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Bogad, L. M. (2010). Carnivals against capital: radical clowning and the global justice movement. Social Identities, 16(4), 537–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2010.498242

Staggenborg, S. (2022). Global Movements for Social Justice. In Social movements (pp. 167–186). essay, Oxford University Press.

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GJM
-"To be successful in linking together actors from different movements and at different levels, movements need effective mesomobilization actors and frames that bridge movement concerns and link local, national, and international issues" (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 177).
* this presents the idea of 'frame bridging'
- The Ogoni people in Nigeria utilized effective framing methods to "convinced international NGOs to lend resources and generate publicity" (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 177)
- they succeeded in appealing NGO's by making the "Shell's Oil environmental abuses of the Niger Delta" their central focus (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 177)

CIRCA
- "open up a space for anti-authoritarian, egalitarian and participatory

celebration without state permits or sanction" (Bogad, 2010, p. 540)
- aimed in appealing to all people (workers, students, etc.)
- utilized the idea of 'carnival' to appeal to people and to widen participation - centralizes the focus around unity and the importance of including everyone's opinions and wisdom

* Although the Ogoni people and participants in CIRCA had contrasting goals, they both utilized 'frame bridging' by protesting their own local concerns and bringing it to the forefront of the larger campaign of the GJM

* Both CIRCA and other GJM organizations heavily used the concept of 'carnival' to capture attention of the public, but also to stand out and widen participation through the use of media.
* Organizations/movements of the GJM aimed to evoke emotion - not frustration or anger, but to evoke happiness and joy, even among police guards - 'global actors'
* Both CIRCA and Battle of Seattle utilized tactical performance to display nonviolent civil disobedience

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The media plays an immense role in CIRCA's activism
- portrayed them as 'anarchists' and 'dirty'
- however, the use of improv and circus attire halted the media's negative portrayal of them
- "The idea is to insert images that at least partially disrupt or

disharmonize the barrage of negative images" (Bogad, 2010, p. 542)
- to utilize the media and also policing against their own momentum by interrupting 'business as usual' with a loud and colorful atmosphere
- with the use of colorful imagery, it creates a positive aspect of the movement and therefore, widens participation and potential action from the government

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- CIRCA's activists often experienced arrests, despite their colorful attire and attitudes
- some police force officers were entertained and rather, amused by the activists, however, some were not
- activists within CIRCA had to experience plenty of training to successfully creative a narrative - influence public opinion - push for government action

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What is CIRCA?
- stands for 'Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army'
- within the Global Justice Movement
- "The Carnival was to be both a rejection of state authority (very

significantly, no permit was requested for this event), an affirmation of the joy of

solidarity and resistance" (Bogad, 2010, p. 540).
- the Carnival and the clowns took up space but in unpredictable ways
- tactics include clown improv and attire - can spark intimidation and even amusement for police
- the loud atmosphere also appeals to the public to convince them to join
* this slightly mirrors the Battle of Seattle - they're both unpredictable protests - utilize the unique approach of costumes - they both focus on direct action - collective identity utilized - the idea of 'global actors'

* CIRCA's inspiration of 'carnival' lies in the roots of the Battle of Seattle of 1999 through the use of global actors and creating a colorful, loud, and free atmosphere
- Also mirrors the 'Free Trade Area of the America's' "Carnival Against Capital"

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The media, especially the Internet, played a huge role for the Zapatistas
- "Zapatistas built national and international support and inspired global justice activists around the world through mass media coverage and dissemination of their messages on email lists and websites" (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 178)
- the Internet was a platform for Zapatistas to appeal to other activists and spark mass participation
- the Zapatistas used the Internet to their advantage to widen participation
- slightly mirrors CIRCA because they also used media to their advantage to widen participation and set a positive image of their movement

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- losing slight attention from the public after the 9/11 event
- however, gained back momentum by holding many protests against WTO meetings (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 172)
- the media playing a role in producing negative images of their activists
- mirrors the efforts of CIRCA and the media's negative portrayal of their movement
- However, like CIRCA, the Battle of Seattle, for example, also utilize the media's momentum against them by displaying protests out of the ordinary
- Both CIRCA & Battle of Seattle use different tactic techniques in comparison to the direct action tactics we observe today in movements

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“IMF riots” or “bread riots”

- occurred in several places such as Europe and Africa
- protestors aimed at opposing International Monetary Fund's (IMF) austerity policies
- these policies immensely affected their lives - people in developed/developing countries had limited access to basic commodities
- protestors took direct action - Europe - "take control of buildings..and to protest policies such welfare cuts and racism in immigration" (Staggenborg, 2016, p. 169)

1999 Battle of Seattle

- consisted of marches and protests
- centralized around direct action
- protestors dressed up in turtle costumes in response to the World Trade Organization
- the WTO had decided to increase their trade with other countries but in doing so, their shipping methods using a net harmed sea turtles and essentially, had the turtles endangered
- activists protested at WTO's conference in Seattle in 1999
- similar to CIRCA - collective identity utilized - the idea of 'global actors'

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an approach that emphasizes that society be shaped by the free market
- deregulated and privatized economy
- public sector to follow private sector

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GJM was a movement that opposed neoliberal globalization - consists of members who protest various governmental meetings - individual activists, NGOs, and other groups
- focuses on inclusion
- organized horizontally
- utilizes direct action