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The Native Americans had many diverse cultures and languages across many tribes. Native American cultures are not uniform.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/native-american-tribes-facts

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Christopher Columbus did not discover the Americas as there were already millions of indigenous people living here when Europeans arrived.

https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/informational/columbus-day-myths

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Puritans were known for their strict adherence to religious doctrine, believing in a personal covenant with God.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism

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The Puritans believed in education and founded Harvard in 1636. It is the oldest university in the United States.

https://www.ducksters.com/history/colonial_america/puritans.php

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A significant number of enslaved African Americans supported the British side hoping for freedom.

https://www.britannica.com/facts/American-Revolution

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South Carolina was the site of over 400 battles, skirmishes and events during the Revolutionary-era, the second most in the United States.

https://southcarolina250.com/facts/

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The nature of modern-day scientific research can be traced back to proto-Enlightenment philosophers like Descartes, who died in 1650.

https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/enlightenment-facts

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The Enlightenment had a profound impact on the design of the U.S. government. This influence is present in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, which identifies life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as basic human rights.

https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/enlightenment-facts

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The transcendentalists thought of beauty as eternal, because a mere glimpse of it was enough to make them drop everything and simply take in what they heard or saw.

https://iep.utm.edu/am-trans/

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Transcendentalists believed people and nature were filled with goodness. They believed society and institutions had corrupted people.

https://www.historyforkids.net/the-transcendentalists.html/

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Romantics emphasized passionate emotions over cold reason; they prioritized the imagination and the importance of the individual.

https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/the-romantics/

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The Grand Tour included the custom of wealthy and aristocratic young men travelling the continent, and it had opened up Europe as a site of tourism to explore art.

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Venice was famous for its glass work, while Milan was famous for its iron smiths during the Renaissance.

https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance.php

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Renaissance Literature mirrored changes in culture by turning away from primarily religious thinking and placing importance on classical thinking.

https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/medieval-and-renaissance-literature/#:~:text=Renaissance%20Literature%20also%20mimicked%20changes,teachings%20of%20Plato%20and%20Aristotle.

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In the 1950s, thousands of Americans who toiled in the government, served in the army, worked in the movie industry, or came from various walks of life had to answer that question before a congressional panel.

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The use of methods of investigation and accusation regarded as unfair, in order to suppress opposition.

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During the first Red Scare, leftist organizations, such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), embarked on domestic terrorist campaigns through bombings and assassinations of their perceived enemies.

https://softschools.com/facts/cold_war/red_scare_facts/3692/

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One of the major effects that the second Red Scare had on American pop culture was the creation of the Hollywood blacklist. Any writer, actor, director, or producers who was believed to be a communist or communist sympathizer was "black listed" and kept out of the industry.

https://softschools.com/facts/cold_war/red_scare_facts/3692/

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Langston Hughes was just 17 when he wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers".

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Before Hughes’s poetry career took off, he was an engineering student at Columbia University in New York City.

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Hughes and 21 other Black actors traveled to the Soviet Union in 1932 to take part in a film about Black life in the American South called Black and White.

Source for all facts: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/655517/langston-hughes-facts

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Anne Bradstreet was the first published poet in America – male or female. Not only the first female poet, but the first published poet ever.

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Both Anne’s father and her husband were instrumental in the founding of Harvard University in 1636, and two of the poet’s sons would later be graduates, of the college.

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One of Bradstreet’s earliest works, written in 1646 or possibly earlier, was a long poem called The Foure Elements, which discussed the virtues of the four classical elements of earth, air, fire, and water.

Source for all facts:

https://interestingliterature.com/2023/01/facts-about-anne-bradstreet/

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Realism in the arts is generally the attempt to represent subject-matter truthfully, without undue artificiality, exaggeration, or fictionalization. The term is often used interchangeably with naturalism, although these terms are not necessarily synonymous.

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Focused on depicting everyday life and ordinary people with a focus on truth and accuracy.

https://www.britannica.com/art/realism-art

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realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters José de Ribera, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco de Zurbarán, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.

Realism was not consciously adopted as an aesthetic program until the mid-19th century in France, however. Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in the Mercure français du XIX siècle in 1826, in which the word is used to describe a doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The French proponents of realism were agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity in an effective work of art. They attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems, customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary, the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society-its mental attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions.

Realism was stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th century. Among these were the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, with its emphasis on the common man as an artistic subject; Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy, in which sociology's importance as the scientific study of society was emphasized; the rise of professional journalism, with its accurate and dispassionate recording of current events; and the development of photography, with its capability of mechanically reproducing visual appearances with extreme accuracy. All these developments stimulated interest in accurately recording contemporary life and society.

Gustave Courbet was the first artist to self-consciously proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic. After his huge canvas The Studio (1854-55) was rejected by the Exposition Universelle of 1855, the artist displayed it and other works under the label "Realism, G. Courbet" in a specially constructed pavilion. Courbet was strongly opposed to idealization in his art, and he urged other artists to instead make the commonplace and contemporary the focus of their art. He viewed the frank portrayal of scenes from everyday life as a truly democratic art. Such paintings as his Burial at Ornans (1849) and the Stone Breakers (1849), which he had exhibited in the Salon of 1850-51, had already shocked the public and critics by the frank and unadorned factuality with which they depicted humble peasants and labourers. The fact that Courbet did not glorify his peasants but presented them boldly and starkly created a violent reaction in the art world.

The style and subject matter of Courbet's work were built on ground already broken by the painters of the Barbizon School. Théodore Rousseau, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and others in the early 1830s settled in the French village of Barbizon with the aim of faithfully reproducing the local character of the landscape. Though each Barbizon painter had his own style and specific interests, they all emphasized in their works the simple and ordinary rather than the grandiose and monumental aspects of nature. They turned away from melodramatic picturesqueness and painted solid, detailed forms that were the result of close observation. In such works as The Winnower (1848), Millet was one of the first artists to portray peasant labourers with a grandeur and monumentality hitherto reserved for more important persons.

Another major French artist often associated with the realist tradition, Honoré Daumier, drew satirical caricatures of French society and politics. He found his working-class heroes and heroines and his villainous lawyers and politicians in the slums and streets of Paris. Like Courbet, he was an ardent democrat, and he used his skill as a caricaturist directly in the service of political aims. Daumier used energetic linear style, boldly accentuated realistic detail, and an almost sculptural treatment of form to criticize the immorality and ugliness he saw in French society.

Pictorial realism outside of France was perhaps best represented in the 19th century in the United States. There, Winslow Homer's powerful and expressive paintings of marine subjects and Thomas Eakins 's portraits, boating scenes, and other works are frank, unsentimental, and acutely observed records of contemporary life.

Realism was a distinct current in 20th-century art and usually stemmed either from artists' desire to present more honest, searching, and unidealized views of everyday life or from their attempts to use art as a vehicle for social and political criticism. The rough, sketchy, almost journalistic scenes of seamy urban life by the group of American painters known as The Eight fall into the former category. The German art movement known as the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), on the other hand, worked in a realist style to express the cynicism and disillusionment of the post- World War I period in Germany. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh and direct realism in its depictions of the injustices and evils of American society during that period.

Socialist Realism, which was the officially sponsored Marxist aesthetic in the Soviet Union from the early 1930s until that country's dissolution in 1991, actually had little to do with realism, though it purported to be a faithful and objective mirror of life. Its "truthfulness" was required to serve the ideology and the propagandistic needs of the state. Socialist Realism generally used techniques of naturalistic idealization to create portraits of dauntless workers and engineers who were strikingly alike in both their heroic positivism and their lack of lifelike credibility.

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Realism | History, Definition, & Characteristics

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Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism was a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. Highlights included Gustave Courbet's painting Burial at Ornans (1849) and Gustave Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary (1857).

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Realism actually doesn't refer to an art style but is actually an art ERA between 1848 and 1890.

https://southern.libguides.com/arthistory/realism#:~:text=The%20Realist%20movement%20in%20French,objective%20vision%20of%20contemporary%20life.&text=Realism%2C%20in%20the%20arts%2C%20the,nature%20or%20of%20contemporary%20life.

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The realistic art movement occurred between 1850 AD to 1900 AD. This movement was primarily a French art movement that occurred after the 1848 Revolution ( Art in Context, 2021). "The most essential element of Realism was the complete avoidance of artificiality in every aspect of the artworks that were created" ( Art in Context, 2021).

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Research Guides: Art History & Time Periods: Realism

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A research topic guide covering art history, including major time periods.

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Was given the name John Finney at birth, but was legally renamed Walter Braden Finney at the age of three.

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Finney was an intensely private, almost reclusive man. He never wrote any memoir pieces; he spoke in public only twice, one of those times to his goddaughter’s grade-school class, and he rarely gave interviews.

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In early 1995 Don Congdon, his agent for four decades, called Finney “an agent’s dream” because he never asked for advances and always delivered a full manuscript for sale.

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Sandra Cisneros's passions and interests include going to art museums, art exhibitions, and concerts. She is particularly passionate about collaborating with other artists, and about encouraging emerging writers.

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She holds a BA from Loyola University of Chicago and an MFA in creative writing from the University of Iowa.

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Cisneros drew inspiration from writers like Carl Sandburg, Gwendolyn Brooks, Marguerite Duras, Harriet Doerr, and Jean Rhys, as well as her mother, Elvira, who was a voracious reader.

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a style or movement in the arts that aims to break with classical and traditional forms.

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Modernism is an umbrella term encompassing various movements that rejected traditional art styles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing experimentation and subjective expression.

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Modernism is an extension of poetry.

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During the 1930's, the ideal American Dream consisted of three criterions: two children, a marriage, and a three-bedroom house with the infamous white picket fence. The American Dream rose to its greatest fame during the 1930's as a result of the on-going Great Depression from 1929 to 1939.

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The American Dream in the 1940s was about establishing stability after a tough couple of decades, which generally included a house in the suburbs, a steady job and a solid family unit. It was the decade in which standard of living rose dramatically and the culture of consumption began to gain traction.

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This era saw a surge in homeownership, car ownership, and consumerism, with families enjoying new technologies and leisure activities. A new teen culture also emerged, influenced by music, the automobile, and a thriving economy.

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Nearly 60% of Americans were members of the middle class by the mid-1950s, double the percentage before World War II, indicating significant upward mobility.

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The Harlem Renaissance was the most influential movement in African American literary history. The movement also included musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

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The Harlem Renaissance was a golden age for African American artists, writers and musicians. It gave these artists pride in and control over how the Black experience was represented in American culture and set the stage for the civil rights movement.

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In the 1980s, the American Dream took on a new meaning, with a focus on extreme success and material wealth, often associated with the rise of "yuppies" and the booming economy.

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The internet started being worked on. The decade is also remembered for its contributions to pop culture, which included the debut of MTV.

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The booming technology years, especially the rise of the internet and companies like Amazon and eBay, created new avenues for wealth creation and entrepreneurial success.

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The 2000s saw a strong association between the American Dream and homeownership, often fueled by advertising and public policies like the American Dream Downpayment Act.

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Postmodernism refused to recognize the authority of any single style or definition of what art should be.

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Postmodernism also impacted fields like education, literature, and politics, encouraging diversity and critical examination of established institutions and social norms.