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Died in c. 170. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. The word for earth in Greek is geo, so we call this idea a "geocentric" theory.
(Credits to https://www.librarypoint.org/blogs/post/early-astronomers/#:~:text=Ptolemy%20was%20an%20astronomer%20and,idea%20a%20%22geocentric%22%20theory.)

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Died in May 24, 1543.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe.
(Credits to https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus#:~:text=Nicolaus%20Copernicus%20was%20a%20Polish,Heliocentric%20Theory%20of%20the%20universe.)

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Died in October 24, 1601. A Danish nobleman, Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), made important contributions by devising the most precise instruments available before the invention of the telescope for observing the heavens. Brahe made his observations from Uraniborg, on an island in the sound between Denmark and Sweden called Hveen.
(Credits to http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~blackman/ast104/brahe10.html#:~:text=A%20Danish%20nobleman%2C%20Tycho%20Brahe,Denmark%20and%20Sweden%20called%20Hveen.)

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Died in November 15, 1630. Though Kepler is best known for defining laws regarding planetary motion, he made several other notable contributions to science. He was the first to determine that refraction drives vision in the eye, and that using two eyes enables depth perception.
(Credits to https://www.space.com/15787-johannes-kepler.html#:~:text=Though%20Kepler%20is%20best%20known,two%20eyes%20enables%20depth%20perception.)

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Died in January 8, 1642. He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun. Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun.
(Credits to https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/galileo.html#:~:text=He%20subsequently%20used%20his%20newly,planets%20revolve%20around%20the%20Sun.)

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Died in March 31, 1727. Newton was one of the first to make a reflecting telescope. However, his most profound contribution to science is the formulation of three Laws of Motion, described in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687, which also lays the foundation for the principle of universal gravitation.
(Credits to https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_history/Isaac_Newton_and_our_XMM_mission#:~:text=Newton%20was%20one%20of%20the,the%20principle%20of%20universal%20gravitation.)

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Died in September 28, 1953. Astronomer Edwin Hubble revolutionized the field of astrophysics. His research helped prove that the universe is expanding, and he created a classification system for galaxies that has been used for several decades.
(Credits to https://www.biography.com/scientist/edwin-hubble#:~:text=Astronomer%20Edwin%20Hubble%20revolutionized%20the,been%20used%20for%20several%20decades.)

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Died in April 18, 1955. His work continues to help astronomers study everything from gravitational waves to Mercury's orbit. The scientist's equation that helped explain special relativity – E = mc^2 – is famous even among those who don't understand its underlying physics.
(Credits to https://www.space.com/15524-albert-einstein.html#:~:text=His%20work%20continues%20to%20help,t%20understand%20its%20underlying%20physics.)

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Died in March 14, 2018. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
(Credits to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking#:~:text=Hawking%20was%20the%20first%20to,worlds%20interpretation%20of%20quantum%20mechanics.)