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Anastase, R (2011). MOB (my opinion). [Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROPesXv2z1U[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Cash J, (2020). Erwin Piscator Biography. [Online] Available from: https://thedramateacher.com/erwin-piscator-biography/[Accessed 17/11/2020].

Cash, J (2017).Promenade Theatre Resources.[Online] Available from: https://thedramateacher.com/promenade-theatre-resources/[Accessed 17/11/2020].

Chatfield, H (2019). Origins of Street Theatre and Street Performers. [Online] Available from: https://chatfieldhenry20.wordpress.com/2019/09/12/origins-of-street-theatre-street-performers/comment-page-1/[Accessed 19/11/2020].

Daredevil Chicken, (2009). The Collector, a clown based street theatre experience. [Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-byWitFwYXI[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Experimental Theatre , (2013). What is Experimental Theatre?. [Online] Available from: https://fleafleaflea.blogspot.com/2013/02/what-is-experimental-theatre.html[Accessed 13/11/2020]

Freshney Place, (2020). Shop: C. [Online] Available from: https://freshneyplace.co.uk/alpha/c/[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Gouk, A (2012). Behind the Scenes: Promenade Theatre. [Online] Available from: https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/behind-the-scenes-promenade-theatre/[Accessed 19/11/2020]

Halton, M (2019). The Origins and Development of Street Theatre.[Online] Available from: https://haltonm2020.wordpress.com/2019/09/19/the-origins-and-development-of-street-theatre/[Accessed 19/11/2020].

History Today Online, (2020). Alfred Jarry Biography.[Online] Available from: https://historytodayonline.blogspot.com/2020/11/alfred-jarry-biography.html[Accessed 13/11/2020].

HS Direct, (2020). Download your free Risk Assessment template. [Online] Available from: https://www.hsdirect.co.uk/free-info/risk-assessment.html[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Innes, C (1993). Avant Garde Theatre. Ed 1. London: Routledge , p.1.

Innes, C (1993). Avant Garde Theatre.Ed 1. London: Routledge , p.22.

Jaga Heating Products UK, (2020). LEEDS GRAND THEATRE AND OPERA HOUSE.[Online] Available from: https://www.jaga.co.uk/case-study/leeds-grand-theatre-and-opera-house[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Needlands J , Dobson W (2008). Advanced Drama and Theatre Studies. Ed 2. London: Hodder Education , p.21.

Olatunji, J (2020). Origin of drama and theatre. [Online] Available from: https://www.legit.ng/1176983-origin-drama-theatre.html[Accessed 12/11/2020].

Polar Music International AB (2020).  It began 50 years ago in Sweden. [Online] Available from: https://abbasite.com/story/[Accessed 12/11/2020].

Rushinstate, (2013). Curious Campus promenade performance - Stiltskin Theatre Co.[Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUTpuNQi5RY[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Scene Screen, (2010). Mamma Mia! | Official Trailer | SceneScreen. [Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RBNHdG35WY[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Sheffield, R (2018). The 25 Best ABBA Songs, Ranked. [Online] Available from: https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/the-25-best-abba-songs-ranked-707709/[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Siqueira, R (2009). Blue Man Group - part 01.[Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZQdWd_vdoM[Accessed 20/11/2020].

The Financial Times Ltd, (2020). Alfred Jarry: father of surrealist subversion. [Online] Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/c6e4513e-57b8-11ea-abe5-8e03987b7b20[Accessed 20/11/2020].

The New School, (2016). Remembering Erwin Piscator. [Online] Available from: https://events.newschool.edu/event/remembering_erwin_piscator[Accessed 20/11/2020].

Walker, R (2013). Flash Memory: A History of Flash Mobs.[Online] Available from: https://www.natcom.org/communication-currents/flash-memory-history-flash-mobs[Accessed 17/11/2020].

Zero Media, (2017). Mamma Mia 2: Here We Go Again Official Trailer #1 (2018) Meryl Streep, Cher Musical Movie HD. [Online] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cH9BMK1bIwY[Accessed 20/11/2020].

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Due to the covid-19 pandemic, if I do not receive permission to perform my piece in Freshney place, my idea is to perform this still in the town center but in an outdoor location or to perform in a local park. I will still need to ask permission from the local council to do this.

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HS Direct, (2020) identifies that a risk assessment is a document used by many employers/ business owners to outline possible hazards that could occur throughout work hours and around the building being worked in and the many ways that any accidents can be avoided. “Using risk assessments allow employers to effectively identify hazards, assess the likelihood and level of the risks they pose, and put control measures in place to reduce or, where possible, completely eliminate risks.” HS Direct, (2020). I have used a risk assessment within my work to identify the possible risks that performing in Freshney place me bring and how to avoid injury. Please see risk assessment in appendix.

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Example of Black dress code

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Scene Screen, (2010).

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Mamma Mia! (2008) Official Trailer | Screen Bites

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Zero Media, (2017).

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Mamma Mia 2: Here We Go Again Official Trailer #1 (2018) Meryl Streep, Cher Musical Movie HD

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My performance will include popular songs written by a famous 60s band called Abba. However, I will be using covers of the song which were used in the films Mamma Mia and Mamma Mia Here We Go Again. I have chosen to use the covers of the songs instead of the original ones as the covers of the songs are more up to date with current modern trends and they are performed by famous actors that are well known by all age groups. Below is the list of the songs in order that I intend on using:

Mamma Mia

Does your mother know

Gimmie Gimmie Gimmie

When I kissed the teacher

Ive been waiting for you

Waterloo

Dancing queen

For costumes I have decided I want the performers all dressed in black dance wear, this is because they will look neat and it makes the performance look cleaner and each performer is equal.

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Freshney Place, (2020).

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For my experimental theatre performance, I have chosen to perform a flash mob in the center of Freshney Place Shopping center in Grimsby. The flash mob would be in the middle of the shopping center as it is the busiest location throughout the building, and I want enough people to spectate the performance. The performance itself would be just over 10 minutes long with a few minutes of showing how the audience is behaving before and after the performance along with some audience feedback and I will have evidence of this from the recording of my performance which will be done by a level 6 media student. As flash mobs usually contain more than one performer, my idea is to include students from a local dance school in the Grimsby area. The students however would be under the age of 18 meaning I would need parents to sign a model release form, an example of one of these forms is in my appendix. Regarding performers and education rehearsals would be held at weekends following social distancing guidelines. I would like to hold at least 6-10 rehearsals for the performance all being at least 2 hours long each time. This would be to ensure the dancers know the routines perfectly, running orders, correct timings and to ensure they know 100 percent what they are doing before the performance happens. As flash mobs start off as a surprise, my initial idea was to start off with one person to begin with and to then filter in the rest of the performers throughout the first number. This would be executed by researching which shops surrounding the performance area and having the performers come out of these shops so that they stay out of the audience's eyes before the performance enhancing the surprise. To plan this, I will take photos of these shops which is something I still need to do as well as looking at a map of Freshney place and thoroughly mark the areas the dancers will emerge from and the timings. One other original plan I had was to create a dance workshop in the theatre which would go horribly wrong with the audience not being aware of this. Although this idea may have been successful, I decided against it due to the audience lashing out in anger and because I decided I wanted my performance to take place in a non-traditional theatre setting.

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Sheffield, R (2018).

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Polar Music International AB (2020) states that the name ABBA is an acronym of their first names and began in the Summer of 1966 in Sweden and started off as a duo made up of two men called Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson. The pair were already music icons to begin with, however, they left their individual bands they were already apart of to write music together. In 1969 the due met two woman who then joined the band making Abba a four. Not only did they become a part of the band they also made a romantic connection with the two men. “She and Björn were married in July 1971. Anni-Frid Lyngstad (born 1945), also known as Frida, started her recording career shortly before Agnetha. Frida was of Norwegian origin but had moved to Sweden at a very early age. Benny and Frida didn’t get married until October 1978”. (Polar Music International AB, 2020) ABBA went on to win the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974 which is one of the biggest moments of the bands journey after failing to win a couple of years before, placing third in 1972. “The Eurovision Song Contest on April 6, 1974 turned out to be the most famous moment in ABBA history, when the group won the international juries over with ‘Waterloo”. (Polar Music International AB, 2020) Throughout the years, ABBA went on to release many songs and albums that are still well known today, the songs were so popular that a musical called Mamma Mia was created and was showcased in London 1999, it was then made into a film in 2008 which included some big Hollywood names as the main characters. “The hugely successful musical Mamma Mia!, based on the songs of ABBA, premiered in London in 1999. The musical opened on Broadway two years later, and quickly spread across the globe; to date it’s been seen by more than 60 million people in over 440 cities... A hugely successful movie version of Mamma Mia!, starring Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan, opened in July 2008”. (Polar Music International AB, 2020) A sequel was then released in 2018.

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Daredevil Chicken, (2009).

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The Collector, a clown based street theatre experience.

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(Chatfield, 2019).

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(Chatfield, 2019).

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Halton, M (2019) indicates that street theatre has been around for many years and can be dated back to religious passion plays. Street theatre usually takes place in a pubic or outdoor area where performers put on a show for the passing audience members. Also, most performers use street theatre to gain some sort of income as passersby will leave a small generous tip for the performers if they feel they have done a decent job. “street theatre consists of entering a public space and using the general public as one paying audience members to watch and hopefully enjoy the work.  a street performance can be done anywhere in a public space for example a park, town square, city centre  or it can travel along and throughout the streets.” (Halton, 2019). Most of the street theatre entertainers that gain money from the public are more commonly known as buskers, however, companies can also pay performers to go out and entertain the public also. Most street performances are based like mime or physical theatre and dance, some elements also use comedy such as slapstick. Furthermore, street performers have also been known to be hired for more mainstream events. “street performers are sometimes paid to do certain events many festivals and carnivals.” (Halton, 2019). However, street theatre can be deemed as a natural form of theatre as sometimes the audience doesn't always enjoy the performance or like the fact that street performers are around them. “Street theatre is considered to be one of the rawest forms of theatre as the performers and performances are stepping into public space whether the public like it or not therefore every interaction is a nice one.” (Halton, 2019). Furthermore Chatfield, H (2019) implies that the religious history of street theatre ca be seen in comic pieces of theatre in Ancient Egypt and Greece, he then goes on to identify how street theatre moved in time. “A lot of street theatre was religious, but as time passed and we moved into the Medieval times, we saw more comical performances.” (Chatfield, 2019). During the 1600s there was many well-known characters of street theatre including the Harlequin clown and Pierrot whose purpose was for comedy. “The Harlequin deliberately seeks to make fun at the expense of others and, similar to the 1600’s Pierrot (another type of clown) they had developed a sad, slightly melancholic character that influenced many modern street performers, including the well known Charlie Chaplin.” (Chatfield, 2019).

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rushinstate, (2013)

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Curious Campus promenade performance - Stiltskin Theatre Co.

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Cash, J (2017) identifies how promenade theatre performances usually take place in an outdoor area usually in cities or the streets of small towns. “On occasions, promenade theatre can be historical in nature and site-specific, such as indoor performances in castles and other non-traditional theatre spaces.”(Cash, 2017). The idea of promenade theatre is to break the fourth wall between performer and audience by getting the audience involved withing the performance. As well as this, most of the performance involves the audience having to move around with the performance in order to see it. “Multiple locations for staging is common (though “stages” as such, are not), with the audience asked to move throughout the performance and follow the action as it progresses.” (Cash, 2017).  Gouk, A (2012) relates promenade theatre to a form of theatre called immersive theatre as both performance types are very similar. An immersive theatre group known as PunchDrunk create profound promenade theatre performances. “We specialize in putting audiences in the center of our work and at the center of their own experience”. Not only do the audience move with the performance, they are actually part of it, and the company aims “to give you a tingle down the back of your spine.” (Gouk, 2012).

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Anastase, R (2011).

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Walker R, (2013), suggests that the term “flash mobs” became known in the year 2003 when strange performances occurred throughout the roads of New York. A writer Bill Wasik was responsible for these productions, however at the time it was known as the MOB Project which gave birth to 8 flash mobs at the time. The original point of a flash mob was to get people talking using a form of performance and different technology which is how flash mobs usually begin. The use of technology comes into importance when organizing one of these performance experiments. “Flash mobs typically begin with an e-mail (often from an anonymous account or organizer using a pseudonym) announcing the date and time of occurrence, along with either a set of instructions for action or the promise of instructions to be delivered on site.” (Walker, 2013). Traditionally, flash mobs only really last up to ten minutes at a time, this is usually because flash mobs are spontaneous meaning the performers do not have permission be there. Today, many different group performances seem to fit into the category of a flash mob, whether it is a dance or even different political protests, it has also been seen in many different mainstream Television series mostly from the United States of America. “Their representation in popular culture indicates that flash mobs are also trendy. Dance flash mobs have appeared in episodes of popular television shows like Glee, Modern Family and most recently, Grey’s Anatomy.” (Walker, 2013). Many attributes of flash mobs can be dated back to early 20th century surrealism and dadaism as we see many different actions taking place as well as confusion from the audience as traditionally the audience are unaware that the performance is going to take place. “These characteristics include: simultaneity of action, a general spirit of anarchy, tactics of juxtaposition, and surprise, the use of detournement (a hijacking or alteration), an emphasis on place and space, and the use of games and play.”2013). (Walker, Finally, flash mobs can be known to have a cultural aspect to the performances which usually centered around doing something deemed inappropriate or against the rules. “I found similarities between the flash mob and the dancing manias of the Middle Ages, the gallery shows and parties of the Incoherents in late 19th century France, and the practices and pathologies of modern-day streakers, flashers, and mooners.” (Walker, 2013).

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The New School, (2016)

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Cash, J (2020) identifies that Erwin Piscator was one of the most influential practitioners of theatre during the 20th century. “An innovator of epic, documentary, and political theatre forms, plus a pioneer in the use of projection and film use in stage productions, Erwin Piscator was one of the major theatre practitioners of the 20th century”. (Cash, 2020). He was born in the German state of Prussia in 1893 and studied at the Munich University. Before he was called to the front line in the first world war, he began to act in theatres from the year 1914. After the war, Piscator began his own theatre company called the Piscator-Bühne and staged many productions in the theatres of Berlin. Most of his productions were based around the topic of politics. “Ultimately, Piscator used the theatre as a means for social and political change. Like Brecht, he was never formally a member of the German Communist Party, but he nevertheless used his form of theatre to sway the German working class into understanding communist principles.” (Cash, 2020). Piscator used many unusual staging techniques and designs in the pilot stages of his work, this would include projection, signs, and placards. As well as this, he used many types of machinery within his work along with different technology that was accessible at that time to give off a real theatre experience. “Piscator’s staging, however, was more elaborate than Brecht’s, asking for various forms of machinery such as ramps, treadmills and conveyor belts. His stages were often complex multi-level scaffolds.” (Cash, 2020). Piscators work would then go on to be investigated further by the practitioner Brecht who became identified with epic theatre, created by Piscator himself. “Erwin Piscator’s legacy in the theatre is substantial.” (Cash, 2020).

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The Financial Times Ltd, (2020).

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History Today Online, (2020) exclaims that Alfred Jarry was a French writer that played a big part in the progress of experimental theatre and Avant garde within the 20th century. As well as this, he was a fore runner of Surrealism and Dadaism within experimental theatre. “French writer, precursor of Dadaism and Surrealism and an essential figure in the evolution of the avant-garde of the 20th century, both in theater and in experimental narrative”. (History Today Online, 2020). Innes, C (1993) identifies that Alfred Jarry’s Ubu trilogy was one of the first significant plays of Avant garde, especially the first play from the trilogy Ubu Roi created in 1896. This play used puppets as the characters and foul language throughout the performance. “the deliberate crudeness of dialogue and presentation, the grotesque farce”. (Innes, 1993). History Today Online, (2020) also indicates that Jarry was only 15 when Ubu rey was written by himself and that the character of the Ubu trilogy was based off someone who was distrustful. He main point of the plays was to outline the greediness of middle-class people. “The character of Ubú is an archetype of cynicism, rudeness, ineptitude turned into authority, and ridiculous conceit; together with his wife, he symbolizes the ignorance and greed of the bourgeoisie. The name of the author would remain forever related to this work that would become a key reference for French surrealism”. (History Today Online, 2020).

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Jaga Heating Products UK, (2020)

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Olatunji, J (2020) implies that traditional theatre relates back to the Greeks and that it is something for people to watch. It involves a group of performers putting on a show in front of an audience and it usually includes many different forms of art. The first theatre was also created in 52 BC in the city of Rome. “The word "theater" comes from Greek ei azpov. The main meaning of it is a place for spectacles. This is a kind of art in which the reflection of life is achieved through dramatic action performed by the actors in front of the audience. The theater is a synthetic art. It combines expressive means of literature, music, painting, architecture and other arts”. (Olatunji, 2020) Theatre began in Ancient Greece and were theatre was usually related to agriculture and gods, this was performed in a ceremonial form. Such performances would include stories of famous mythological Gods for example the marriage of Zeus and the abduction of Cora. “Sometimes such rituals turned into a cult drama. For example, during the mysteries in the city of Eleusis there were plays of marriage of Zeus and Demeter, abduction of Cora by Pluto, roam of Demeter in search of her daughter and return of Cora”. (Olatunji, 2020). Neelands J, Dobson W (2008) also indicate that masks were linked to performing arts and this furthermore tells us that the origins of theatre are related to Athenian drama during the fourth and fifth centuries BC. Masks were used when comedies and tragedies were firstly introduced to drama. “ It was during these times that the two classical dramatic genres of tragedy and comedy were first developed. It is sometimes said that the origins of theatre itself are to be found in the sacred rituals of ancient Athens, which later developed into the earliest forms of comedy and tragedy”. (Neelands, Dobson, 2008).

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Siqueira, R (2009)

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Experimental Theatre , (2013) exclaims that Experimental Theatre is something new and that it is still being changed today. Experimental Theatre is associated with being open to different contact between audience and actors whether that is breaking boundaries and taking many risks throughout the performance. Experimental Theatre may also include real life topics and scenarios that the audience can connect with. “Although experimental theatre is very often praised by critics, It is also very challenging. Companies have to be brave and take risks. A lot of experimental theatre is hard-hitting and may be exposing to some audiences as it deals with real emotions and situations”. (Experimental Theatre , 2013). Innes, C (1993) states that Avant garde is not only everywhere but that it can happen at any time to something that is deemed non- conventional. “Avant garde has become a ubiquitous label, eclectically applied to any type of art that is anti-traditional in form. At its simplest, the terms is sometimes taken to describe what is new at any given time”. (Innes, 1993).  Furthermore, Avant garde started to come into the known during the 19th century and was developed by many different practitioners who had their own views and outlooks on the art form and started to create their own manifestos based around Avant garde. “For example, there are striking similarities between the work of Antonin Artaud in the 1930s and of Jerzy Grotowski in the 1960s, even though Grotowski knew nothing of the ‘theatre of cruelty 'when he developed his concept of ‘poor theatre’”. (Innes, 1993).