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People may have been highly distressed as the actor stayed on the train the whole time and there were very few stops. They may have felt threatened by the pretend drunk man.

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It was a real life scenario, however it was only done in New York with a certain group of people and culture.
It had a lot of participants and the experiment had two observers.

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Many people are affected by the bystander effect due to the cost of the effort.
For example in the  Piliavin Study, women were heard saying that they were "not strong enough".
Costs of Helping: Injury, Risk of Life, Loss, Finance, Time, Situation could be made worse.
Benefits of Helping: Fame, Financial Reward, Respect from Friends and Family, Increasing Self Esteem

People weigh up the difference in their brains to make a decision on whether helping is safe enough and worth it. This links to whether any helping is ever unselfish.

In Piliavin, the drunk man was helped less because the risk was higher and the reward a lot lower.

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The parable of the Good Samaritan, teaching us who are "neighbor" is. Luke 10:25-37 I did this video for my church, I hope you like it! pictures and video:Joshua Beachy (me) Narrator:Steve Christner Audio:Jared Reall

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Helping behaviour was very high and much higher than earlier laboratory studies.  Therefore it was not possible to investigate the effects of the model’s helping because on the majority of the trials the victims were helped before the model acted. The cane victim received spontaneous help on 62 out of the 65 trials, and the drunk victim received spontaneous help on 19 out of 38 trials.  On 60% of the 81 trials where spontaneous help was given, more than one person offered help.  Once one person had started to help, there were no differences for different victim conditions (black/white, cane/drunk) on the number of extra helpers that appeared.  The race of the victims made no significant difference to helping behaviour, but there was a slight tendency for same-race helping in the drunken condition. It was found that 90% of helpers were male.  Although there were more men present, this percentage was statistically significant. It was also found that 64% of the helpers were white; this was what would be expected based on the racial distribution of the carriage. Diffusion of responsibility was not evident.  The diffusion of responsibility hypothesis predicts that helping behaviour would decrease as the number of bystanders increases.   In fact the field experiment found that the quickest help came from the largest groups.  However, in the earlier laboratory experiments there was only one participant and the other bystanders were confederates. Nobody left the carriage during the incident (mainly because the train was moving), on 21 of the 103 trials a total of 34 people left the critical area, particularly when the victim appeared to be drunk.More comments were obtained on drunk than cane trials and most of these were obtained when no one helped until after 70 seconds; this could be due to the discomfort passengers felt in sitting inactive in the presence of the victim, perhaps hoping that others would confirm that inaction was appropriate.

The following comments came from women passengers:  “It’s for men to help him”; “I wish I could help him - I’m not strong enough”; “I never saw this kind of thing before - I don’t know where to look”; “You feel so bad that you don’t know what to do”.

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Apporximatley 4450 men and women in New York. Between 11 a.m - 3p.m.
45% were black and 55% white. There was an average of 43 people on each carriage.  They were audience to the experiment for an average of 7.5 minutes.

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On each trial, a team of four students, (two males and two females), boarded the train using different doors.  Four different teams, whose members always worked together, collected data for 103 trials.  Each team varied the location of the experimental compartment from trial to trial.  The female confederates sat outside the critical area and recorded data as unobtrusively as possible during the journey, while the male model and victim remained standing.  The victim always stood next to a pole in the centre of the critical area.  As the train passed the first station (approximately 70 seconds after departing), the victim staggered forward and collapsed.  Until receiving help, he remained motionless on the floor, looking at the ceiling.  If he received no help by the time the train slowed to a stop, the model helped him to his feet.  At the stop, the team got off and waited separately until other passengers had left the station before proceeding to another platform to board a train going in the opposite direction for the next trial.  Six to eight trials were run on any given day and all trials on a given day were in the same ‘victim condition’.
The four victims (one from each team) were males, aged between 26 and 35, three white, one black, all identically dressed in jackets, old slacks and no tie.  On 38 trials the victims smelled of alcohol and carried a bottle of alcohol wrapped in a brown bag (drunk condition), while on the remaining 65 trials they appeared sober and carried a black cane (cane condition).  In all other aspects, victims behaved identically in the two conditions, and each victim participated in drunk and cane trials.  (There were more cane than drunk trials because one of the teams of students ‘didn’t like’ playing the drunk victim. The models (white males aged 24 to 29) were all casually, but not identically, dressed.  There were four different model conditions used across both drunk and cane victim conditions:

Critical area - early:  the model would stand in the critical area and wait until passing the fourth station before he helped the victim (approximately 70 seconds after the collapse). Critical area - late:  the model would stand in the critical area and wait until passing the sixth station before he helped the victim (approximately 150 seconds after the collapse). Adjacent area - early:  the model would stand in the adjacent area and waited until passing the fourth station before he helped the victim.Adjacent area - late:  the model would stand in the adjacent area and waited until passing the sixth station before he helped the victim.
When the model intervened, he helped the victim to a sitting position and stayed with him for the remainder of the trial. A number of observations were recorded. They observers noted the total number of passengers who came to the victim’s assistance, plus their race, sex and location. The observers also noted the race, sex and location of every passenger, seated or standing, in the critical and adjacent areas. A second observer also noted how long it took for help to arrive. The observers also recorded comments made by nearby passengers and also tried to elicit comments from a passenger sitting next to them.

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The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting helping behaviours. Type of Victim (drunk or ill). Race of Victim. Speed of helping. Frequency of Helping. Race of Helper.

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The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

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Remake of the experiment

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Results of the Darley and Latane experiment

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Results of the Darley and Latane experiment

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When the participants were sat on their own, they quickly became concerned and 50% reported it within 2 minutes. 75% did it in the 6 minutes.

However participants in a group were much more reluctant to report it. Only 12% reported it within the first 2 minutes and still only 38% had made a report within the full 6 minutes.

When asked about it they said the fact that others did not react meant they were not as concerned.

Latane and Darley called this Pluralistic Ignorance

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Male college students were told to sit in a waiting room and fill in a questionnaire about attitudes towards urban life. They were either sitting on their own or in groups of 3. The room would then start smoking

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They both worked at Columbia University and they also both were interested in whether the presence of others in an emergency situation had an effect. They were inspired by the Kitty Genovese murder.

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SHOCKING! - Bystander Effect | Kitty Genovese | Social Psychology

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This is a Social Psychology video about the Bystander Effect is one you shouldn't miss.The Kitty Genovese incident is not just a story about what happened to someone else. This is the story of what might happen to you or your loved ones, if you dont take real and substantial measures to protect yourself and your family against potential tragedy.

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Kitty Genovese

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In March 1964 Kitty Genovese was fatally stabbed in Queens, New York. Her street contained shops with flats and a train station. Why this murder was so famous and sparked this controversy was because there were 38 witnesses which did nothing at the time of the murder. The murder occurred at 3 a.m when Kitty screamed; at this stage lights were turned on. The killer attacked twice more before killing her, the police were only called at 3:50 a.m