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Group members:

Sora

Mino

James

Millie

Amy (Ayumi)

Padlet information/key

Topic: RBG's Early Career

Posts with primary sources are in pink

Basic information posts in purple

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Above is a portrait photo of Ruth Bader Ginsburg

(Joan) Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Lived from 1993, March 15th to September 18, 2020

Known to have tremendously worked to promote gender equality law

She is widely regarded as a feminist icon

Also known for "I dissent."

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This is the link to our works cited page document. It includes all of the sources that we used during our individual research, as well as new research (and the images we used for this padlet).

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1955 Ruth Bader Ginsburg gives birth to her first child

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1955 Ruth Bader Ginsburg gives birth to her first child

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This was one of the challenges she faced.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg married at an early age. She struggled when she had her first child and when her husband, Martin Ginsburg, got cancer.  As she was in college, she had to take care of her child and work more as her husband wasn’t there.

To include, she also struggled with the use of money. As she didn’t have that much space in relation to money, she had to work and go to college at the same time.

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(The above image is a photo of Ginsburg when she was young, with her husband and daughter.)
Despite her amazing academic record, Ruth Bader Ginsburg faced discrimination and multiple struggles when looking for employment.

After graduating university, one of her professors in Harvard University, Albert Sachs personally recommended Ginsburg as the post of law clerk to the Supreme Court Justice at the time, Felix Frankfurter

However, he declined, saying that he was not ready to hire a woman

This is one of many significant direct experiences that Ginsburg faced regarding her gender/sex

Many say that these harsh experiences that she went through acted as a major part in her future actions towards gender equality and fighting sexism

Ginsburg also interviewed for 12 firms (for employment) but not even one of them offered her a job.

In the end, she was offered a clerkship with Judge Edmund G. Palmieri of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, from 1959 to 1961.

After that, other major law firms finally offered Ginsburg a position.

However, Ginsburg went into a different path

Over the years, Ginsburg held a position in various places and jobs

She not only was a professor and gave lectures to various communities, but she also wrote a textbook on sex discrimination law (Text, Cases, and Materials on Sex-Based Discrimination) and founded organizations (ACLU) and a law journal (The Woman's Rights Law Reporter)

--> It can be said that these numerous experiences that Ruth Bader Ginsburg had with sex discrimination in her early career (and life) has a noteworthy relationship with her future decisions (and actions) in her later career.

It may have also led to her earning of the Thurgood Marshall award. (Explained more on a different post.)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the ACLU (1960)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the ACLU (1960)

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In 1960s, Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined ACLU. Soon in 1971, she wrote a case which was called," Reed v. Reed." This case was about gender discrimination.

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Her experience as volunteering for the ACLU 

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Her experience as volunteering for the ACLU 

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(Adding on to Mino's/ Ginsburg Joined ACLU <1960>)
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg volunteered for the ACLU in the 1960.
- This experience inspired her to become a law professor and stand up for women's rights and gender equality.

- In the same year, she  wrote a brief in the case Reed V Reed.

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s own experience with gender discrimination inspired her to become a lawyer

→ When she was a professor at Rutgers Law school in 1963, she was being paid less compared to men colleague
→ Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the equal pay campaign, which was successful and led to a salary increase for all-women staff

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the ACLU as the director of the New Woman's Rights Project (1972)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the ACLU as the director of the New Woman's Rights Project (1972)

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- Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined as the ACLU as the director of the new women's right project in 1972.
- In the same year, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was accepted as the first female law professor at Columbia University.

- Gender discrimination  affected many aspects of life in 1970's, and the ACLU women's rights project stood up for it.

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In 1972, Ruth Bader Ginsburg became a director of the new women's rights project. In early 1970s, gender discrimination was a big issue since it was affecting a lot of people's life especially for women.

The Women’s rights project tallied every law that was discriminating gender, which included education, employment, reproductive rights mortgages, credit cards, loans, house rentals, prison, and the military.

During the women's rights project, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and other members also argued that pregnancy discrimination should be recognized as gender discrimination because back then, people who were pregnant were getting fired or not considered for a job.

The women’s rights project also fought for forced sterilization

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Ginsburg took on another supreme court (1973)

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Ginsburg took on another supreme court (1973)

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg took on another supreme court in 1973.
In this supreme court, Ruth Bader Ginsburg expanded the scope of her brief to encompass the history of women’s subjugation.

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D.C. Court of Appeals (1980) (Primary Document)

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D.C. Court of Appeals (1980) (Primary Document)

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In 1980, Ruth Bader Ginsburg joined the D.C Circuit as a Judge. Judge Harry Edwards joined the D.C. Circuit the same year as Ruth Bader Ginsburg, he says that they gained a lot of experience in different fields of the law they hadn't dealt with before. (President John F. Kennedy appointed Ginsburg to the Court of Appeals.)

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The court decision of Wright v. Regan, Judge Ginsburg wrote for the court that parents of black children in public schools could sue the IRS for providing tax exemptions to private schools discriminating on the basis of race.

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Goldman v. Secretary of Defense, 739 F.2d 657 (D.C. Cir. 1984)

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Goldman v. Secretary of Defense, 739 F.2d 657 (D.C. Cir. 1984)

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In the court decision of Goldman vs Secretary of Defense, the court rejected a Jewish officer's First Amendment challenge to a military regulation banning the wearing of "headgear . . . indoors," including a yarmulke. Judge Ginsburg wanted to have the full court rehear the case, but the decision was otherwise.

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(The above image is a photo of Ginsburg saying a speech, with (former) President Bill Clinton by her side.)

In 1993, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was appointed to the Supreme Court Justice

She replaced Byron White, who retired

She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on June 14, 1993.

She became the first Jewish woman to become a Supreme Court Justice

In her senate confirmation hearings, Ginsburg declined to answer questions  regarding her views on specific controversial issues or to explain the decisions she would make in hypothetical cases

This was because she believed that it was essential for "maintaining her open-mindedness and integrity as a jurist"

This new custom of hers has been followed as an example by later nominees

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1996 United States vs. Ruth Bader Ginsburg

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1996 United States vs. Ruth Bader Ginsburg

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In 1996, the United States vs. Ginsburg case transpired wherein the male-only policy of the Virginia Military Institute was taken down, a policy that had been upheld for so long and had barred women from enlisting. She   disparaged the VMI for marginalizing women through its sex-based admission policies, which she said was devoid of "exceedingly persuasive justification".

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1999 Thurgood Marshall award (Primary Document)

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1999 Thurgood Marshall award (Primary Document)

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In 1999, Ruth Bader Ginsburg earned the Thurgood Marshall award due to her immense effort in promoting the advancement of gender equality laws

Ginsburg's former student (from when she was a professor at Columbia university), Lynn Hecht Schafran, nominated her for the award

Ginsburg once answered an interview about her and what she thinks of Thurgood Marshall (the origin of the Thurgood Marshall award)

She said that she resonates with being called the Thurgood Marshall of woman's rights as she admired and often emulated (copied) his actions and works

"He was my model as a lawyer," says Ginsburg in the interview

However, on the other hand, she was also not extremely fond of herself being compared to Marshall

This was because she thought that it gave her too much credit

She explained that unlike Marshall, she never felt that her life was in danger during her career

Primary source above

The above primary source is a news video of when Ginsburg was rewarded the Thurgood Marshall award

It is from August 7, 1999

Ginsburg is portrayed to be reflecting on the life and career of Marshall and her respect for him

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Associate Justice Ginsburg reflected on the life and career of Thurgood Marshall and his efforts for racial equality. She was recognized for her long-term contributions to the advancement of gender equality and civil rights.

Report Video Issue

Javascript must be enabled in order to access C-SPAN videos.

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Associate Justice Ginsburg reflected on the life and career of Thurgood Marshall and his efforts for racial equality. She was recognized for her long-term contributions to the advancement of gender equality and civil rights. Report Video Issue Javascript must be enabled in order to access C-SPAN videos.

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2009 The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

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2009 The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

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In 2009, the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act was established by US president Barack Obama with significant contribution made by Ruth Bader Ginsburg. It amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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In 2016, Ruth Bader Ginsburg stood on the side of Women’s rights to have an abortion. (Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt opinion)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg fought for the equal credit opportunity act, which was passed in 1974. This allowed women to apply for bank accounts, credit cards, and mortgages without a male co-signer. Also, according to the ACLU, Ruth Bader Ginsburg helped ensure that women could receive the same military housing allowances as men and equal pay for pension plans to have equal benefits.

Women weren’t allowed to attend the Virginia Military Institute. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued for this, saying that instead of creating a new separate woman’s program, women should be allowed to join the same program as men.

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(The image above is a combined photo of Ginsburg (right) and Marshall (left).)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg has many similarities with Thurgood Marshall.
Some major similarities are...

1. Their experiences in their early career and life

Both Ginsburg and Marshall faced a form of discrimination in person

Ginsburg (as mentioned in other posts), had to deal with sex discrimination (due to the fact that she was a woman)

Marshall dealt with racism, as he was  African-American

2. Their careers and positions

Both Ginsburg and Marshall served on the Court of Appeals prior to becoming the Supreme Court Justice

Moreover, both agents of change were the "first" to become the Supreme Court Justice in their own ways

Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman to become the Supreme Court Justice (as mentioned previously)

Marshall was the first African-American to become the Supreme Court Justice

--> All of these aspects mentioned above can be said to be reasons why Ginsburg is often referred to as the "Thurgood Marshall of Women's Rights"
--> In addition, it can be presumed that these various factors are also what led to her earning of the Thurgood Marshall award in 1999.

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September 18, 2020 in her home in Washington D.C. The cause of her death was complications from metastatic pancreatic cancer.

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(The above is an image of Ginsburg with her famous "dissent collar.")

Ruth Bader Ginsburg is very commonly known by many for her famous repetitive quote, "I dissent." It is known to be a more deep, realistic, and somewhat formal way of disagreeing.

Ginsburg once said,
"Dissents speak to a future age. It's not simply to say, 'My colleagues are wrong and I would do it this way.'"

Additionally, her "dissent collar" shown in the image above is also well known. This is because although she has various collars for many occasions, she especially wore a black collar whenever she dissents a decision being handed down by the supreme court. Ginsburg said herself when asked about the collar that it was "[her] dissenting collar" as it "looks fitting for dissents."

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An interview to Ruth Bader Ginsburg about her life experiences and lessons.

ACLU

Cases during early career

Cases during her late career