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1. U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.
2. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for Black people.
3. As a result, restrictive Jim Crow legislation and separate public accommodations based on race became commonplace.
4. Intrastate railroads were among many segregated public facilities the verdict sanctioned; others included buses, hotels, theaters, swimming pools, and schools.
5. The decision set in motion the Jim Crow laws that segregated schools and other public facilities. This set the segregated schools back, making education worse for those not in the white schools. Lack of qualified teachers, lack of funding, and a lack of up to par facilities.

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What is it?
U.S. Supreme Court case that held that a 1919 Nebraska law restricting foreign-language education violated the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Nebraska law had been passed during World War I, during a period of heightened anti-German sentiment in the U.S.
How did it effect education?
Was precedent setting for allowing dual language learning and programs in schools. Without the Supreme court ruling in favor of Meyer there's a chance that ESL education may not be as developed as it is today.

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Meyers vs Nebraska
-Nebraska had a law stating that teachers could not teach any other language than English in grade school.
-Meyers was convicted in 1919 for teaching german to his students
-in 1923 the court found the ruling unconstitutional and a violation to the 14th amendment

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Brown Vs Board 1954
-Court ruled that U.S state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.
- allow students of all races to routinely practice education in a integrated classroom
- students are given equal access to materials and curriculum making academic achievement more likely
- classrooms are now enriched with diversity

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Tristan and Alex

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Claudia and Larissa

"No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

- This was put into place because no matter their race these individuals were paying taxes that funded these programs and activities so they deserved to receive the benefits that their taxes produced.
- Despite not speaking the native language (English) you cannot be excluded from participating in any federally funded events which receiving an education is.

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Background Info:
Chinese immigrants were not receiving a proper education because they were unable to speak or understand English

What is it?
US Supreme Court guaranteed children opportunity to a meaningful education regardless of their language background
The Supreme Court unanimously decided that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
However, there was no specification as to how this would come to fruition

Impact on ESL Students:
Mandated that English Learners be in school from ages 6-16 and 'know' english in order to graduate.

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discrimination against Mexican American ELLs. Teachers grouping students by race.
Ruled that its okay if teachers group kids by ability as long as it is for educational purposes (not discrimination)

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Sophie and Isabel

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This act is the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
States are required to test students in reading and math from 3-8 and once in high school.
The major focus of No Child Left Behind is to close student achievement gaps by providing all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education.
It encourages accountability, flexibility, research-based education, and parent options.
NCLB requires each state to establish state academic standards and a state testing system that meet federal requirements. This accountability requirement is called Adequate Yearly Process (AYP)

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Group 5: Title VII, Bilingual Education Act of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

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Group 5: Title VII, Bilingual Education Act of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)