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We don't know why he is in a dungeon but maybe since he was in trial, the narrator did something bad.

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He couldn't see anything because everything was so dark in the dungeon.

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A French army that invaded Toledo saved him from tumbling into the deadly pit at the very last moment by General Lasalle who catches him when he is about to fall/

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Poe wanted to highlight the narrators feelings at that moment. The narrator escaped the pendulum so he felt free from any harm at the moment.

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The narrator fears to die a painful death by torture and to being buried alive.

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Trumpet blasts and apocalyptic sounds represent judgement day we hear this sounds at the end of the story. When Poe says that there was a discordant hum of human voices and harsh grating of a thousand thunders.

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General Lassalle's arrival is a very lucky coincidence, in the story the General represents a savior

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The pendulum and the painting represents the end of a cycle of a plant, like the end of something bringing the narrators death closer and closer.