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1b. In your history, what social forces have instrumentalized violence and to what end(s)? 

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1b. In your history, what social forces have instrumentalized violence and to what end(s)? 

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-Forces used to achieve certain goals.
- Scandinavia was formed as a result of Scandinavian political movement.
- Scandinavia has been experiencing higher rates of violent towards female partners by male partners with a high percentage of 32%, even though the region has high levels of gender equality.
- Religion also acts as a strong force in the country. 67.8% of Scandinavians are Christians whereas Islamic people are in minority. Foreign militant groups like Al-Qaeda and Islamic States have had also attempted terrorist attacks. Swedish Resistance Movement, Nordic Resistance Movement and neo- Nazi movements have been responsible for various violent acts in the nation.

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1c. How effectively does your state-society monopolize legitimate violence? 

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1c. How effectively does your state-society monopolize legitimate violence? 

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- Not very effectively. In the past, Scandinavia has struggled to centralize the management of their police force. They have repeatedly decreased the amount of stations per district, overwhelming their workers.
- This has led to distrust of the police force, higher rates of unsolved crimes, and feelings of insecurity from citizens.
- Policy surrounding these issues is continuing to evolve as surveys are coming in. Ultimately, the plan was to create stronger relationships between law enforcement and the community, and it did not reach that goal.

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1d. What is your state-society history with war making? What are the political dynamics behind this?               

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1d. What is your state-society history with war making? What are the political dynamics behind this?               

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-The region is characterized by powerful empires that have histories of troubles.
-The region imperialized others such as the Britain and the Dutch who were their rivals they attacked.
-Imperialization came with violence due to immigration caused by social and economic conditions, differences in incomes, and education.
-The involvement of the region in global and colonial politics was through the making of policies.
-In the colonization, they reformed rules for civilization towards the non-Europeans and the Christians and also made economic strategies.
-Management of the colonies was enhanced through the transatlantic trade through which they accessed the northern parts for exploitation through the locals.
-It had ideologies and took part in the World War II and the fighting battles at Viking Sea raiding.

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1e. How has your state-society’s history with imperialization/colonization determined its political power and economic wealth?

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1e. How has your state-society’s history with imperialization/colonization determined its political power and economic wealth?

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-Scandinavian entrepreneurs invested a lot of money in colonial industry and trade and it did pay off financially.
-Some argue that it is impossible to understand the rise of Scandinavian capitalism without an understanding of the simultaneous increase of colonial territory of Scandinavia’s and other European nation-states.
-Colonization resulted in an increase of natural resources and goods for Scandinavia. The mining and fishing industries in Sápmi and Greenland are still an important part of Scandinavian’s economy.

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1a. Did your state-society imperialize others or was it imperialized? 

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1a. Did your state-society imperialize others or was it imperialized? 

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-Scandinavian regions pursuit of colonial domination were routinely overlooked, or, described as a minor and altruistic project.
-In the Northern Atlantic Scandinavia colonized Greenland, Iceland, and the Faeroe Islands
- Danish West Indies in the Caribbean, The Gold Coast in Western Africa, and a small colony in Tranquebar.
-Danish West Indies produced cotton, coffee and sugar cane that could not be produced in the cold climate of Scandinavia.
-Forts on the west coast of Africa with the purpose to trade goods and slaves. Estimated that 120,000 enslaved Africans were transported to the Caribbean on Scandinavian ships.
-“Internal colonization” and refers to the annexation of Sápmi which is the land of the Saami, the indigenous peoples of the northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and parts of the Kola Peninsula.
-Slow loss of land and natural resources. Attempts to forcefully convert them to Christianity and assimilation policies were adopted in the 19th century.
-The Saami languages and culture were suppressed.

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2d.What is the demographic composition of your state-society?

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2d.What is the demographic composition of your state-society?

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-Scandinavia covers an area of total 358,325 square miles in the Northern part of Europe.

-The population density comes out to be 58 people per square mile.

-The southern region is the most densely populated at a rate of 135 people per square metre.

-Scandinavian institutions such as free prisons like the one hosted in Suomenlinna Island where the prisoners are allowed to live like free citizens.

-The education system is also highly coordinated which puts emphasis on languages that recognise Scandinavian as new ethic.

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2b.What kind of constitution do you have? What kind of government, parliamentary or presidential?

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2b.What kind of constitution do you have? What kind of government, parliamentary or presidential?

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In terms of structure, Scandinavia is a democratic state. The constitution is divided into four fundamental laws: the Instrument of Government, the Act of Succession, the Freedom of the Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.
- The Instrument of Government allows citizens to hold protests, form political parties, and access information freely.
- The Act of Succession covers the rights of the Swedish royal family, also called the House of Bernadotte.
-The latter two, regarding freedom of expression and freedom of the press, prohibits censorship and allows citizens access to public information.

The Scandinavian parliament functions similarly to the Canadian one. There are 349 members of parliament that are voted in through direct elections every four years. A party must receive at least four percent of the votes in an election to have seats in parliament. The parliament votes on a Prime Minister, who then decides on the cabinet and who will represent each ministry. The government runs the country but is accountable to the parliament.
- This system differs from Canada because their parliamentary system is based on Proportional Representation, meaning that as long as a party has four percent of the total vote, they will have seats in parliament.
- This creates concerns of political fragmentation, despite the government being quite stable.

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2a. What is the state form—what your course text calls a “regime”—of your society? What are the competing social forces?

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2a. What is the state form—what your course text calls a “regime”—of your society? What are the competing social forces?

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1. Social Democrats (policies based on freedom, equality, and solidarity -- mostly focuses on jobs and education)
2. New Moderates (started as a nationalist party, now identifies as liberal-conservative. They focus on individuals freedom, lower taxes, and economic liberalism)
3.Sweden Democrats (a social Conservative party focused on nationalism. Mostly focuses on migration, as they believe immigrants are destroying the national identity)
4.Centre Party (believe that people should be responsible for each other and for nature. Originally called the "farmers party". They focus on national economy and the environment.)
5.Left party (this is a socialist and feminist political group with a focus on ecological issues. Focused mainly on gender equality, social programs, and jobs)
6.Christian Democrats (they believe a stable family will improve society. They focus on better elderly care, allowing families to select their own childcare, and lowering taxes)
7.Liberals (they are the middle ground, but are often considered more conservative. Focuses mainly on schooling but also wants to invest in nuclear power)
8.Green party (similar to the Canadian green party, but always led by both a man and a woman. Focus on climate change, against nuclear power).

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2c. What kind of electoral system, if any, is used to determine representation in your state-society? 

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2c. What kind of electoral system, if any, is used to determine representation in your state-society? 

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-The form of representation in the country is through democracy.
-Different ways of representation are used such as the Sainte Lague rule, reservation of seats within the national pool and the d’Hondt system.
-Direct elections for proportional representation and the number of seats in the system determine how elections are to be conducted.
-People in the elections are represented through different methods such as storting, county councils and municipal councils.
-The constitution gives provisions towards the voting system such as disfranchisement, electoral methods, process eligibility and validity conditions.
-The electoral system follows basic rules for succession, freedom of expression, governmental instrument and the freedom of press act.

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2e. What are the characteristics of the political culture of your state-society?

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2e. What are the characteristics of the political culture of your state-society?

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-Scandinavian trust
-“freedom to do” vs “freedom to be”.
-Civic participation falling steadily.
-Comprehensive welfare state
-Ongoing individualization
-The rise of the radical-right parties in Scandinavia have been simultaneous with the decreasing civic participation.

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3a.What is your state-society's political economy?

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3a.What is your state-society's political economy?

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-The production means in the country are through the capitalist who possess significant shares in the companies.
-Private companies own the means of production and this determine the allocation of resources under the market.
-Pension funds make many people to save in private businesses.
-Circumscribed neoliberalization and the sustainability reduce the level of inflation in the region.
-Increase in the per capita rates is leading to maintenance of better relations where there is effective competition and creation of better business climates.
-Life expectancy in the region is rising while levels of illiteracy are reducing and the social mobility increasing.

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3b. Is your state-society living the social relations of the Global North or Global South?

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3b. Is your state-society living the social relations of the Global North or Global South?

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-Scandinavia’s currency krona is a floating exchange rate.
-Global north
-Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Netherlands, and China.
-Scandinavia exported $390B worth in 2018 and imported $352.5 hence resulting in a positive trade balance.

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3c. What is your state-society’s condition of (in)security

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3c. What is your state-society’s condition of (in)security

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Scandinvia struggles with three main kinds of threats:
- state intelligence activity
- political violence
- threats against dignitaries

Intelligence threats come mostly from Russia and China, targeting networks of major companies through the use of malware. This can be prevented through regular security protocol, like regularly changing passwords and using two-factor identification.

As Scandinavia  has had lower rates of attacks than North American countries, this threat is still considered possible but not likely.

In terms of political dignitaries, they are threatened often, but these threats are usually not serious. Despite this, the state plans to screen and evaluate these threats.

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3d. How does your state-society participate in global governance?

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3d. How does your state-society participate in global governance?

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Whether or not Europe should be united together economically is a common political issue in Scandinavia. For the purposes of the project, Scandinavia is a part of NATO but not a part of the EU. Economically, the country has its separate currency, and does not wish to join the European Union. However, Scandinavia joined NATO in order to participate in diplomatic missions.

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3e. How does your state-society participate in the multifaceted processes of “globalization?”

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3e. How does your state-society participate in the multifaceted processes of “globalization?”

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-Globalisation is a process through which the economies’ populations and culture are increasingly becoming interdependent due to increase in trade, exchange of goods and services;m, investment, human capital, etc.

-It is a subject of debate in Scandinavia.

—The current Scandinavian debate shows that there can never be full adoption of the principle of globalization howsoever pivotal it may be in the development of the economies of the Scandinavian region.

-A review of the literature indicates that the country has a small and open economy which is reliant on foreign trade.

—The Scandinavian government has also been a beneficiary of the cautioning by the World Bank. For instance, in 1997, the World Bank approached the government of North- Scandinavian region for funding.

-Scandinavia is a key member of the WTO. Accordingly, this means that their trading activities are regulated by the WTO Trade Rules which provides a smoother trade.

—Most immigration from Scandinavia has headed towards America. Most immigration movements were to achieve social and political freedom.

Immigration to Scandinavia was influenced by Agrarian revolution. The movements were formerly influenced by the free movement and not any cycle in particular. Later on, it changed into a patterned movement that changed the patterns of settlement in the Scandinavia.

-Other than the religion, the Scandinavian languages have also developed. Scandinavian culture is very practical and cooperative. It is, however, very conservative since it does not allow for the adoption of other traditions

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4a. What type of crisis is your state-society is processing? What is the history of the crisis?

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4a. What type of crisis is your state-society is processing? What is the history of the crisis?

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- Scandinvia is processing a climate crisis.
-Charles David Keeling had been taking measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Arizona, and caught the attention of Harry Wexler of the U.S. weather bureau. They gave him funding to continue this research. Firstly, of the natural seasonal “breathing” of the planet. The planet withdraws carbon dioxide to grow plants in the summer, and returns it every winter. Secondly, of the rise in atmospheric CO2 due to the combustion of fossil fuels by industry. This change, called the “Keeling Curve”, is the basis for current climate change theories.
-In 1988, Dr. James Hansen addressed the United States Senate, claiming that he had  “ninety-nine percent confidence” that global warming was a real trend.
-Scandinavia became the first country in the world to pass an environmental protection act, and also hosted the first UN conference on the global environment in 1972. The country plans to be an example for other countries to follow, planning to be completely fossil fuel free by 2045 and using nothing but renewable sources of energy.

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4b. What role does violence play in the crisis?

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4b. What role does violence play in the crisis?

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-Fridays for Future or “School strike for climate”
-Violence have been minimal, from both protesters and the states side.
-“There is a increasing risk that certain groups decide to use violence in desperation, if they feel not enough is being done”
-2001 Gothenburg riots

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4d. What are the political-economic dimensions or implications of the crisis?

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4d. What are the political-economic dimensions or implications of the crisis?

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-Temperature will rise higher in Scandinavia than the global mean.
-Forestry, livestock, water quality
-Mortality rate
-Saami People - rely on stable Arctic conditions to sustain their traditional livelihoods and culture as reindeer herding and fishing could be endangered
-Carbon tax
-Scandinavia has pledged $852 million to the United Nations Green Climate Fund
-Increased water inflow is expected to increase hydro power potential by 20%
-Harvest will increase by up to 50% using the same crops as today
-One of most important issues, but they did not vote for the Green party

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4c. How are your state-society's political institutions changed through the crisis?

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4c. How are your state-society's political institutions changed through the crisis?

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-The climate nature compels the region to have energy policies to reduce greenhouse emissions for the sustainability of economic growth.
-One effective way is having renewable energy supply from the various available sources which is to lead into the society becoming a low carbon energy one.
-Implementation of international policy forums such as the Paris agreement is to aid in these programs.
-Traditional measures have changed to policies due to participation in organizations like Barents-Euro Arctic.
-Political campaigns are paving room for initiatives to research with a participation of even the non-governmental organizations.
-New changes from the policy framework constitute climate acts, targets and councils which give specifications to the government for implementation.
-The work of the government constitutes an annual climate report, action policy plans and the budget for the implementation of the goals.

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4e. What are the global aspects of the crisis in your state-society? 

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4e. What are the global aspects of the crisis in your state-society? 

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Climate change is one such aspect that is tied to globalization and hyper-connectivity and its effects can be felt all over the world.

-Scandinavia has reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 27% over the last three decades and it is set a target of 37% reduction by the end of 2035.

-By the end of 2020, it also expects to generate 84% of its electricity through renewable sources with more than half of it coming from wind power.

-Similarly, through the National Determined Contribution which is captured under the Paris Agreement is set to attain a 40% emission reduction by 2030 from the nation’s emission in 1990 with the 2020 target being 30%.

-Scandinavia also committed to become carbon neutral by 2030 by drastically reducing domestic emissions and by financing emission reductions in other countries.

-Scandinavia is on a journey to become the first fossil-free nation in the world.

-The country has an ambitious plan of attaining zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045.

Besides participating in the Kyoto agreements and the new Paris agreement, Scandinavia has set its own targets that overshoot the targets spelled out in the treaties.