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eLearning for Healthcare (elfh) - Critically Appraising the Evidence Base

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eLearning for Healthcare (elfh) - Critically Appraising the Evidence Base

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NHS England | Workforce, training and education | Knowledge and Library Services

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What Grey literature is, and useful resources to find this.

Definition and issues

Possibly the hardest thing about grey literature is that it is defined by its absence of qualities rather that its actual properties. The Prague definition is the most recognised definition (Schöpfel, 2010). It is inclusive of virtually all publications but, as highlighted, it is the lack of control by commercial publishers and the resource's content that it is deemed by the holder to be of a quality to curate
"Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected by intellectual property rights, of sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by library holdings or institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body"
Effectively it means grey is in the eye of the beholder. Bibliographic control by ISBN or ISSN is not a marker because the definition is based on the motivation of the producer. For example, the Oxford University Press is a commercial publisher so their external publications are unlikely to be considered grey literature. However, a short print run report published, for example, by the University of Liverpool Press, might be issued with an ISBN but still be considered a grey literature publication.

This is further muddied by the question 'sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by library holdings or institutional repositories'. The curation process determines this, but one person's sufficient quality is another person's ephemera. When dealing and handling grey literature is about your own understanding of what it might be and setting your own curation parameters.

Why use it?

Grey literature often where things develop first, it doesn't suffer from the inherent time lags a formal publication process engenders. It is the repository of what actually goes on indeed it "may provide data not found within commercially published literature, providing an important forum for disseminating studies with null or negative results that might not otherwise be disseminated" (Paez, 2017). For practitioners it also provides a ready resource of contacts who are working in a given area with whom they may choose to network and obtain expert views from.

What does this mean to the librarian tasked with searching for grey literature?

Understanding the nature of the publishers you are handling when looking at literature is key.
"Any publication created outside recognised academic or commercial outlets and difficult to classify (e.g. policy documents and organisational reports)"(Henwood, 2021)
It may be useful to think in more practical terms. If it's about policy or is an organisational report from a government body, quasi-autonomous non-government organization, think tank, charity, public sector body it is likely to fall within the field of grey literature. When you are searching for grey literature bear this in mind and you'll soon start finding grey literature everywhere, it won't be labelled as such, and you are constantly making the judgement call.

Limiting retrieval

The sites listed below are best regarded as starters for 10, no one site is totally comprehensive in its coverage of grey literature. Google and other search engines should be used to widen the search.

To limit the search results think about using:

Phrase searching (e.g. "outcomes based commissioning")

site: (e.g. site:nhs.uk)

filetype: (e.g. filetype:pdf)

Quality

There is generally, but not exclusively, a lack of peer review in grey literature, think tanks can be prone to inherent bias but we should be critically appraising the quality of all materials we handle and advising our users to do likewise. Again, it is about understanding the nature of the producer and producers of both white and grey literature are equally subject to inherent bias'. The key question to ask yourself is, what is this trying to tell me, and why?

References

Henwood, F. (2021, 18 March 2021 ). [Grey Literature Definition for Normal People].

Paez, A. (2017). Grey literature: An important resource in systematic reviews. Journal of evidence-based medicine.

Schöpfel, J. (2010). Towards a Prague Definition of Grey Literature. Paper presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literatur: Transparency in Grey Literature. Grey Tech Approaches to High Tech Issues. , Prague. https://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00581570

Example from practice

The King's Fund Library Service regularly works with grey literature and provides formal training as well as pointers through our enquiry service on approaches to searching and appraising health and care grey literature materials.

In our training we highlight many of the sources listed below. Approaches to searching for grey literature is often less systematic than searching peer review materials. There isn't one database which includes all grey literature sources, understanding where, and also, how to use these databases is essential in finding the right information. We consider who produced the work, biases, does it enrich or is it unique research? As well as is it representative of work in that field?

Grey literature is often providing timely information which is useful on topics such as system change like Integrated Care Systems. The work we need to inform cannot wait months or years for articles to be published. Also, not all grey literature form long reports, often we will consider using short briefings or blogs if that is the only information available on a topic. But always mindful of critically appraising and relaying the context to the user.

Resources

Blogs
Research repositories and grey literature: what does user research tell us?
Post about HEE user research on research repositories and grey literature.

Books

Maybin, J. (2016) Producing Health Policy: Knowledge and Knowing in Government Policy Work (Palgrave Studies in Science, Knowledge and Policy). Palgrave Macmillan, London

In this book Jo Maybin draws on rare access to the inner-workings of England's Department of Health to explore what kinds of knowledge civil servants use when developing policy, how they use it and why. Combining ethnographic data with insights from psychology, socio-linguistics, sociology and philosophy, she demonstrates how civil servants engage in a wide range of knowledge practices in the course of their daily work.

Case studies

FutureNHS is open to anyone working in or for health and social care. It is not always searchable but some good case studies can be found here.

Catalogues
British Library
The British Library's (BL) main catalogue for millions of records for books, journals, newspapers, printed maps, scores, electronic resources, sound archive items etc. in the BL's collections. Some content is legal deposit or subscribed and only available to Readers. Also included are thousands of records for open access items freely available online. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
Library Hub Discover
Welcome to the new Library Hub Discover, giving you access to details of materials held in many UK national, academic and specialist libraries. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

Courses
Social Science Research - a Masterclass for Information Professionals
A special workshop held at Aston University, 21st August 2018. Includes slides on official publications, unlocking grey literature and more. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
It's a bit of a grey area - how to use Grey Literature in health and care
Padlet from a course run by The King's Fund for HEE which includes a list of sources which participants have found useful.

Databases
The Cochrane Library
The Cochrane Library (ISSN 1465-1858) is a collection of databases that contain different types of high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
The Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC)
Provided by Ovid and available via HDAS (Athens account required). HMIC brings together the bibliographic database of two UK health and social care management organizations: the Department of Health's Library and Information Services (DH-Data) and King's Fund Information and Library Service. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
The King's Fund Database
The King's Fund Database is the online catalogue of The King's Fund Library Service and is freely available for use by anyone looking for information in the areas they cover as well as King's Fund published reports and briefings. Subjects include health and social care management and policy, systems, services and leadership. Coverage is from 1863 to present. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

Trip is a clinical search engine designed to allow users to quickly and easily find and use high-quality research evidence to support their practice and/or care. As well as research evidence we also allow clinicians to search across other content types including images, videos, patient information leaflets, educational courses and news. [Last checked 12/01/23]

Repositories

BASE provides more than 150 million documents from more than 7,000 sources. You can access the full texts of about 60% of the indexed documents for free (Open Access). [Last checked: 12/01/23]

From OCLC, uses Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

Theses
DART-Europe E-theses Portal
A partnership of research libraries and library consortia working together to improve access to European research theses. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

UK's national thesis service which aims to maximise the visibility and availability of the UK's doctoral research theses. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
OATD - Open Access Theses and Dissertations
OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

Websites

Website for the UK Government with a search facility for government publications. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
The Grey Literature Report
The report is a publication produced by the The New York Academy of Medicine between 1999 - 2016, alerting readers to new grey literature publications in health services research and selected urban health topics. It was discontinued in January 2017 discontinued but an archive is still accessible. [Last checked: 04/01/24]
The Health Foundation
The Health Foundation is an independent health think tank. Publications are available to download. Hard copies of many publications can also be ordered free of charge. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
House of Commons Library - Health
Research from the Commons Library on issues related to health.

Mednar is a free, medically-focused deep web search engine that uses Explorit Everywhere!, an advanced search technology by Deep Web Technologies. As an alternative to Google, Mednar accelerates your research with a search of authoritative public and deep web resources, returning the most relevant results to one easily navigable page. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

We bring bold ideas to life to change the world for good. Nesta is an innovation foundation. For us, innovation means turning bold ideas into reality. It also means changing lives for the better. This is what keeps us awake at night and gets us out of bed in the morning. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
NHS England - Transformation Directorate
Website for the Transformation Directorate at NHS England, driving the digital transformation of the NHS and social care.
National Grey Literature
The National Grey Literature website (also known as 'All Cats are Grey') previously managed through an NHS library service has now been discontinued.

All the content from this extensive resource has been transferred to the Kings Fund Library and the team are working to review the data and integrate it within their collection. This project should be complete by early Summer 2024 and more updates will be shared over the coming months.

If you are searching for any content previously on the site, contact the Kings Fund library on [email protected] .
Nuffield Trust
The Nuffield Trust is an independent health think tank. Publications are available to download. [Last checked: 12/01/23]
Patient Experience Library
The Patient Experience Library is the UK's biggest single repository of evidence on patient experience and engagement. [Last checked: 02/05/24]
UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) Grey Literature: index and alternative sources and resources
This list has been compiled to help librarians and researchers, particularly in Public Health, to find resources that fall into this category and flag up alternative sources for queries not easily resolved by the clinical / medical database model. [Last checked: 12/01/23]

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Grey literature | Workforce, training and education | NHS England

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What Grey literature is, and useful resources to find this.

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About Grey Literature - LibGuides at Lancaster University

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About Grey Literature - LibGuides at Lancaster University

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This guide is to inform students and researchers on how to systematically search 'Grey Literature' (As opposed to Journals and Databases), especially if they are producing a Qualitative Systematic Review or Scoping Review. Many systematic review protocols recommend searching Grey Literature, although only 42.8% of reviews do so. ( Giang, H.T.N. et al. 2019)

Grey Literature is also important when research involves specific populations who are historically underrepresented in empirical research, such as minoritized populations. ( Lee, M.S. et al. 2023)

This guide assumes you have knowledge of what Grey Literature is, and if you are unsure please review the Student Portal - Using Grey Literature and Conferences page.

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Guidance for searching Grey Literature, with a worldwide, multi-disciplinary focus.

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Systematic Reviews for the Social Sciences - LibGuides at University of Bristol

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Systematic Reviews for the Social Sciences - LibGuides at University of Bristol

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LibGuides: Systematic Reviews for the Social Sciences: Grey literature

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LibGuides: Systematic Reviews for the Social Sciences: Grey literature

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Critical Appraisal Dictionary - RCEMLearning

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This page contains the 50 most commonly used epidemiological terms. Understanding these terms will really help demystify critical appraisal for you. Each answer will give you a definition and an example. Absolute Risk Reduction A measure of effect. Incidence of outcome in intervention group minus Incidence of outcome in control group.

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AMSTAR - Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews

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AMSTAR - Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews

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AMSTAR underwent further development to enable appraisal of systematic reviews of randomised and non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions

Training Videos on AMSTAR 2

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AMSTAR - Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews

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AMSTAR underwent further development to enable appraisal of systematic reviews of randomised and non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions Training Videos on AMSTAR 2

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EQUATOR Network - Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of Health Research

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EQUATOR Network - Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency of Health Research

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EQUATOR highlights

We're delighted to announce that our partnership with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has resulted in http://www.equator-network.org becoming multilingual

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has updated its official Recommendations for journals and authors and now includes a whole new section about preprints. The document now sets out more detailed advice for journals and authors regarding preprints, [...]

Interesting videos

EQUATOR Canada Publication School team educational video

The EQUATOR Canada Publication School team (consisting of patient partners and researchers) have launched an educational video resource, titled "How do I publish a paper? The introductory video provides viewers with practical guidance on how the publication team, consisting of patient/public partners and research team members, can work together to define roles and contributions throughout the publication process.

Centre for Journalology Speaker Series video

The Canadian EQUATOR Centre, home to the Centre for Journalology, has started a new Speaker Series for 2021. The first session in the series was held on the 14th of January and was presented by Dr Lisa Caulley, Dr Robert Frank, Hassan Khan, and Alicia Ricketts, from the Centre. They spoke about recent research on reporting guidelines, planned research examining open science hiring practices, and journal transparency. The recording of the talk is freely available.

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EQUATOR Network | Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of Health Research

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We're delighted to announce that our partnership with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has resulted in http://www.equator-network.org becoming multilingual The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has updated its official Recommendations for journals and authors and now includes a whole new section about preprints.

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Use this guide to find information resources about critical appraisal including checklists, books and journal articles.

Books

Elwood M (2017) Critical appraisal of epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Greenhalgh T (2019) How to read a paper: the basics of evidence-based medicine and healthcare. 6th edn. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.

Gray J R and Grove S K (2020) Burns and Grove's the practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis and generation of evidence. 9th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders.

Book subject search

Journal articles

Buccheri RK and Sharifi C (2017) Critical appraisal tools and reporting guidelines for evidence‐based practice, Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 14(6), pp. 463-472.

Heale R and Twycross A (2015) Validity and reliability in quantitative studies, Evidence-Based Nursing, 18 (3), pp.66-67.

Shea BJ and others (2017) AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions or both, British Medical Journal, 358.

Smith J and Noble H (2014) Bias in research, Evidence-Based Nursing, 17 (4), pp. 100-101.

Stonehouse D (2016) Evidence-based practice: knowing what's good or bad, British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 10 (4), pp. 199-201.

Journals

Journals of interest for critical appraisal. Use these links to see details of availability.

Caroline Lynch

Editor of this guide

RCN Library and Archive Service

Upcoming events relating to this subject guide

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Page last updated - 28/10/2022

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Critical Appraisal | Subject Guide | Royal College of Nursing

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Critical Appraisal subject guide from the Royal College of Nursing Library and Archive Service. Highlights key information resources.

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eLearning for Healthcare (elfh) - Literature Searching

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eLearning for Healthcare (elfh) - Literature Searching

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Our website uses cookies. By continuing we imply your permission to use cookies as described in our Cookie Policy, our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Notice. Close

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Welcome to Cochrane Evidence Essentials

Cochrane Evidence Essentials is an introduction to Evidence Based Medicine, clinical trials and Cochrane evidence. It is designed for healthcare consumers (patients, care givers, family members), policy makers and members of the healthcare team

You will be guided through the modules by the personal learning journey of 'Eleni', a fictional consumer. The modules are presented in the form of a story, but you are free to skip this and explore the learning in any way you choose. The learning is interactive, with things to read, film and audio, quizzes, and ways to check your learning. There are links to further resources if you wish to continue learning about a particular topic.

This learning has been co-produced by healthcare consumers, researchers and specialists from Cochrane's Central Executive Team, with contributions from a range of experts in their fields.

Cochrane Evidence Essentials is free to use, with a Cochrane account ( free to sign up).

We're pleased to hear your thoughts. If you have any questions, comments or feedback about the content of this module, please contact us at support@cochrane.org.

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Cochrane Evidence Essentials is an introduction to Evidence Based Medicine, clinical trials and Cochrane evidence. It is designed for healthcare consumers (patients, care givers, family members), policy makers and members of the healthcare team You will be guided through the modules by the personal learning journey of 'Eleni', a fictional consumer.

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CASP - Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

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CASP Checklists - Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

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View or download our range of critical appraisal tools & checklists for free including our RCT, qualitative and quantitative checklists.

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JBI's Evidence Synthesis Critical Appraisal Tools Assist in Assessing the Trustworthiness, Relevance and Results of Published Papers

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Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) - Critical Appraisal Tools

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Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) - Critical Appraisal Tools

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Critical appraisal is the systematic evaluation of clinical research papers in order to establish:

1. Does this study address a clearly focused question?

2. Did the study use valid methods to address this question?

3. Are the valid results of this study important?

4. Are these valid, important results applicable to my patient or population?

If the answer to any of these questions is "no", you can save yourself the trouble of reading the rest of it.

This section contains useful tools and downloads for the critical appraisal of different types of medical evidence. Example appraisal sheets are provided together with several helpful examples.
Critical Appraisal Worksheets English
Chinese - translated by Chung-Han Yang and Shih-Chieh Shao

German - translated by Johannes Pohl and Martin Sadilek

Lithuanian - translated by Tumas Beinortas

Portugese - translated by Enderson Miranda, Rachel Riera and Luis Eduardo Fontes

Spanish - translated by Ana Cristina Castro

Persian - translated by Ahmad Sofi Mahmudi
See also: Explanations & Examples

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Critical appraisal worksheets to help you appraise the reliability, importance and applicability of clinical evidence.

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How to read a paper : getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)

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How to read a paper : getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)

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Access via NHS OpenAthens

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It usually comes as a surprise to students to learn that some (perhaps most) published articles belong in the bin, and should certainly not be used to inform practice.1 The first box shows some common reasons why papers are rejected by peer reviewed journals.

RETURN TO TEXT

Most papers now appearing in medical journals are presented more or less in standard IMRAD format: Introduction (why the authors decided to do this research), Methods (how they did it, and how they analysed their results), Results (what they found), and Discussion (what the results mean). If you are deciding whether a paper is worth reading, you should do so on the design of the methods section and not on the interest of the hypothesis, the nature or potential impact of the results, or the speculation in the discussion.

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How to read a paper : getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)

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It usually comes as a surprise to students to learn that some (perhaps most) published articles belong in the bin, and should certainly not be used to inform practice.1 The first box shows some common reasons why papers are rejected by peer reviewed journals. #### Why were papers rejected for publication?

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How to read a paper: Assessing the methodological quality of published papers

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How to read a paper: Assessing the methodological quality of published papers

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Access via NHS OpenAthens

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How to read a paper: Assessing the methodological quality of published papers

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Before changing your practice in the light of a published research paper, you should decide whether the methods used were valid. This article considers five essential questions that should form the basis of your decision. Only a tiny proportion of medical research breaks entirely new ground, and an…

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How to read a paper: Papers that report drug trials

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How to read a paper: Papers that report drug trials

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Access via NHS OpenAthens

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How to read a paper: Papers that report drug trials

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If you prescribe drugs, the pharmaceutical industry is interested in you and is investing a staggering sum of money trying to influence you. The most effective way of changing the prescribing habits of a clinician is through personal representatives (known in Britain as “drug reps” and in North America as “detailers”), who travel round with a briefcase full of “evidence” in support of their wares.1 Pharmaceutical “reps” do not tell nearly as many lies as they used to (drug marketing has become an altogether more sophisticated science), but they have been known to cultivate a shocking ignorance of basic epidemiology and clinical trial design when it suits them.2 It often helps their case, for example, to present the results of uncontrolled trials and express them in terms of before and after differences in a particular outcome measure.3 The recent correspondence in the Lancet and BMJ on placebo effects should remind you why uncontrolled before and after studies are the stuff of teenage magazines, not hard science.4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sackett and colleagues have argued that before giving a drug to a patient the doctor should: #### Summary points Pharmaceutical “reps” are now much more informative than they used to be, but they may show ignorance of basic epidemiology and clinical trial design The value of a drug should be expressed in terms of safety, tolerability, efficacy, and price The efficacy of a drug should ideally be measured in terms of clinical end points that are relevant to patients; if surrogate end points are used they should be valid Promotional literature of low scientific validity (such as uncontrolled before and after trials) should not be allowed to influence practice

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How to read a paper: Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

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How to read a paper: Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

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Remember the essays you used to write as a student? You would browse through the indexes of books and journals until you came across a paragraph that looked relevant, and copied it out. If anything you found did not fit in with the theory you were proposing, you left it out. This, more or less, constitutes the methodology of the journalistic review-an overview of primary studies which have not been identified or analysed in a systematic (standardised and objective) way.

In contrast, a systematic review is an overview of primary studies which contains an explicit statement of objectives, materials, and methods and has been conducted according to explicit and reproducible methodology (fig 1).

Some advantages of the systematic review are given in box. When a systematic review is undertaken, not only must the search for relevant articles be thorough and objective, but the criteria used to reject articles as "flawed" must be explicit and independent of the results of those trials. The most enduring and useful systematic reviews, notably those undertaken by the Cochrane Collaboration, are regularly updated to incorporate new evidence.2

Box 1: Advantages of systematic reviews3

Explicit methods limit bias in identifying and rejecting studies

Conclusions are more reliable and accurate because of methods used

Large amounts of information can be assimilated quickly by healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers

Delay between research discoveries and implementation of effective ...

RETURN TO TEXT

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How to read a paper: Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

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Remember the essays you used to write as a student? You would browse through the indexes of books and journals until you came across a paragraph that looked relevant, and copied it out. If anything you found did not fit in with the theory you were proposing, you left it out.

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How to read a paper: Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)

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How to read a paper: Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)

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How to read a paper: Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)

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Epidemiologist Nick Black has argued that a finding or a result is more likely to be accepted as a fact if it is quantified (expressed in numbers) than if it is not.1 There is little or no scientific evidence, for example, to support the well known “facts” that one couple in 10 is infertile, or that one man in 10 is homosexual. Yet, observes Black, most of us are happy to accept uncritically such simplified, reductionist, and blatantly incorrect statements so long as they contain at least one number. Researchers who use qualitative methods seek a deeper truth. They aim to “study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them,”2 and they use “a holistic perspective which preserves the complexities of human behaviour.”1 #### Summary points Qualitative methods aim to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them Qualitative research may define preliminary questions which can then be addressed in quantitative studies A good qualitative study will address a clinical problem through a clearly formulated question and using more than one research method (triangulation) Analysis of qualitative data can and should be done using explicit, systematic, and reproducible methods Questions such as “How many parents would consult their general practitioner when their child has a mild temperature?” or “What proportion of smokers have tried to give up?” clearly need answering through quantitative methods. But questions like “Why do parents worry so much about their children’s temperature?” and “What stops people giving up smoking?” cannot and should not be answered by leaping in and measuring the first aspect of the problem that we (the outsiders) think might be important. Rather, we need to listen to what people have to say, …

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The pocket guide to critical appraisal : a handbook for health care professionals

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The pocket guide to critical appraisal : a handbook for health care professionals

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Details for: The pocket guide to critical appraisal : a handbook for health care professionals / › KSS Knowledge & Library Services catalogue

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Cookies are small text files placed on your browser by websites. They help make websites work, or work more efficiently. They also "remember" some of your preferences, so you don't have to set a preference again every time you switch to a different page on the same website.

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Details for: Understanding clinical papers/ › KSS Knowledge & Library Services catalogue

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The doctor's guide to critical appraisal

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The doctor's guide to critical appraisal

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Details for: The doctor’s guide to critical appraisal/ › KSS Knowledge & Library Services catalogue

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How to read a paper : the basics of evidence-based medicine and healthcare

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How to read a paper : the basics of evidence-based medicine and healthcare

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Details for: How to read a paper: the basics of evidence-based medicine and healthcare/ › KSS Knowledge & Library Services catalogue

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How to read and critique research : a guide for nursing and healthcare students

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How to read and critique research : a guide for nursing and healthcare students

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Details for: How to read and critique research : a guide for nursing and healthcare students / › KSS Knowledge & Library Services catalogue

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Cookies are small text files placed on your browser by websites. They help make websites work, or work more efficiently. They also "remember" some of your preferences, so you don't have to set a preference again every time you switch to a different page on the same website.

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Critical Appraisal of an RCT using CASP checklist

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Critical Appraisal of an RCT using CASP checklist

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Critical Appraisal of an RCT using CASP checklist - YouTube

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Barts Health Knowledge and Library Services’ Assad Lahlou and Adam Tocock use the CASP Checklist to critically appraise the following paper: Uchio Y, Enomoto…

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Behind the headlines: debunking the heart health stories that are making the news. Separate the media fact from the media fiction.

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A list of resources, gathered by the University of Leeds, to help you carry out a systematic review.

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A guide to systematic reviews, including how to document your search methodology.

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CAMARADES produce many tools and resources designed specifically for researchers conducting systematic reviews of preclinical data, including systematic review guides, and machine learning and text mining automation tools.

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CAMARADES produce many tools and resources designed specifically for researchers conducting systematic reviews of preclinical data, including systematic review guides, and machine learning and text mining automation tools.

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The Essentials of Conducting Systematic Reviews

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The Essentials of Conducting Systematic Reviews

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Learning modules created by Queen's University Library.

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Research Guides: Systematic Reviews & Other Syntheses: Systematic Reviews

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Research Guides: Systematic Reviews & Other Syntheses: Systematic Reviews