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The final presentation was done by using a power-point slide first then using a recording site called screen-o-matic which was then uploaded and presented. The title of my final presentation was “What are the effects of maintaining a healthy and safe work environment on the employees. It was mentioned in the final presentation that having and maintaining a healthy and safe work environment can increase employees’ insistency on safety standards and give employees the peace of mind so that the employees can focus more time on improving the quality and quantity of their jobs. Also it boost morale which doubles as increased efficiency. Employees who felt like their employers called their safety were more likely to be loyal. Overall when employers invest in the safety of employees, the employees will feel appreciated, and will greatly benefitted and the domino effect leads to greater productivity, efficiency and loyalty.

When employees see potential safety problems, they should be trained to avoid trying to handle the problems on their own. Employees should be aware of the safety reporting process and immediately report safety issues. When the employees knows how to report safety concerns, it will keep everyone more vigilant on looking out for problems. This creates a culture of safety within the company that can help the company maintain a safe work environment.

Health and safety of the work environment should be an initiative that is deeply rooted in the culture of the company. Employees are to adhere to the directions given by employers to guarantee health and safety. So therefore it is the onus of everyone in the workplace to look out for the safety of each other. The employees are to work as a team which will boosts productivity to achieve the overall goal of the company, the less injuries on the job the better it is for the company and money will be saved. $�mZ,mQǴq�I�

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Reflection on Overall Course

I have learnt a lot from the start of Unit 1 which tells me what a research is, it’s a process of systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyse, interpret and use data and for a business to be successful it must rely on research to keep up market trends and maintain a competitive edge over the other businesses.

Communication plays a vital part in the research process because it helps the researcher to report findings whether good or bad. This course was very informative in that it helped me to better understand the process involved in a research, how to do the research proposal and using the proposal to do the report. The report was very tedious but with a lot of sleepless nights, good help I did the best I can. Also drawing the concept map was the most difficult thing I have ever done in this class, it took me hours to complete but I did it. All the topics covered were very relevant to me as, it has mole me and shaped me to try new things, explore and gain insight and apply them in the real world. Now I can volunteer to share knowledge learnt from this course to help those who don’t fully understand about business research and the processes involved.

The journey was long bumpy but through it all, I made it, the topics covered and activities done was vital to everyone who is doing their studies in the field of business.

How could I forget about qualitative and quantitative data, information on these topics stood out for me because I always hear those terms but did not know much but now I can tell anyone what they are and the differences between the two without having to look it up on the internet.

This course was very complex and full of activities, one after the other, we covered questionnaires, debates, graphs, concept maps and video presentation and so much more. With all this, I am better able to understand, comprehend and put the best forward in my future endeavours.

Thanks to all my classmates who contributed to my post and Mrs. Charles and Ms. Mohammed a big thank you. l͵G�I�

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Reflection on Final Presentation

The final presentation was done by using a power-point slide first then using a recording site called screen-o-matic which was then uploaded and presented. The title of my final presentation was “What are the effects of maintaining a healthy and safe work environment on the employees. It was mentioned in the final presentation that having and maintaining a healthy and safe work environment can increase employees’ insistency on safety standards and give employees the peace of mind so that the employees can focus more time on improving the quality and quantity of their jobs. Also it boost morale which doubles as increased efficiency. Employees who felt like their employers called their safety were more likely to be loyal. Overall when employers invest in the safety of employees, the employees will feel appreciated, and will greatly benefitted and the domino effect leads to greater productivity, efficiency and loyalty.

When employees see potential safety problems, they should be trained to avoid trying to handle the problems on their own. Employees should be aware of the safety reporting process and immediately report safety issues. When the employees knows how to report safety concerns, it will keep everyone more vigilant on looking out for problems. This creates a culture of safety within the company that can help the company maintain a safe work environment.

Health and safety of the work environment should be an initiative that is deeply rooted in the culture of the company. Employees are to adhere to the directions given by employers to guarantee health and safety. So therefore it is the onus of everyone in the workplace to look out for the safety of each other. The employees are to work as a team which will boosts productivity to achieve the overall goal of the company, the less injuries on the job the better it is for the company and money will be saved. :re�Ŵ��I.

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Unit 8

This was a very interesting topic, I learnt so much about qualitative data analysis is the numerical examination and interpretation of observing underlying meanings and patterns of relationship. Some of the qualitative data analysis process are transcription which involves converting data from one form to another, usually from audio to text and coding involves assigning words or short phrases to portions of data for example field notes to capture the essence of the data.

Quantitative data analysis is the analysis of data that is converted to numerical form. There are two branches of statistics (1) descriptive allows the researcher to simple describe what the data shows. (2) Inferential statistics is used to make inferences or draw conclusions about a population beyond the immediate data based on the sample. Inferential statistics can be invaluable in making generalizations about the population.

Estimation statistics are used to make statistical inferences about a population based on sample data. Two types of estimation statistics are confidence interval which is used to establish a range that has known probability of capturing the true value of a population and parameter estimation is used to make inferences about how a model might describe the relationship between variables in a population.

Hypothesis testing statistics are used to make statistical inferences about whether or not data support a particular hypothesis.

5 Steps in the Hypothesis Testing Procedure are:

1.       State the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis 2. Select the appropriate test statistic 3. Determine p-value associated with the test statistic 4. Decide between the null and alternative hypotheses 5. Interpret the decision

Descriptive data analysis can be done using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. Univariate analysis is used when you need to examine the characteristic of one variable at a time. When conducting univariate analysis there are three major characteristic, they are (1) frequency distribution (2) central tendency (3) dispersion.

Bivariate analysis is used when you need to examine the relationship between two variables. Correlation is the most of these statistics.

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Debate Week Reflection

Our group went against the moot “Quantitative data provides for a more sound analysis and interpretation of a research problem as well as less subjectivity in comparison to qualitative data”. Qualitative data typically consists of words while quantitative data consists of numbers. However, all qualitative data can be coded quantitatively. Anything that is qualitative can be assigned meaningful numerical values. These values can be manipulated to achieve greater insight into the meaning of the data and examine specific hypotheses. On the other side of the coin, all quantitative data is based on qualitative judgment. Numbers cannot be interpreted without understanding the assumptions which underlie them.

Qualitative research makes it easy for researcher to gain clearer understanding about the targeted market. The types of questions asked during the process usually starts with “Why”, which is more powerful and easy to deal with than those questions that focus on what, when and how much. Evidently, with clearer understanding, researchers can reach out to people even more

The strengths of the qualitative method include:

·         Obtaining a more realistic feel of the world that cannot be experienced in the numerical data and statistical analysis used in quantitative research;

·         Flexible ways to perform data collection, subsequent analysis, and interpretation of collected information

·         Provide a holistic view of the phenomena under investigation

·         Ability to interact with the research subjects in their own language and on their own terms

·         Descriptive capability based on primary and unstructured data

The weaknesses of the quantitative method include:

Failure to provide the researcher with information on the context of the situation where the studied phenomenon occurs;

Inability to control the environment where the respondents provide the answers to the questions in the survey;

Limited outcomes to only those outlined in the original research proposal due to closed type questions and the structured format;

Not encouraging the evolving and continuous investigation of a research phenomenon.

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Data editing is the process of checking data for omissions, consistency and legibility in preparation for coding. Coding is the assignment of a numerical score or a classifying symbol to edit data to group into categories. A code book contains details on all the codes used in the research. This can be used for more accurate and efficient data and analysis. Code book includes information like codes, variables name and variable number.

A data dictionary is a collection of descriptions of the data objects or items in a database. The purpose of the data dictionary is to ultimately create an understanding of the data within a system. Data entry is the process of putting in data gathered into a database for manipulation, storage and analysis. Data cleaning is an important means of quality control, it allows the researcher to verify that all values collected are correct or that they conform to certain rules.

Data modification is the alteration of the data. It is done for the following reasons (1) the researcher can combine several indicators to create an index and to rearrange the numerical order of categories.

A frequency table can be used to present numerical data. It is easily read and understood when put in a table form. There are a lot of graphs and charts that the researcher can use to analyse data. Some example of these are bar charts which is use to display frequency for discrete categories and groups and pie charts are used to display categorical or grouped data. The charts or graphs can be used to present data in reports during the presentation stage of research as a means of summarizing results.

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Research is a process of systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyse, interpret and use data. Business research is the objective and systematic inquiry into a specific business problems and it may be conducted on issues such as buying habits and market testing. Business research is very important because any successful business should conduct business research regularly to keep up with marketing trends and maintain a competitive edge, failure to so will result in poor desion making and can lead to business failure and loss of customers.
Reasons to conduct business research is to understand existing customers, set realistic targets,examine and solve business problems and indentify business opportunities. There are three types of business research, they are exploratory, descriptive and casual and these are based on the purpose of the research and what the business aim to achieve.
There are three major research philosophies, epistemology, ontology, axiology. When conducitng a research, the research might use qualitative, quantitative or mixed method strategy.
Also theory can be used for research which is a formal, logical explanation of some events that includes predictions of how things relate to one another, it helps us to make senses of the world.
Ethic is also used in researches which is behaviour which guides morality. Three ethic researchers should aim at is honesty, confidentiality and carefulness. Ethical misconduct and the introduction of technology cam hamper the researchers findings.

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Questionnaires can be administered in two ways, they are interviewer administered modes which includes telephone interview wherein the questions are asked over the telephone and personal interview (facetoface) this is done in person using the questionnaire face to face.
The second type of questionnaire is self-administered which includes mail which the interviewer mail the questionnaires via mail to the interviewee for self completion, this offers more flexibility in time of completing the questionnaire. The internet is use wherein the respondent completes the questionnaire online.
Also with face to face the interviewer administration allows the respondent to seek clarity and to explain a response.
A questionnaire design should allow for the collection of data that is both accurate and relevant. There are two types of question in a questionnaire open ended which allow the respondent more freedom in answering the question and close question which require respondents to choose from a fixed set of options.
There are two types of errors, interviewer error where the the interviewer might provide fake answers and failing to use the questionnaire as directed and respondent error where the respondent can correctly complete the questionnaire. When minimising errors, the interviewer should avoid complex question and use simple language, avoid making assumptions and avoid order bias in order to have a good questionnaire design.

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From Group 3 presentation on the topic: Ethno Culutural Diversity and Organizational Effectiveness. I have learnt that ethno diversity is the difference in physical and cultural background among members of the same nationality examples of this are african american and indian american. For their preparation for study they used questionnaire and non-random sampling to gather data. Based from the findings it was concluded that cultural diversity holds greater benefits for organizations in regards to financial profitablity and that workplace coherence is not always positive. It can aslo hamper the expression of creativity.
Another presentation that followed was focused on the topic: Determinants of employees motivation. Motivation is that internal drives that causes and individual to decide to take action while employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employees needs and expectation from work. There are 3 types of employee determinants, they are pay, appreciation and training and expectancy. For preparation to the study they used questionnaire to get the data needed for the study. The study revealed that training of employees, expectancy and knowledge transfer had direct relationship with employee motivation and helped alot to motivate an employee , while pay and appreciation are not directly affecting the employees motivation, job satisfaction also has no direct link with employee motivation. Employees are motivated by the opportunity to make as much money as possible and will act rationally to maximise their earnings.

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Unit5
There are two types of data, one is primary data which is used to collect data for a study from ones own efforts with a particular purpose and specific objectives and is an original data. Primary data have several sources for example letters and interviews. Also primary data can give the researcher more advantage in that it gives greater control over the quality of data collection. Secondary data speaks about not being an original data, it does not have the purpose and objectives of study at hand in the mind of the researcher. Also secondary data helps the researcher to understand the problem and it saves money because it tends to be less costly and collection is easier.Determing the value of data are based on four criteria(1) quality which is how accurate the data is(2)relevance speaks about the facts important to the research(3)timeliness is the data that must be provided at the right time and four completeness is that the data must be sufficient. Data collection is the process of gathering data to obtain answers to research questions. There are three types of data collection they are surveys, interviews and observations. I have learned that field work is gathering data for a study outside the organization by interviewers and observers these are called field workers. Field workers are trained to perform their work effective so as to minimize errors in the data collection process and should possess good listening skills and pay attention to details and accuracy.

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Research design is the plan of action for a study. It has 3 steps they are:
1.Qualitative,quantitative and mixed methods, qualitative methods which focuses on narrative data, quantitative which is uses numerical data and mixed methods which combines both qualitative and quantitative to study a problem. In qualitative methods, the researcher uses(1) phenomenology which explores how people behaviour are affected by the world around them. (2) ethnography is where the researcher becomes involve in the studying of cultures and by investigating a topic which was based on data collected in an area. When the researcher focuses on exploring and describing the in depth about the history of a person this is called case study.
2. Conceptualization and Measurement. Conceptualization is the process of development and clarification of concepts. When concepting variables are used to identify and measure attributes, while measurement are used to observe and record the observation that are collected as part of the research and it must be based on good measurement. Researchers uses four types of measurement in research, they are
design:
1. nominal-currency
2. ordinal-second
3. interval- 0 degree
4. ration -weights  Variables can be independent which is it can take on any value while dependent is determined by the independent variable .
3. Sampling uses small units of the population as a basis for drawing conclusions about the whole population. Researchers may not use sampling to gather because it is time consuming, it can be costly and it requires a lot of labour. It has 2 types probality and non-probality. Probality can be simple and systematic while non-probality can be based on judgement and convenience. in selecting a sample design the researcher should consider things like the time will take to complete and the availability of resources. It has 2 errors called sampling errors is unavoidable but can be controlled while non sampling errors are errors that do not happen as a result of sample selection.

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There are three ways of communicating in the research process. Firstly the research proposal is important for communicating the need for and planned research. Communication helps the researcher to report to managers on findings whether good or bad to a company, it may have severe impact on the company because it can result in lost sales, recovery cost and people's live  might be at risk and also the company might face severe law suit and this can ruin the reputation of the company.
Therefore it is good for all participants in a research to communicate from management to researcher. Also proposals assist in formulating a question by designing, analysing, interpreting, and time frame of research and then by concluding the findings of the research from the research report.
In wrapping up a research the reporter must present an oral presentation of the findings of the study that is designed to wow the audience and answer any question they might have. This is a good communication process because with the help of visual charts, audio, video and the audience is able to understand and see what  the actual findings as the facts would be right in front of their eyes, and get direct interaction and feedback if they don't understand something in the findings.

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I have learned that research process is a set of steps used to collect and analysed information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of a six stages which starts at asking a question which is called problem recognition, which involves defining the goals and objectives, which is a very important step in the process. Once this is done the focus goes to specific aspect of the research, then designing the research where we can observe and analyse this aspect and ends by searching for answers by concluding and publishing the findings to the world.