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1945: Potsdam Conference and Division of Germany

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1945: Potsdam Conference and Division of Germany

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Following Nazi Germany's defeat, the Allied powers met at the Potsdam Conference to decide Europe's future. Germany was divided into four occupation zones controlled by the US, USSR, Britain, and France. This division would later become a symbol of the Cold War, especially with the split between East and West Germany.

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President Harry Truman established the Truman Doctrine, pledging US support to democratic nations under threat of communist expansion. This policy of 'containment' became a cornerstone of American Cold War strategy, first applied to support Greece and Turkey against communist influence.

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The Soviet Union blocked all land access to West Berlin, attempting to force the Allies out. In response, the US and UK launched the Berlin Airlift, flying in over 2.3 million tons of supplies to West Berlin residents for nearly a year, demonstrating Western resolve against Soviet pressure.

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1949: Formation of NATO and Soviet Nuclear Success

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1949: Formation of NATO and Soviet Nuclear Success

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed as a military alliance between North American and European nations. In the same year, the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb, ending the US nuclear monopoly and intensifying the arms race.

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The first major military confrontation of the Cold War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. UN forces led by the US supported South Korea, while China and the Soviet Union backed North Korea. The war ended in stalemate with Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel.

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East Germany began construction of the Berlin Wall, physically dividing East and West Berlin. The wall became the most powerful symbol of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain between Eastern and Western Europe, preventing East Germans from fleeing to the West.

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The world came closest to nuclear war when the US discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. After a tense 13-day standoff between President Kennedy and Soviet leader Khrushchev, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for US promises not to invade Cuba.

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In a major victory in the Space Race, NASA's Apollo 11 mission successfully landed humans on the moon. This achievement demonstrated American technological superiority over the Soviet Union, who had previously led the Space Race with achievements like Sputnik.

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The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support its communist government, leading to a decade-long conflict. The US supported Afghan resistance fighters (Mujahideen) with weapons and supplies. This conflict became known as the Soviet Union's 'Vietnam War.'

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1985-1989: Gorbachev's Reforms and Fall of the Berlin Wall

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1985-1989: Gorbachev's Reforms and Fall of the Berlin Wall

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Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms known as 'perestroika' and 'glasnost,' which ultimately contributed to the end of the Cold War. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell as East German authorities allowed citizens to cross to West Germany, symbolizing the beginning of the end of the Cold War.

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The Cold War officially ended as the Soviet Union dissolved into 15 independent republics. Boris Yeltsin became the president of the new Russian Federation, while Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president. This marked the end of the communist superpower and the Cold War era.