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Roll no. 16 to 30

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Through the early eighteenth century the conflict between the Company and the nawabs of Bengal intensified. After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy, as other regional powers were doing at that time. Murshid Quli Khan was followed by Alivardi Khan and then Siraj-ud-daulah as the Nawab of Bengal. Each one of them was a strong ruler. They refused to grant the Company concessions, demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it any right to mint coins, and stopped it from extending its fortifications. Accusing the Company of deceit, they claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials. The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company, and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed. It was also convinced that to expand trade it had to enlarge its settlements, buy up villages, and rebuild its forts. The conflicts led to confrontations and finally culminated in the famous Battle of Plassey.

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This battle of Plassey was fought between East India company (under Robert Clive)  and Sirajuddaulah.The Britishers bribed a person named Mir Zafar who was the commander in chief.
On 23rd June,1757 both the armies met at Plassey.
The war was ended in 30 minutes and sirajuddaullah tried to escape He was caught near a river and Slained  .

One of the main reasons for the defeat of the nawabs was the forces led by Mir Zafar,one of sirajuddaullah's commanders,
never fought the battle.
As a result Mir Zafar was awarded and became the next nawab of Bengal.

The battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory the company won in India.

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It was the Battle of Plassey, that gave the British a firm foothold over the region of Bengal. As a result of the Battle of Plassey, Siraj-Ud-Daulah was dethroned as the Nawab of Bengal and was replaced by Mir Jafar (Commander of Siraj’s Army.) After Mir Jafar became the new Bengal nawab, the British made him their puppet but Mir Jafar got involved with Dutch East India Company.  Mir Qasim (son-in-law of Mir Jafar) was supported by the British to become the new Nawab and under the pressure of the Company, Mir Jafar decided to resign in favour of Mir Kasim. A pension of Rs 1,500 per annum was fixed for Mir Jafar.

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A few reasons which were the key to the Battle of Buxar are given below:

Mir Qasim wanted to be independent and shifted his capital to Munger Fort from Calcutta.
He also hired foreign experts to train his army, some of whom were in direct conflict with the British.
He treated Indian merchants and English as same, without granting any special privileges for the latter.
These factors fuelled the English to overthrow him and war broke out between Mir Kasim and the Company in 1763.

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The table below helps us to know the participants of the battle of Buxar and their significance in the battle:

Participants of Battle of Buxar :
Mir Qasim – (Administering Bengal in place of Mir Jafar – Nawab of Bengal)
He disliked misuse of dastak, farmans by the English, hence tried to conspire against them by forming an alliance with Nawab of Awadh  and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II

Shuja-Ud-Daulah – Nawab of Awadh (Oudh) Was a part of a confederacy with Mir Qasim and Shah Alam-II

Shah Alam II – Mughal Emperor
He wanted to overthrow English from Bengal

Hector Munro – British Army Major
He led the battle from the English side.

Robert Clive
Signed the treaties with Shuja-Ud-Daulah and Shah Alam-II after winning the battle

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When the battle broke out in 1763, English gained successive victories at Katwah, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty and Munger. Mir Kasim fled to Awadh (or Oudh) and formed a confederacy with the Shuja-Ud-Daulah (Nawab of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor). Mir Qasim wanted to recover Bengal from the English.Mir Qasim, Shuja-Ud-Daula and Shah Alam-II lost the battle on October 22, 1764.
Major Hector Munro won a decisive battle and Robert Clive had a major role in that.English became a great power in northern India. Mir Jafar (Nawab of Bengal) handed over districts of Midnapore, Burdwan, and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army. The English were also permitted duty-free trade in Bengal, except for a duty of two percent on salt. After the death of Mir Jafar, his minor son, Najimud-Daula, was appointed nawab, but the real power of administration lay in the hands of the naib-subahdar, who could be appointed or dismissed by the English. Clive made political settlements with Emperor Shah Alam II and Shuja-Ud-Daula of Awadh in the Treaty of Allahabad.

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What happened after the battle of buxar ?

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What happened after the battle of buxar ?

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After the Battle of Buxar, the English did not annex Awadh even after Shuja-Ud-Daulah was defeated because it would have placed the Company under an obligation to protect an extensive land frontier from the Afghan and the Maratha invasions. Shuja-Ud-Daulah became a firm friend of the British and made Awadh a buffer state between English and foreign invasions. The treaty of Allahabad with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-II made the emperor a useful ‘rubber stamp’ of the Company. Besides, the emperor’s Farman legalized the political gains of the Company in Bengal.
Unlike the battle of Plassey which was more of British conspiracy, the battle of buxar was a full-fledged war which established the British prowess in warfare. The importance of this battle lay in the fact that not only the Nawab of Bengal but also the Mughal Emperor of India was defeated by the British

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Modern History || Battle of Buxar  (1764)

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Introduction
Dual Government means double system of administration. The system of Dual Government was introduced in Bengal by Robert Clive of British East India Company. The administration of Bengal was divided into Nizamat and Diwani.
Administration
The system was very advantageous for the company as it had the power without responsibility. The company got the rights of the Diwan to collect revenue and dispensation of civil justice from the Mughal emperor. The Nawab of Bengal retained the rights of Nizamat to maintain peace and order.

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After the death of the Raja of Mysore of the Wodeyar Dynasty, Hyder Ali became the ruler of Mysore. At his time, Warren Hasting faced resistance from Marathas in north and Hyder Ali in Mysore. Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore in the latter half of the 18th century in Southern India.

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Introduction

First Anglo Mysore war was fought in the year 1767 - 69 where Hyder Ali gained some success against british and almost captured Madras.

Triple Alliance

But due to the jealousy of his increasing power The Nizam , The Marathas and British joined hands together and made a triple Alliance against Hyder Ali of Mysore.

Game of Hyder Ali

He lured the Nizam with territorial gains and made peace with The Marathas. As a result Hyder Ali beat the British and he attacked Arcot .

Conclusion

The British incurred heavy losses and had to sign a treaty of peace and mutual help with Hyder Ali.

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Introduction
In 1780, the English wanted to attack the French at Mahe, situated on the west coast of Mysore. Hyder Ali didn't permit it. Therefore, the English declared war against Hyder Ali and his alliance with the Nizam and Marathas. Hyder Ali captured arcot by defeating the English army. The British Broke the alliance. Inspire of that, Hyder gave a crushing defeat to the British.

Hyder Ali died, but his son, Tipu Sultan, continued to fight against the British. The battle concluded after the Treaty Of Mangalore in 1784 when both the parties decided to restore each others conquered territories and set the prisoners free.

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The Third Anglo–Mysore War (1789–1792) was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, Kingdom of Travancore,Maratha Empire, and the Nizam of Hyderabad.

Causes of the war:The British started improving their relationship with the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas.
Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of Mysore after Hyder Ali’s death, had French help in bettering his military resources. He also refused to free the English prisoners taken during the second Anglo-Mysore war as per the Treaty of Mangalore.

The course of the war:
Tipu declared war on Travancore in 1789. Travancore was a friendly state of the British.In 1790, the Governor-General of Bengal, Lord Cornwallis declared war on Tipu. Tipu was defeated in the first phase of the war and his forces had to retreat.Later the English advanced towards Tipu’s capital of Seringapatam and Tipu had to bargain for peace.

Result of the war:
The war ended with the Treaty of Seringapatam in 1792.As per the treaty, Tipu had to cede half of his kingdom to the English including the areas of Malabar, Dindigul, Coorg and Baramahal. He also had to pay Rs.3 Crore as war indemnity to the British. Tipu also had to surrender two of his sons as surety to the British till he paid his due.

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Introduction:The Fourth Anglo–Mysore War was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore against the British East India Company,Nazims of Hyderabad and the Marathas in 1798–99.

In 1798,when Lord Wellesley became the Governor-General of India,The relation between The French and Tipu Sultan was looking dangerous for the East Indian Company. Therefore,Mysore was invaded from all the sides as from south,west and east,It was invaded by the British,The Marathas and The Nazims of Hyderabad also launched attacked Mysore from the North.

Result: It lead to a decisive victory of British over Srinangapattanam in 1799.Tipu Sultan was killed in this conflict during the defence of the city.The British,Marathas and the Nizam conquered the remaining much territories of mysore.The Indian prince who ruled till 1947 got the remaining core around Mysore and Srirangapattanam.

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1. The East India Company enjoyed privileged position with the English government and granted special rights like trade monopolies and tax exemptions, causing resentment among its competitors
2. The British passed the Regulating Act of 1773 to 'regulate' the activities of the East India Company. But the corruption of the company officials continued. Therefore, in 1784, Pitt's India act was passed. It set-up a Board of Control to remove the shortcoming of the Regulating Act of 1773.

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The British policy of providing military assistance to Indian rulers in exchange of paying for army maintenance. British resident was stationed at the court for the security from other rulers but the main purpose was to keep other European away.

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