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Shallow surface mining is the shallow surface withdrawal of alluvial deposits, soil or weathered rock. It varies from removal of surface material of a few centimetres in depth to shallow pits up to several metres deep.

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Open-cut mining usually requires removal of surface vegetation, topsoil and any overburden to uncover mineral deposits that are close to the surface.

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Exploratory drilling only takes place if mineralisation has been recommended by an earlier check-up (approximately one in 10 exploratory projects involve drill tests). For the minority of favourable exploration expectation (about one out of 100), more intensive exploration activities such as pattern drilling and bulk sampling may follow.

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Mining excavation is generally achieved by drilling and blasting. Waste rock and mineral ore are transported to the surface by trucks or skips and waste rock is often used to backfill underground voids (stopes). Mining also usually includes associated ore processing facilities and waste rock and tailing disposal facilities.