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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 4 - Classification & Phylogeny)

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(EOC Domain 4 - Classification & Phylogeny)

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Carbohydrates- monosaccharides; the structure allows the carbohydrates to provide you with energy. The structure determines how energy is stored in the bonds and how breaking them releases the bond.

Lipids- fatty acids/glycerol; the structure allows lipids to store energy. Its structure contains long chains which break to give energy.

Proteins- amino acids; the structure allows proteins to control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. They also form important cellular structures and transport substances in/out of cells to fight diseases. If the structure loses shape, the function may not work anymore.

Nucleic Acid- nucleotides; the structure allows nucleic acid to store and transmit genetic information. The DNA’s double helix shape allows information to be copied and pasted to the next generation.

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Enzymes decrease activation energy. Activation energy is the minimal amount of energy needed to start a reaction. By binding to the substrate, the enzyme decreases activation energy. Structure of the enzyme affects the function because you need a certain shape to fit into substrates. If the shape of the enzyme is changed, the substrate won’t fit,  allowing the protease, lipase and carbohydrase to not release the nutrients.

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Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour

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What are  some common disorders that affect cell organelles? How do they impact the affected organism?

MELAS syndrome affects the mitochondria. This impairs the ability of the mitochondria to make proteins, use oxygen, and to create energy. This will affect the organism by not getting enough energy and proteins.

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Cell Transport - YouTube

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Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not. Passive is high to low concentration while active is low to high concentration for movement of substance. An example of passive transport is osmosis and active transport is exocytosis

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Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not. Passive is high to low concentration while active is low to high concentration for movement of substance. An example of passive transport is osmosis and active transport is exocytosis

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Passive moves with the gradient which does not require energy. Passive is necessary because it is osmosis which is the movement of water in or out of the cell to bring concentration to equilibrium. Active is going against the gradient. Active transport is a process that is required to move molecules against a concentration gradient. The process requires energy. Active transport in plants For plants to take up mineral ions, ions are moved into root hairs, where they are in a higher concentration than in the dilute solutions in the soil.

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Passive moves with the gradient which does not require energy. Passive is necessary because it is osmosis which is the movement of water in or out of the cell to bring concentration to equilibrium. Active is going against the gradient. Active transport is a process that is required to move molecules against a concentration gradient. The process requires energy. Active transport in plants For plants to take up mineral ions, ions are moved into root hairs, where they are in a higher concentration than in the dilute solutions in the soil.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IlzKri08kk

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Mitosis is used for cell development, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction.  Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, who are genetically identical to the parent cell. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal/physical/chemical conditions maintained by living systems. Cell division maintains homeostasis by creating  new cells that can be used for growth and repair.

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ATP has a base of adenine, sugar (ribose) and three phosphates. ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds. When ATP is hydrolyzed and a bond breaks (ADP), it releases some energy.  ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP by combining ADP with a phosphate.

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As the surface area to volume ration gets smaller, the larger the cell gets . When the cell grows past a certain limit, there won't be enough material that crossed the membrane to accommodate the huge cell size. This is why cells are so small.

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Both mitochondria and the chloroplast have an inner and outer membrane and they both work to provide energy for the cell. The chloroplast takes sunlight, carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH and makes it into sugar and oxygen (Photosynthesis). Then, the mitochondria takes the glucose along with oxygen and it makes ATP energy, CO2 and water. It first starts in photosystem 2. This is where water is split into oxygen and hydrogen and where it’s synthesized into ATP energy and electrons which is charged by light energy.  Then in photosystem 1, the electrons are recharged from their travel from PS2 and are added to NADP to create NADPH. Then,  the ATP and NADPH are sent to the Calvin cycle where they are turned into glucose. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. In cellular respiration, it starts off with glycolysis and it takes the glucose and splits it into 2 molecules. These are  called pyruvates. Glycolysis makes 2 ATP. Next is the Kreb Cycle.  It uses the pyruvate to make NADH. This also makes 2 ATP and CO2 as a waste product. They are diffused out of the mitochondria. Thenthe Electron Transport Chain starts working. This is where groups of proteins in the inner membrane and NADH give electrons to ETC. Hydrogen ions  move into the intermembrane space. Electrons leave the ETC by reacting with oxygen and hydrogen to make water. Lastly, there is ATP synthase. ETC moved a lot of H+ into the intermembrane space which means that there is a high concentration of H+ there. This also means that the matrix has a low concentration of H+. H+ moves into the matrix by passing through an enzyme called ATP synthase. H+ passes through the ATP synthase it rotates and it makes ATP energy.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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DNA is a double helix and that double helix is broken apart because of DNA polymerase. The enzyme zips down the DNA while making a copy of the “coding” strand. It is considered conservative because one of the parent strands will be used in the next double helix along with the new strand.

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DNA is a double helix and that double helix is broken apart because of DNA polymerase. The enzyme zips down the DNA while making a copy of the “coding” strand. It is considered conservative because one of the parent strands will be used in the next double helix along with the new strand.

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Photosynthesis makes the glucose cellular respiration uses to create ATP.  Photosynthesis uses  carbon dioxide , that cellular respiration discards as a waste product,  to make oxygen.

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DNA helps protect itself because the double helix has phosphate backbones on either side protecting the genetic information in the amino acids. We need to make copies of DNA for new cells so that they can carry the genetic makeup of the previous cell so they are the exact same. RNA is used to make proteins from the translation process. Transcription is when the DNA is broken apart inside a RNA polymerase and a single strand of DNA is put together with RNA and once the RNA is made it breaks off the DNA strand and the DNA joins back together again. The RNA then makes its way outside the nucleus to a ribosome where the codons on the mRNA from the nucleus are matched to tRNA. The tRNA loses its amino acid where it forms an amino acid chain which becomes the protein.

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DNA helps protect itself because the double helix has phosphate backbones on either side protecting the genetic information in the amino acids. We need to make copies of DNA for new cells so that they can carry the genetic makeup of the previous cell so they are the exact same. RNA is used to make proteins from the translation process. Transcription is when the DNA is broken apart inside a RNA polymerase and a single strand of DNA is put together with RNA and once the RNA is made it breaks off the DNA strand and the DNA joins back together again. The RNA then makes its way outside the nucleus to a ribosome where the codons on the mRNA from the nucleus are matched to tRNA. The tRNA loses its amino acid where it forms an amino acid chain which becomes the protein.

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Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations. Genetic variation allows natural selection to increase or decrease the frequency of alleles already in the population.  This can lead to evolution. If a certain allele is made that can help humans, for example, to breathe underwater, it may help evolve people into having the ability to breathe underwater.

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Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosome splitting in meiosis. This causes gametes to have too many/few chromosomes. Monosomy and trisomy can occur in this mutation. When splitting chromosomes, the parent’s chromosome should be split in half, which means 2 groups of 2. This mutation can cause one group to have 3 (trisomy) and one group to have 1 (monosomy). Common diseases found by this mutation are Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter’s syndrome. In meiosis, there can be many rearrangements of chromosomes, such as duplication, deletions, inversions, and translocations.

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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(EOC Domain 2 - Cellular Genetics & Heredity)

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Insertion is the adding of a nucleotide, deletion is a subtraction of a nucleotide, and substitution is a replacement of a nucleotide. Point mutation is the change of a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutation changes the “reading frame” which causes the proteins to be built differently. SIlent mutation changes the codon on the mRNA, but the amino acid stays the same.

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Mutagens can come from many sources. They include UV radiation, heat, viruses and bacteria, metal ions etc. Mutagens may cause a mutation to occur. DNA changes caused by mutagens may harm cells and cause certain diseases, such as cancer. Depending if the mutation occurs in somatic cells or gametes, they can be passed down. If they occur in somatic cells, the mutation won’t pass down. If the mutations occur in gametes, it may pass down.