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Most of the religion in Punjab is Sikhism form the teachings of Nanak. The other religions include Muslim, Hinduism, and Christianity (Singh and Bhardwaj, 2023).

Singh, M., and Bhardwaj, S. (2023). Punjab. https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India

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Punjab is the home to the holiest shrines with the most beautiful arts, the Sri Harmandir Sahib (or Golden Temple). The five Takhts (Temporal Seats of religious authority) of Sikhism, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama Sahib and Anandpur Sahib (Government of Punjab, 2023). People all over the world come to pray here and has become one of leading tourist attraction in India. Punjab is also famous for its massive festivities especially Baisakhi in summer and Lohri in winter.

Government of Punjab. (2023). Know Punjab. https://punjab.gov.in/know-punjab/

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The Punjab culture is one of the richest in the world with their traditional dress being known all over the world characterised by Kurta-pyjama with turban for men and Patiala suits for the women

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The official language of Punjab is Punjab which is the most widely spoken language is the tenth in the world and fourth most spoken language in Asia (Government of Punjab, 2023).

Government of Punjab. (2023). Know Punjab. https://punjab.gov.in/know-punjab/

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Bhangra is the most popular folk dance from Punjab which is closely associated with vernall Vaisakhi festival (Agnihotri, 2023).

Agnihotri, A. (2023). Bhangra dance: A captivating Punjabi folk tradition that's winning hearts across the globe. https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/bhangra-dance-a-captivating-punjabi-folk-tradition-that-s-winning-hearts-across-the-globe-101681970432689.html

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The most popular game and more traditional game is Kabaddi (). It is played by seven players on each side; played for a period of 40 minutes with a 5 minutes break (20-5-20)

http://www.indiankabaddi.org/history-of-kabaddi.html#:~:text=Kabaddi%20is%20basically%20a%20combative,caught%20on%20a%20single%20breath.

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Health to me means being in a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and just the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organization (WHO), 2023). I feel that when there is a balance when my mental, spiritual physical and social wellbeing are in sync and can satisfy my body with the proper nutrition, exercise, mental stimulation and prayer.

World Health Organization. (2023). Constitution. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution

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Ingredients

·        500g skinless boneless chicken thighs

For the marinade

·        1/2-1 lemon, (to taste) juiced

·        2 tsp ground cumin

·        2 tsp paprika

·        1-2 tsp hot chilli powder

·        200g natural yogurt

For the curry

·        2 tbsp vegetable oil

·        1 large onion, chopped

·        3 garlic cloves, crushed

·        1 green chilli, deseeded and finely chopped (optional)

·        thumb-sized piece ginger, grated

·        1 tsp garam masala

·        2 tsp ground fenugreek

·        3 tbsp tomato purée

·        300ml chicken stock

·        50g flaked almonds, toasted

Method

·        STEP 1

In a medium bowl, mix all the marinade ingredients with some seasoning. Chop the chicken into bite-sized pieces and toss with the marinade. Cover and chill in the fridge for 1 hr or overnight.

·        STEP 2

In a large, heavy saucepan, heat the oil. Add the onion, garlic, green chilli, ginger and some seasoning. Fry on a medium heat for 10 mins or until soft.

·        STEP 3

Add the spices with the tomato purée, cook for a further 2 mins until fragrant, then add the stock and marinated chicken. Cook for 15 mins, then add any remaining marinade left in the bowl. Simmer for 5 mins, then sprinkle with the toasted almonds. Serve with rice, naan bread, chutney, coriander and lime wedges.

https://www.pavaniskitchen.com/punjabi-butter-chicken-recipe-easy-butter-chicken/

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In Punjab ye use of plants in healing of diseases. The Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Brown (Common name: Chongan) is commonly found in the plain lands of Punjab. This plant is used as a source of vegetables, but also as a home remedy for headaches, rheumatism, muscle spasms and treatment of diabetes melitus (Haider et al., 2022). Studies have further shown that this plant has analgesic, anti-inflammatory an anti-arthritic properties form the methanolic extract of the C.tuberculata (Haider et al., 2022; Aslam et al., 2021).

Haider, S. I., Asif, A., Rasheed, H. M. F., Akram, A., & Jabeen, Q. (2022). Caralluma tuberculata exhibits analgesic and anti-arthritic potential by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuating oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacology, 30(2), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-00949-5

Aslam, M., Syed, N. I., & Jahan, S. (2021). Effect of Caralluma tuberculata on regulation of carbohydrate metabolizing genes in alloxan-induced rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 271, 113897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113897

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The most relevant aspect of domain 7 is 12.3: “Clinicians adhere to high ethical standards and are committed to the principles of:  dignity and respect and effective communication when providing culturally responsive care to people from migrant and refugee backgrounds “(Migrant and Refugee women’s health partnership, 2019). I have improved my understanding of the Punjab Indians and having learned of their culture, beliefs, foods and even religion, I feel more capable of caring for the Punjab patients through proper communication, respecting their beliefs and maintaining their dignity by respecting their traditions such as the turban. These skills are crucial in workplace because I will be able to provide culturally safe care.

Migrant and Refugee women’s health partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds; competency standards framework for clinicians January 2019

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Social determinants of health on Punjab Indians Migrants.

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Social determinants of health on Punjab Indians Migrants.

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The Punjab Indians particularly the Sikh from Punjab mainly face social exclusion through discrimination due to their turbans (Pakta) Turban 4 Australia (2022) states that they have faced numerous counts of discrimination in workplaces, schools, on the streets and in the communities. Discrimination and exclusion have resulted in psychological damage such as depression, long term anxiety and stress (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2019).

The Punjab Indians face housing issues due to the increased costs in rent which has resulted in housing stress. Thus, has impacted the prevalence of mental illnesses such as anxiety, stress (AIHW, 2019)

They also face job insecurity and unemployment due to their religion especially due to the increased amount of discrimination they face at the workplace due to their religion and culture (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2019).

Turban 4 Australia. (2022). Our Story. https://www.t4a.org.au/our-story/

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). 4.2 Social determinants of health. https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/746ded57-183a-40e9-8bdb-828e21203175/aihw-aus-221-chapter-4-2.pdf.aspx

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Principal health issues for Punjab Indians

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Principal health issues for Punjab Indians

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Obesity- Indian migrants in general have been found to adapt sedentary behaviour and due to their type of diet full of carbohydrates as they adapt to westernised cultures (Fernandes et al. 2021). The treatment for obesity is increased physical activity and dietary changes (Fernandes et al. 2021).

Diabetes- prevalence of diabetes in Indian-born migrants is 14.8% higher than Australian-born population (7.1%). This is due to unhealthy diet, poor physical activity, poor medication adherence, stress related to migration and high costs of treatments (Ahmad et al., 2022). Treatment includes insulin administration and self-glucose monitoring, exercise and dietary changes (Ahmad et al., 2022).

Cardiovascular diseases is prevalent in Indian migrants due to their poor dietary patterns insufficient physical exercise, overweight and obesity. The treatment is includes lifestyle changes, medications, cardiac rehabilitation (Fernandez et al., 2015)

References
Ahmad, A., Khan, M. U., & Aslani, P. (2021). A Qualitative Study on Medication Taking Behaviour Among People With Diabetes in Australia. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 693748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.693748

Fernandes, S., Caperchione, C. M., Thornton, L. E., & Timperio, A. (2021). A qualitative exploration of perspectives of physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Indian migrants in Melbourne, Australia: how are they defined and what can we learn?. BMC public health, 21, 1-11.

Fernandez, R., Rolley, J. X., Rajaratnam, R., Everett, B., & Davidson, P. M. (2015). Reducing the risk of heart disease among Indian Australians: knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding food practices - a focus group study. Food & nutrition research, 59, 25770. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.25770