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The Chemical Senses
Olfactory:
-extremely sensitive
-airborne chemicals soluble
-DOESN'T go to thalamus
-memories are directly linked to the limbic system
-scent triggers memory (memory is state dependent: going to a room and forgetting what you went there for)

Gustation: different than taste
-taste buds (papillae) receptor cells for taste
-smell, taste, texture = flavor
-salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (meat)

Skin Senses: cutaneous sensations
-pressure, temperature, and pain
-brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimuli (funny bone)
-fingertips and lips have more concentrated tactile
-skin = kinesthesis (sense of body parts and positions)
-vestibular sense: monitors head position and movement (dizziness)
-semicircular canals = balance

Pain: no specific receptor or stimulus
-women are more pain tolerant
-memory affects pain (ex.:this hurt before so it's going to hurt more this time)
-Gate Control Theory: Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall "Neurological Gate" in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain to the brain (small open = pain, large = other senses close of pain)
-neurotransmitter associated with pain: endorphins
-phantom limb: misinterpretation of pain after amputation
-when you put cold and warm water together it feels hot
-pressure is the only skin sensation with identifiable receptors

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Pinna: outer ear
Ear Canal: auditory canal (air carrying sounds waves goes through this canal)
Eardrum: vibrates when sound waves from the air hit it
Hammer:
Anvil:
Stirrup:
Oval Window:
Cochlea:
Auditory Nerve:
Thalamus:
Temporal Lobe:

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues (Oct. 17)

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I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues (Oct. 17)

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Rules of Perception
1. Figure-Ground
2. proximity: group nearby figures together
Muller-Lyer Illusion
3. similarity: groups similar figures together
4. COntinuity: see smooth continuous patterns (hilton logo)
5. connectednes: when linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit

Depth Perception: two dimensions fall on the retina; perceive as 3D
we estimate distance
Visual Cliff: Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk: test of depth perception on infants and toddlers

Visual Constancey: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
1. color
2. shpae
3. size
4. location
5. brightness
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Color Constancy: perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination (apples are red)

Perceptual constancies: tendencty to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging

Size Constancies: despite distance, objects don't change size (general idea of size)

Shape constancy:
Brightness constancy

Monocular Cues: requires one eye

Interposition: one object blocks the view of another so often called superposition

Relative size: assumption that two objects are similar size

Relative clarity; hazy objects are furthur away than sharp objects

Texture Gradient: coarse, tisticnt texture is clorer than finer, indistinct texture

Relative hHeight: objects higher in the field of vison appear farther away

Relaatiive Motion (motion parallex): movement of self causes stable items to appear to move (nearest objects appear to move farthest)

Linear Perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance

Light and Shadow (shadowing): nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear to be farther away)

Binocular cues: cues that require both eyes

Convergence: cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object

Stereoscopic Vision: combine two retinal images to get a 3D perception

Motion Perception: assumption that cloer objects gets larger

Stroboscopic Movement: motion picture (cartoons, flipbooks, etc)

Phi Phenomenon: illusion of lights (blinking on and off)

Autokinetic Illusion: perceivined motion

Sound Localizations

Monaural Cue: louder sounds means closer sounds

Binaural Cues (stereophonic): multi directional audio perspective

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I can learn color theories and visual cues (Oct. 14)

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I can learn color theories and visual cues (Oct. 14)

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Transduction: Signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through the retina

Parallel Processing: Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
Hubel and Weisel: psychologists who discovered that neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features: responsible for motion in the brain (shape/form, angle/depth, color

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength: the distance from one wave peak to another (light/sound)
High Frequencey:
-short wavelength
-bluish colors
-high pitched sounds
Low Frequency
-long wavelength
-reddish colors
-low pitched sounds
Amplitude: height of the wave
Large Amplitude:
-tall wavelength
-bright colors
-loud sounds
Small Amplitude:
-short wavelength
-dull colors
-soft sound

Theories of Color Vision
1. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red, green, or blue)
--combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (red plus green stimulation = yellow)

Afterimage: when you stare at one or two colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
Young-Helmhotz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the oopposite color

Colorblindness: partial or toal inability to perceive hues: monochromates (black and white), dichromats (red/green, yellow/blue), Trichromats (normal color vision)
--Young-Helmhotz theory cant explain color blindness because it involves two colors pairs not one single cone

2. Opponent Process Theory (Hering): three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (red/green, blue/yello)
--paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited
--theory explains afterimaging and color blindness

Surrounding Context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision (Oct. 13)

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision (Oct. 13)

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Cornea: Transparent protector where the light enters the eye

Pupil: Adjustable opening in the center of the iris that contracts in bright light and relaxes in dim light (reflexive response)

Iris: Colored part of the eye protection from damage

Lens: Transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature
-Accommodation: lens shape changes according to distance (round = close, flat = far)

Retina: Inner lining on the back of the eyeball that receptor cells sensitive to light
1. Rods=black/white and Cones=color (outnumber cones 20:1)
-receptor cell   responsible for vision
-peripheral vision relies on rods
2. Bipolar cells: specialized neurons connect to rods and cones (1 axon/1 dendrite)
3. Ganglion cells: axons of these cells, made of optic nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the LGN
-Magnocellur Cells: detect motion
-Parvocellur Cells: detect color and what item it is
-Acuity: ability to distinguish fine details (sharpness)

Blind Spot: Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no vision receptors here)

Fovea: line of central focus, holds only cones
-Cones: color

Optic Nerve: Carries visual information through the thalamus to the occipital lobe

Optic Chiasm: spot where nerves cross each other (left to right; right to left)

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): area in the thalamus that interprets images

Occipital Lobe: visual processing lobe in the brain

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False negative is worse than false positive bc fals neg is a miss

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Perceptually blind to changes (magician's trick)

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds (Oct. 12)

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds (Oct. 12)

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Absolute Threshold: minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time (the smallest amount of stimuli we can detect)

Just Noticeable Threshold (JND/Weber's Law): the amount of something that must be changed in order to detect the stimulus 50% of the time

Subliminal Threshold: below the 50% detection rate of a particular stimuli

Difference Threshold: the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli differ

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Where do sensation and perception come from: top-down or bottom-up? Perception comes from top-down processing and sensation comes from bottom-up processing

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception (Oct. 11)

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception (Oct. 11)

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Top-down

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I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing (Oct. 11)

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I can compare and contrast sensation and perception and understand how they relate to bottom-up and top-down processing (Oct. 11)

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-Sensation: taste, smell, sight, sound, touch: relaying of outside stimuli (bottom-up processing)
-Perception: putting senses into context (top-down processing)
Ambiguous: face/vase,        bunny/duck
Too much sensory input leads to incorrect answers (folk, croak, soak: what is the white part of an egg: yolk (wrong))
Too little
-Perception Set:
-Figure-Ground Relationship: