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Mechanical transducers produce a sector image.

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Mechanical transducers are made utilizing a single piezoelectric crystal. The picture is triangular in shape and is called a sector scan.

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A few points about mechanical transducers:

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A few points about mechanical transducers:

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Have a fixed focal depth.

The PZT crystal is physically moved to create the image.

When the PZT crystal is damaged the entire image is lost.

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The beam is steered and focused using an electrical technique called phasing. The sound beam is steered without the use of moving parts. Phased arrays are adjustable and multi-focus.

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A transducer is any device that converts one form of energy into another. Ultrasound transducers have two main functions transmission and reception. Transmission is when electrical energy from the system is converted into sound. Reception is the reflection of a sound pulse that's converted into electricity.

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More information on linear phased array transducers:

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More information on linear phased array transducers:

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Erratic steering and focusing

Electronic steering and focusing

If there is a slope, then the sound beam is steering.

If there is a curvature, then the sound beam is focusing.

The face of the transducer is a small square about 1 centimeter on each side.

A linear phased array has no moving parts.

The width of each element is one-fourth to one-half the sound's wavelength.

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Frimmel, N. (2022, August 4). Ultrasound 101 - part 1: Transducers. 123 Sonography. https://123sonography.com/blog/ultrasound-101-part-1-transducers

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When the crystal is damaged only part of the image is lost and appears as a horizontal (side to side) band of dropout. 

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When the crystal is damaged only part of the image is lost and appears as a horizontal (side to side) band of dropout. 

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Annular Phased Array Transducers have disc-like active elements. Unlike a single element, the disc has multiple ring-shaped elements that all have a common center. This transducer uses mechanical steering. The inner crystals are the shallowest and are the only information collected.

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This transducer creates a fan or sector shaped image.

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These crystals are larger than the ones found in the linear phased array transducers. The width is about 1 wavelength, the arrays are up to 10 centimeters long.

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Linear sequential transducers have a small group of crystals that are fired simultaneously to create each sound beam.  These beams are parallel to each other. 

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Linear sequential transducers have a small group of crystals that are fired simultaneously to create each sound beam.  These beams are parallel to each other. 

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Linear Arrays. (n.d.). https://www.ob-ultrasound.net/lineararrays.html

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Linear sequential array transducers have a large acoustic footprint and make a rectangular image.

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When the crystal is damaged a portion of the image is lost and appears as a vertical dropout.

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Murphy, A. (2020, March 31). Linear Array: Radiology Reference Article. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/linear-array?lang=us

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Vector Array Transducer creates a trapezoid shape image.

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Vector Array Transducer creates a trapezoid shape image.

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The curved array transducers information:

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The curved array transducers information:

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They have 120 to 250 rectangular-shaped strips of PZT material side by side in a curved line.

The acoustic footprint can be as big as 10 centimeters long.

This transducer has large arrays.

Some but NOT ALL of the crystals are fired at the same time to create each beam. They are fired in different directions as they leave the transducer.

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Curved Array Transducers create a blunted sector-shaped image.

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If the PZT crystal gets damaged only a portion of the image would be lost. That would be directly below the broken crystal and would appear as a band dropout from top to bottom of the image.

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Vector array transducers are electronically steered and focused.

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The vector array is a combination of linear sequential and linear phased array technologies.