in 99% of Census tracts. However, the smallest Black-White gap is in low-poverty neighborhoods with lower racial bias among Whites and high rates of father presence among Blacks. Black men who grow up in these neighborhoods have a lower chance of ever being incarcerated but less than 5 % of these Black men grow up in such environments.

6.State one thing that you learned or one thing that stood out to you from the unit required reading, optional reading or audio material in this unit. State its significance.

-The one thing that stood out to me in this unit was learning about racial socialization and how vital it is for the structure of the Black family. Also I enjoyed learning about the Family based programs because it gave me a sense of relief in that although these disparities and issues persist , there are solutions in place to effectively deal with these issues in a healthy progressive manner.

Accessing your Padlet

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Abstract:

We study the sources of racial and ethnic disparities in income using de-identified longitudinal data covering nearly the entire U.S. population from 1989-2015. We document three sets of results. First, the intergenerational persistence of disparities varies substantially across racial groups. For example, Hispanic Americans are moving up significantly in the income distribution across generations because they have relatively high rates of intergenerational income mobility. In contrast, black Americans have substantially lower rates of upward mobility and higher rates of downward mobility than whites, leading to large income disparities that persist across generations. Conditional on parent income, the black-white income gap is driven entirely by large differences in wages and employment rates between black and white men; there are no such differences between black and white women. Second, differences in family characteristics such as parental marital status, education, and wealth explain very little of the black-white income gap conditional on parent income. Differences in ability also do not explain the patterns of intergenerational mobility we document. Third, the black-white gap persists even among boys who grow up in the same neighborhood. Controlling for parental income, black boys have lower incomes in adulthood than white boys in 99% of Census tracts. Both black and white boys have better outcomes in low-poverty areas, but black-white gaps are larger on average for boys who grow up in such neighborhoods. The few areas in which black-white gaps are relatively small tend to be low-poverty neighborhoods with low levels of racial bias among whites and high rates of father presence among blacks. Black males who move to such neighborhoods earlier in childhood earn more and are less likely to be incarcerated. However, fewer than 5% of black children grow up in such environments. These findings suggest that reducing the black-white income gap will require efforts whose impacts cross neighborhood and class lines and increase upward mobility specifically for black men.

Notes:

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Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective

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Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie R. Jones, and Sonya Porter. 2020. "Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135 (2): 711-783.