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DID YOU FOLLOW THE HEADLINES THIS SUMMER ?

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DID YOU FOLLOW THE HEADLINES THIS SUMMER ?

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2020 Marks the 100th Anniversary of the 19th Amendment

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2020 Marks the 100th Anniversary of the 19th Amendment

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This year marks the 100th anniversary of the passage of the 19th Amendment. The amendment granted women the right to vote after years of protests, where countless suffragettes put their lives at risk so future generations of women could have their voices heard. 2020 is also an election year, with Texas presidential primaries on March 3 and the presidential election on Nov. 3.

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In 1920, almost 150 years after the United States declared that “all men are created equal,” American women got the right to vote… 27 years after women in New Zealand did. American suffragists worked for almost 80 years to obtain that right. And there’s still work to do today.

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In 1920, almost 150 years after the United States declared that “all men are created equal,” American women got the right to vote… 27 years after women in New Zealand did. American suffragists worked for almost 80 years to obtain that right. And there’s still work to do today.

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CO -  SPEAKEASY 66 seconds

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The text of the 19th Amendment—the constitutional amendment that was ratified 100 years ago today—seems to grant the right to vote to all women. "The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex," the amendment declares.

But in reality, the right to vote was immediately accessible only to white women. Black women faced restrictions on voting rights until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965—and, some say, still do. Native American women and Asian-American women also faced restrictions on voting rights until well into the 20th century.

Despite the fact that the 19th Amendment failed to grant universal suffrage, Black women were instrumental in fighting for its passage. On this centennial of the amendment's ratification, we take a look back at some of the women who fought for the right to vote, though it took another half-century for their vision to be fully realized.

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The Black suffragists you should know on the 19th Amendment's 100th anniversary

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On the centennial of the ratification of the 19th Amendment, remembering these Black suffragists.

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History in pics and words ...

CO - NBC NEWS 3.53

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Located in eastern Europe, Belarus is bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north, Russia to the north and east, Ukraine to the south, and Poland to the west.

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Protest in Belarus dwarfs rally for defiant leader

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Protest in Belarus dwarfs rally for defiant leader

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Tens of thousands of people gathered on Sunday in Minsk in their biggest protest yet against President Aleksandr Lukashenko.

It appeared to be the largest protest in the history of Belarus, a former Soviet republic that Mr. Lukashenko has led since 1994.

The huge turnout showed that the longtime autocratic leader had failed in his efforts to intimidate opponents.

On the ground: The protest had a festive air and Belarusians walked freely in the city center, wrapped in opposition flags and chanting antigovernment slogans. It was a stark contrast to rallies last week that were violently suppressed by security forces, leaving at least two people dead, and more than 6,000 under arrest.

Many protesters said they came on Sunday because they were shocked to learn that protesters had been tortured after being detained at previous rallies.

What’s next: Mr. Lukashenko has equated his own fate with the nation’s, saying, “If you destroy Lukashenko, it will be the beginning of the end for you.” He appealed to Russia for help on Saturday, and the country’s state news agency said he had secured a promise of security assistance if needed. The Kremlin’s account, however, gave no indication that President Vladimir Putin had offered concrete support.

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Tens of thousands gather in Minsk for biggest protest in Belarus history

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Tens of thousands gather in Minsk for biggest protest in Belarus history

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CO - THE GUARDIAN 0.53

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Minsk: tens of thousands gather in biggest protest in Belarus history

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What you need to know ...

At least 137 people were killed and 5,000 wounded in a massive explosion that shook Beirut on Tuesday, according to Lebanon's health minister.

Hundreds have been reported missing, raising fears that the death toll will rise, the health minister said Wednesday.

More than 300,000 people have been displaced from their homes. Authorities declared Beirut a "disaster city" and imposed a two-week state of emergency.

It's still unclear what exactly caused the explosion. Lebanon's prime minister said an investigation would focus on an estimated 2,750 metric tons of the explosive ammonium nitrate stored at a warehouse.

What's the background?

The explosion comes at a sensitive time for Lebanon.
With Covid-19 infections on the rise, hospitals were already struggling to cope.
Now, they are faced with treating thousands of injured people.

The country is also going through the worst economic crisis since the 1975-1990 civil war, and tensions were already high with street demonstrations against the government. People have to deal with daily power cuts, a lack of safe drinking water and limited public healthcare.

Lebanon imports most of its food and large quantities of grain stored in the port have been destroyed causing fears of widespread food insecurity to come. The future of the port itself is in doubt due to the destruction caused.

President Aoun announced that the government would release 100bn lira (£50.5m; $66m) of emergency funds but the impact of the blast on the economy is expected to be long-lasting.

The explosion happened close to the scene of a huge car bombing which killed former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri in 2005. A verdict in the trial of four men accused of orchestrating the attack was due on Friday at a special court in the Netherlands, but this has been postponed until 18 August out of respect for the victims of Tuesday's blast.

CO - CNN 1.54

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Before You Go Back To School, Watch This

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After months of virtual learning, some schools have now reopened their doors to pupils. But with the ongoing risk of coronavirus, what does the average school day now look like?

CO - BBC My World 3.20

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Back to school: The new normal - BBC My World

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WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLIDAY AND VACATION ?

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WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLIDAY AND VACATION ?

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Do you want to “take a vacation” or “go on holiday”?

The difference in meaning between these related words are not always obvious.

It depends on where you live and work and how you use the phrase.

In the US and most of Canada the term ‘vacation’ means taking earned time off from work to take a trip.

In the UK, Australia, and most other English-speaking countries, people say ‘holiday’ to describe a going away from home for a period of leisure. Then there’s the notion of an official holiday referring to a public or company holiday.

This article will explain the differences in definition between the words vacation and holiday so you know when to use which in a sentence.
CO - Realwordenglish 2.07

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Real World English: holiday and vacation

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Howareyoudoing

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By audrey poudes (Lycée François Villon Les Mureaux (78130)) on May 19 2020, 09:20

Morning homeschoolers !

Everyone has got and wears sneakers but what do you know about them, their evolution, their history ?

Love to know about ...
#sneakershistory
The word "sneaker" was a marketing term coined in the United States many years after the actual shoe construction was created. "Sneaker" is one of many names given to a shoe that consists of a canvas upper attached to a vulcanized rubber outsole. A shoe made any differently (e.g., a shoe with a foam midsole and a stability shank) is not technically a sneaker.

The first shoes constructed with canvas uppers and vulcanized rubber outsoles were called "Sand Shoes." These shoes were an evolution of a former sand shoe design that had a cotton canvas upper and outsole made from flat leather or jute rope. In the 1830s an English company called Liverpool Rubber evolved the original sand shoe, by bonding canvas to rubber, making the out-sole more durable. The name "sand shoe" came from the fact that they were worn on the beach, by the Victorian middle class (Kippen 2004). Sand shoes were revolutionary as they replaced heavy and more expensive leatherwork boots. Around the 1860s, a croquet shoe was created that had a rubber outsole with a canvas upper fastened with cotton laces. Sand shoes were different than the croquet shoe as they had a T-strap upper construction fastened with a metal buckle. Sand shoes were also the basis for traditional English school sandals, sometimes called "Sandies" (Wagner 1999).

In the 1870s, a more robust sand shoe was created; it was called a "Plimsoll" (also spelled Plimsol or Plimsole). The name came from Samuel Plimsoll (1824-1898), a British merchant and shipping reformer who designated the "Plimsoll Mark"-a mark on the hull of cargo ships that designated the waterline when it was at full capacity ( Britannica Student Encyclopedia 2004). The term Plimsoll was adopted by the shoe industry because the point where the canvas upper and vulcanized rubber outsole bonded together looked similar to a ship's Plimsoll line. This line aesthetically made the shoe look more expensive than previous models and became adopted by all social classes for a variety of athletic activities.

The sneaker industry has tripled in the last 10 years, now accounting for almost half of global footwear sales. They are a fashion phenomenon.

Lynnie, 26, owns 80 pairs and still wants more. She travels to New York, the birthplace of the sneaker scene, and charts its rise from the footwear of basketball players, breakdancers and rappers to the defining fashion item of our age and an asset class unto itself, with its own stock exchange (StockX) and with collectors parting with up to $560,000 for a single pair .

How did it happen? And how can the planet possibly keep up? Every pair of sneakers produced emits the same amount of carbon dioxide as a 10 mile drive - and the industry is pumping out over a billion pairs a year. She wants to know why she - and we - just can't stop buying them.

After having watched this video, what did you learn about the history of the sneakers ?

Did you enjoy this video ?

Could you sum up in one or two sentences the main ideas of this video ?

Don't forget to challenge yourself ! You can watch a video without answering any questions but you can also use it to try to improve your oral comprehension but also your oral / written expression.

I'm counting on you to challenge yourself ... It's up to you to choose your level of difficulty (think about your work with different chilis)

Have a good day guys !

Mrs Poudes

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By audrey poudes (Lycée François Villon Les Mureaux (78130)) on May 19 2020, 09:20 Everyone has got and wears sneakers but what do you know about them, their evolution, their history ? Love to know about ... #sneakershistory The word "sneaker" was a marketing term coined in the United States many years after the actual shoe construction was created.

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& US-MEXICO BORDER

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Protests follow a police shooting in Wisconsin

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Protests follow a police shooting in Wisconsin

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Kenosha, Wis., is under its second night of curfew after protests over the police shooting on Sunday of a Black man. The man, Jacob Blake, was shot seven times in the back while he opened the door of a parked vehicle on a residential street, officials said. He remained in serious condition as of Monday morning, while the officers involved were placed on administrative leave.

Protests erupted on Sunday after graphic footage of the shooting spread across social media. Demonstrations also broke out in other cities, including Portland, Ore.; Madison, Wis.; and Chicago.

Quote of note: “The police haven’t told us why they did what they did to him,” said Benjamin Crump, a civil rights lawyer representing the family. “Being a Black man in America, he was suspicious automatically.”

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Jacob Blake protests: Fresh clashes after Wisconsin shooting

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Jacob Blake protests: Fresh clashes after Wisconsin shooting

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CO - BBC 1.43

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Jacob Blake protests: Fresh clashes after Wisconsin shooting - BBC News

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Buildings and cars are ablaze on a second night of protests after the police shooting of Jacob Blake.

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Trump: TikTok Must Be Sold In 90 Days, Cites 'Credible Evidence' Of Security Threat

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Trump: TikTok Must Be Sold In 90 Days, Cites 'Credible Evidence' Of Security Threat

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CE - NPR
https://www.npr.org/2020/08/14/902764797/trump-tiktok-must-be-sold-in-90-days-cites-credible-evidence-of-security-threat

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COULD Tik Tok BE BANNED IN THE US OR UK ? 

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COULD Tik Tok BE BANNED IN THE US OR UK ? 

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More than 800 million people around the world use the social media short-video app TikTok.

But some governments around the world are concerned that the Chinese-owned app allows the Chinese government to access people's data.

India has already banned use of the app for this reason.

The BBC's Sophia Smith Galer explains why other countries might follow.

CO - BBC News 2.11

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Could TikTok be banned in the US or UK? - BBC News

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HOW TO TALK ABOUT CONSPIRACY THEORIES ...

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HOW TO TALK ABOUT CONSPIRACY THEORIES ...

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CO -BBC 4.38

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QAnon: TikTok blocks QAnon conspiracy theory hashtags - BBC News

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TikTok has blocked hashtags relating to QAnon conspiracy theory, but videos about it remain on the site.

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Coronavirus: How to talk about conspiracy theories

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Conspiracy theories have thrived during the pandemic - what's the right way to talk to someone who believes them?

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NASA MARS ROVER    Perseverance robot launches to detect life on Red Planet

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NASA MARS ROVER    Perseverance robot launches to detect life on Red Planet

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The US space agency's Perseverance robot has left Earth on a mission to try to detect life on Mars.

The one-tonne, six-wheeled rover was launched out of Florida by an Atlas rocket on a path to intercept the Red Planet in February next year.

When it lands, the Nasa robot will also gather rock and soil samples to be sent home later this decade.

Perseverance is the third mission despatched to Mars inside 11 days, after launches by the UAE and China.

Lift-off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station occurred at 07:50 local time (12:50 BST; 11:50 GMT).

CO - BBC 0.43

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Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance robot launches to detect life on Red Planet - BBC News

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The Perseverance robot launches from Florida on a seven-month flight to the Red Planet.

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Nasa SpaceX crew return: Dragon capsule splashes down

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Nasa SpaceX crew return: Dragon capsule splashes down

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Two American astronauts have splashed down, as the first commercial crewed mission to the International Space Station returned to Earth.

The SpaceX Dragon Capsule carrying Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken came down in the Gulf of Mexico just south of Pensacola on Florida's Gulf coast.

A recovery vessel moved in to pick up the vehicle and extricate the men.

The touchdown marks the first crewed US water landing since the final outing of an Apollo command module 45 years ago.

Hurley's and Behnken's capsule hit the water at about 14:48 EDT (19:48 BST; 18:48 GMT).

Private boats which came close to the Dragon were asked to leave amid concern over hazardous chemicals venting from the capsule's propulsion system.

Nasa administrator Jim Bridenstine said the presence of the boats "was not what we were anticipating".

"What is not common is having passersby approach the vehicle close range with nitrogen tetroxide in the atmosphere; that's not something that is good," he said. "And we need to make sure that we're warning people not to get close to the spacecraft in the future."

CO - BBC 1.18

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Nasa SpaceX crew return: Dragon capsule splashes down - BBC News

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The SpaceX capsule touches down off Florida, in the first crewed US water landing in 45 years.

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Summer 2020 is a popular time for missions to Mars because of the way the planets align - but how long does it take to get there?

CO - BBC 2.11

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How long does it take to get to Mars? - BBC News

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Lewis, a Democratic congressman, died last week of pancreatic cancer aged 80.

He was one of the "Big Six" civil rights leaders, which included Martin Luther King Jr, and helped organise the historic 1963 March on Washington.

He was a member of the House of Representatives from Georgia's 5th District, an area which covered most of the state capital, Atlanta.

CO - BBC 3.00

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Tributes to civil rights leader John Lewis who marched with Martin Luther King - BBC News

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US election 2020: Obama calls for end to voter suppression

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US election 2020: Obama calls for end to voter suppression

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Former US President Barack Obama has sharply criticised what he described as Republican attempts at voter suppression in a speech at civil rights leader John Lewis's funeral.

He said people in power were "attacking our voting rights with surgical precision" and called for wide reform.

He also decried the police killing of George Floyd and the subsequent use of federal agents against protesters.

CO - BBC 2.06

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US election 2020: Obama calls for end to voter suppression - BBC News

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The former US president was delivering the eulogy at civil rights leader John Lewis's funeral.

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"Fleeing violence in Mexico, one Honduran family decided to cross into the U.S. illegally last month and turn themselves over to Border Patrol agents in the desert near San Diego.

The father and son were immediately returned to the border and told to walk back to Tijuana, but the mother, who was pregnant, was in pain. So Border Patrol agents took her to a nearby hospital, where she gave birth.

Two days later, the mother was given a choice: Go back to Mexico with or without her newborn, who is a U.S. citizen by birthright.

CO - NPR 3.00

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Fleeing violence in Mexico, one Honduran family decided to cross into the U.S. illegally last month and turn themselves over to Border Patrol agents in the desert near San Diego.

The father and son were immediately returned to the border and told to walk back to Tijuana, but the mother, who was pregnant, was in pain. So Border Patrol agents took her to a nearby hospital, where she gave birth.

Two days later, the mother was given a choice: Go back to Mexico with or without her newborn, who is a U.S. citizen by birthright.

"That's not a choice. That's not a legitimate choice," said Mitra Ebadolahi, an attorney with the ACLU of San Diego and Imperial Counties. She said the mother and the baby returned to Mexico.

"These people - both the mother and the father - were literally driven in a patrol vehicle to the border and forced to walk across into Mexico, by armed agents. I don't see choices there," Ebadolahi said.

A Border Patrol spokesman said the mother has no "legal right" to be in the United States and that the mother could have simply chosen to turn her newborn son over to child services in California.

Immigrant advocates in San Diego say this isn't the first time the Border Patrol has tried to separate a mother from her newborn. Last December, immigration lawyers say an asylum-seeker was told she'd be sent back to Mexico without her U.S.-citizen child. Her lawyers intervened to stop the separation, and the mother was allowed to pursue her asylum case from inside the U.S.

The Honduran family had crossed the Rio Grande in Texas earlier this year and tried to claim asylum in the U.S. Under the "Remain-In-Mexico" program, they were given a March court date and told to wait in Mexico. After they say they were robbed at gunpoint in Monterrey, they moved to Tijuana.

Since the pandemic ramped up in March, the Department of Homeland Security has closed the border to nearly all asylum-seekers based on an order from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In June alone, the U.S. turned back more than 27,000 migrants after they were screened and fingerprinted.

"The CDC was very clear with us," Acting DHS Secretary Chad Wolf said when he visited the San Diego border in May. "We needed to make sure we do not house these individuals in our facilities, both for our workforce protection and the protection of our DHS officers, the protection of the American people, and the protection of other migrants.

The ACLU's Ebadolahi says the case of the Honduran family could have been handled differently.

"There are mechanisms in place, there's authority for the agency to parole family units into the United States, where they can pursue their asylum claims safely and in a humane way, without separation, and without additional trauma,' she said.

The ACLU, along with Jewish Family Service of San Diego, filed a complaint with the Department of Homeland Security's inspector general on Friday. They say the family was denied their legal right to an interview to determine if they were in danger in Mexico. The organizations asked Customs and Border Protection to allow the family to enter the U.S. to continue their asylum claim.

Luis Gonzalez, an attorney with Jewish Family Service, said that just because the law isn't clear doesn't mean the family should automatically be sent back to Mexico.

"It leads to really difficult situations like the one we are witnessing right now," he said. "This could have been resolved by DHS exercising their discretion to parole the entire family together into the United States."

The family has since reunited in Tijuana, where they remain in a rented apartment. The mother hasn't been able to access care in Mexico because local medical professionals are stretched thin by the coronavirus pandemic.

Last month, the Trump administration extended the turnback policy along the southern border indefinitely.

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Migrant Mother Given A Choice: Leave Her Newborn In U.S. Or Return To Mexico Together

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Fleeing violence in Mexico, one Honduran family decided to cross into the U.S. illegally last month and turn themselves over to Border Patrol agents in the desert near San Diego. The father and son were immediately returned to the border and told to walk back to Tijuana, but the mother, who was pregnant, was in pain.

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FRANCE MAKES MASKS MANDATORY IN SOME OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES

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FRANCE MAKES MASKS MANDATORY IN SOME OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES

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France is requiring people to wear face masks outdoors in crowded areas of Paris and other major cities starting on Monday. The number of infections is rising at the fastest rate since a national quarantine ended in May.

CO -EURONEWS 1.50

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Coronavirus: France makes masks mandatory in some outdoor public spaces

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The Customer Is Always Right. Except When They Won't Wear A Mask

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The Customer Is Always Right. Except When They Won't Wear A Mask

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In the age of COVID-19, most people practice social distancing guidelines when they go into stores and restaurants, putting on masks and standing 6 feet behind other customers.

Still, there are the nightmare customers — those who refuse to comply.

CO -NPR - 3.00

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They fume and rage and demand their rights. Sometimes they even get violent.

In the age of COVID-19, most people practice social-distancing guidelines when they go into stores and restaurants, putting on masks and standing 6 feet behind other customers.

Still, there are the nightmare customers - those who refuse to comply.

"I've had a lot of conflict. I've had a lot of pushback from people," says Brenda Leek, owner of Curbside Eatery in La Mesa, Calif.

One woman entered Leek's restaurant without a mask, pulling her T-shirt over her face. Leek told her to mask up or leave.

"So then she's like, 'This is ridiculous! You're discriminating against me!' Told me I would be hearing from her attorney. And I said, 'That's fine,' " Leek says.

Incidents like that are anything but unusual. The Internet is filled with videotaped confrontations involving customers who flout social-distancing rules. Sometimes they insist on entering without face coverings. Other times one customer stands too close to another and a fight breaks out.

The conflicts can get especially nasty when alcohol is involved, says Kelly DuFord Williams, founder and managing partner of Slate Law Group.

"I've had clients who have had to call the police multiple times in order to have a customer escorted off the premises or at times arrested," Williams says.

The conflicts represent a legal minefield for small businesses, she adds. While social-distancing guidelines are imposed by state and local governments, it's often left up to restaurants and stores to enforce them, and if they don't they can face lawsuits.

For example, if stores are less than diligent about enforcing the rules and a fight breaks out between customers, business owners can be sued, she notes. They can also face suits for creating an unsafe working environment if an employee comes down with COVID-19, she says.

It's often employees who are on the front lines in altercations with difficult customers.

Since COVID-19 came along, Anthony Hernandez, who works as a barista at a coffee shop in suburban Chicago, has had to deal with more than his share of unruly coffee drinkers.

"Sometimes they'll say, 'You're being very disrespectful. You're telling me I have to wear my mask, that I have to do this and this.' And they'll escalate to that point and you're just standing there with the baristas, going, 'What do I do? What do I do?' " Hernandez says.

He tries hard to speak politely and calmly to customers, but sometimes the conflicts get downright ugly. He and the other Latinx workers frequently face racial and ethnic slurs from angry patrons, he says.

When that happens too often, he absents himself temporarily, by telling co-workers he needs to take a "smoke break."

"Which is basically code for saying, 'I need to get out of the store for a little bit so I can go relax and cool myself down before I explode.' You know, because it gets really stressful at those moments," Hernandez says.

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The Customer Is Always Right. Except When They Won't Wear A Mask

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They fume and rage and demand their rights. Sometimes they even get violent. In the age of COVID-19, most people practice social-distancing guidelines when they go into stores and restaurants, putting on masks and standing 6 feet behind other customers. Still, there are the nightmare customers - those who refuse to comply.

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PARIS MARATHON CANCELLED  as cases of Covid-19 pick up again in France.                                             The April race was moved twice before today's announcement.

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PARIS MARATHON CANCELLED  as cases of Covid-19 pick up again in France.                                             The April race was moved twice before today's announcement.

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The Paris marathon has been canceled, its organizers said on Wednesday, as France faces a rise in virus cases. Restrictions on public gatherings will be maintained through most of the fall.

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Hong Kong delayed its September election by a year, citing the pandemic. Pro-democracy politicians called it an effort to sideline them.

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Hong Kong delayed its September election by a year, citing the pandemic. Pro-democracy politicians called it an effort to sideline them.

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Pro-democracy politicians, who had hoped to ride widespread discontent to big gains in the fall, saw the yearlong delay as an attempt to thwart their momentum.

HONG KONG — The Hong Kong government said on Friday that it would postpone the city’s September legislative election by one year because of the coronavirus pandemic, a decision seen by the pro-democracy opposition as a brazen attempt to thwart its electoral momentum and avoid the defeat of pro-Beijing candidates.

“It is a really tough decision to delay, but we want to ensure fairness, public safety and public health,” said Carrie Lam, Hong Kong’s chief executive.

She cited the risk of infections, with as many as three million or more people expected to vote on the same day; the inability of candidates to hold campaign events due to social distancing rules; and the difficulties faced by eligible voters who are overseas or in mainland China and cannot return to cast ballots because of travel restrictions.

The delay was a blow to opposition politicians, who had hoped to ride to victory in the fall on a wave of deep-seated dissatisfaction with the government and concerns about a sweeping new national security law imposed by Beijing on Hong Kong. And it was the latest in a quick series of aggressive moves by the pro-Beijing establishment that had the effect of sidelining the pro-democracy movement.

On Thursday, 12 pro-democracy candidates said they had been barred from running, including four sitting lawmakers and several prominent activists like Joshua Wong. Mr. Wong said he was barred in part because of his criticism of the new security law.

“Clearly it is the largest election fraud in #HK’s history,” Mr. Wong wrote on Twitter after Mrs. Lam announced the postponement.

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Hong Kong reports its first confirmed reinfection

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Hong Kong reports its first confirmed reinfection

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A 33-year-old man was infected a second time more than four months after he initially contracted the coronavirus, a team at the University of Hong Kong said on Monday. After getting sick in Hong Kong in March, the man tested positive on Aug. 15 after a trip to Spain via Britain, picking up a strain that was circulating in Europe in July and August.

Doctors have reported several cases of presumed reinfection in the United States and elsewhere, but none of those cases were confirmed with rigorous testing. The Hong Kong researchers sequenced the virus from both infections.

Some good news: The patient did have an immune response but did not show symptoms the second time. “His immune response prevented the disease from getting worse,” an immunologist at Yale University said. Though cause for concern, one case like this out of tens of millions “should not cause undue alarm as of yet,” a Columbia University epidemiologist said.

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GENOA’S NEW BRIDGE          Built in record time, has become a symbol of Italian can-do.

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GENOA’S NEW BRIDGE          Built in record time, has become a symbol of Italian can-do.

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Less than two years after the collapse of a bridge in Genoa killed 43 people, Italy will inaugurate a replacement on Monday. But residents fear it will not be enough to revive their aging port city, and critics of the government say it’s handling of the aftermath is troubling to investors.

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The city of Hiroshima in western Japan marks the 75th anniversary of the world’s first nuclear attack on Thursday.

Three days after its Aug. 6, 1945, bombing of Hiroshima, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Japan surrendered on Aug. 15, ending World War II and, more broadly, its aggression toward Asian neighbors that had lasted nearly half a century.

Why was Hiroshima chosen as a target?

Hiroshima was a major Japanese military hub with factories, military bases and ammunition facilities. Historians say the United States picked it as a suitable target because of its size and landscape, and carefully avoided fire bombing the city ahead of time so American officials could accurately assess the impact of the atomic attack. The United States said the bombings hastened Japan’s surrender and prevented the need for a U.S. invasion of Japan. Some historians today say Japan was already close to surrendering, but there is still debate in the U.S.

What happened in the attack?

A. At 8:15 a.m., the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped a 4-ton “Little Boy” uranium bomb from a height of 9,600 meters (31,500 feet) on the city center, targeting the Aioi Bridge. The bomb exploded 43 seconds later, 600 meters (2,000 feet) above the ground. Seconds after the detonation, the estimated temperature was 3,000-4,000 degrees Celsius (5,400-7,200 degrees Fahrenheit) at ground zero. Almost everything within 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) of ground zero was destroyed by the blast and heat rays. Within one hour, a “black rain” of highly radioactive particles started falling on the city, causing additional radiation exposure.

How many people were killed?
An estimated 140,000 people, including those with radiation-related injuries and illnesses, died through Dec. 31, 1945. That was 40% of Hiroshima’s population of 350,000 before the attack. Everyone within a radius of 500 meters (1,600 feet) from ground zero died that day. To date, the total death toll, including those who died from radiation-related cancers, is about 300,000. Hiroshima today has 1.2 million residents.

What effect did radiation have?
Many people exposed to radiation developed symptoms such as vomiting and hair loss. Most of those with severe radiation symptoms died within three to six weeks. Others who lived beyond that developed health problems related to burns and radiation-induced cancers and other illnesses. Survivors have a higher risk of developing cataracts and cancer. About 136,700 people certified as “hibakusha,” as victims are called, under a government support program are still alive and entitled to regular free health checkups and treatment. Health monitoring of second-generation hibakusha began recently. Japan’s government provided no support for victims until a law was finally enacted in 1957 under pressure from them.

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It is 75 years since the US dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August, leading to the end of World War Two.

The devastated city of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb blast

The article contains graphic images and details some people may find upsetting.

The recorded death tolls are estimates, but it is thought that about 140,000 of Hiroshima's 350,000 population were killed in the blast, and that at least 74,000 people died in Nagasaki.

The nuclear radiation released by the bombs caused thousands more people to die from radiation sickness in the weeks, months and years that followed.

Those who survived the bombings are known as "hibakusha". Survivors faced a horrifying aftermath in the cities, including psychological trauma.

The bombings brought about an abrupt end to the war in Asia, with Japan surrendering unconditionally to the Allies on 14 August 1945.

But critics have said that Japan was already on the brink of surrender.

It is estimated that about 140,000 of Hiroshima's 350,000 population were killed by the atomic bomb

Following the end of the fighting in Europe on 7 May 1945, the Allies told Japan to surrender by 28 July, but the deadline passed without them doing so.

An estimated 71,000 soldiers from Britain and the Commonwealth were killed in the war against Japan, including more than 12,000 prisoners of war who died in Japanese captivity.

On 6 August 1945 at 08:15 Japanese time, an American B-29 bomber plane named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

The crew of Enola Gay, which dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima

It was the first time an atomic bomb had ever been used in a war.

The Hiroshima bomb, known as "Little Boy", contained the equivalent of between 12,000 and 15,000 tons of TNT and devastated an area of 13sq km (5sq miles).

More than 60% of the buildings in Hiroshima were destroyed

A shadow of a victim of the Hiroshima atomic bomb seen on stone steps

A woman shows her injuries in Hiroshima; her skin was burned in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of a kimono worn at the time of the explosion

A watch from the wreckage of Hiroshima, which stopped at 08:15

A composite image shows aerial views of Hiroshima before the atomic bomb (bottom left) and after (top right)

However, Japan did not surrender.

Three days later, the Americans dropped another atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki at 11:02 Japanese time.

The atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)

Reiko Hada was nine years old when the bomb exploded in Nagasaki.

In an interview with photojournalist Lee Karen Stow, she described her experience: "I made it to the entrance of my house, and I think I even took a step inside, then it happened all of a sudden.

"A blazing light shot across my eyes. The colours were yellow, khaki and orange, all mixed together.

"I didn't even have time to wonder what it was... In no time, everything went completely white.

"It felt as if I had been left all alone. The next moment there was a loud roar. Then I blacked out."

The ruined buildings of Nagasaki after the atomic bomb

Hada witnessed some of the catastrophic injuries from the atomic bomb.

"Many fled over Mount Konpira to our community. People with their eyes popped out, their hair dishevelled, almost all naked, badly burned with their skin hanging down.

"My mother grabbed towels and sheets at home and, with other women in the community, led the fleeing people to the auditorium of a nearby commercial college where they could lie down.

"They asked for water. I was asked to give them water, so I found a chipped bowl and went to the nearby river and scooped water to let them drink.

"After drinking a sip of water, they died. People died one after another.

"It was impossible to know who those people were. They didn't die like human beings."

Children in Hiroshima wear masks to protect themselves from air pollution amid the ruined city in October 1945

Japan surrendered unconditionally on 14 August.

On the same day, US President Harry Truman gave an address to a crowd gathered outside the White House in which he said: "This is the day we have been waiting for since Pearl Harbor. This is the day when fascism finally dies, as we always knew it would."

The following day, Japan's Emperor Hirohito was heard on the radio for the first time ever in a broadcast in which he blamed the use of "a new and most cruel bomb" for Japan's unconditional surrender.

He added: "Should we continue to fight, it would not only result in the ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but would lead also to the total extinction of human civilisation."

British Prime Minister Clement Atlee said: "The last of our enemies is laid low."

He added that special thanks went to the US "without whose prodigious efforts the war in the East would still have many years to run".

Hiroshima a year after the atomic bomb, showing government-supplied wooden buildings built on the flattened city

After the surrender of Japan, two days of national holiday were announced for celebrations in the UK, the US and Australia.

Millions of people from the Allied countries took part in parades and street parties on Victory over Japan (VJ) Day on 15 August.

In London, the Royal Family greeted cheering crowds from the balcony of Buckingham Palace.

A lesson takes place in a bomb-damaged classroom in Hiroshima in 1946, whilst thousands of bodies were still buried under the ruins

The official surrender documents were signed by Japan on 2 September aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

A schoolchild scarred by the Hiroshima atomic bomb attends a lesson in 1946

The Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima, seen below in August 2020, was one of the few buildings to survive the bomb and has been preserved as a memorial.

The dome is located in the city's Peace Memorial Park and has been named as a Unesco World Heritage site.

All photographs subject to copyright.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki: 75th anniversary of atomic bombings

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It is 75 years since the US dropped atomic bombs on the two Japanese cities, leading to WW2's end.

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Migrants evacuated from overloaded Banksy ship

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HURRICANE LAURA POUNDED THE LOUISIANA AND TEXAS COASTS 

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Useful words :
scrub (something) - try to clean (frotter, nettoyer, récurer)
to pee - (act of urinating)  (pipi)
toothbrush - (brush for cleaning teeth) (brosse à dents)