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Reading comprehension is the process of constructing meaning from what is read. It's influenced by all other areas of reading. Research says that comprehension occurs in the transaction between the reader and the text. Each reader brings their own unique world knowledge which is applied to the text and their understanding of it. The more background knowledge that they have, the better they connect to the text. Also, understanding the structure of text (vocab, genre, language) helps a reader comprehend the reading better. Teachers can apply this in the classroom by splitting the class into small reading groups based off their reading level and comprehension. Students can also do individual readings and have to answer follow up questions based off the reading. It's important for teachers to help students decode readings, build background knowledge and teach them vocab words that can help them understand what they read.

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Fluency the ability to read orally with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. Fluency is important for reading comprehension. In most cases, it is not addressed as much as it should be in the classroom. To teach reading fluency, teachers can use two types of approaches. 1) Guided repeated oral reading: encourages students to read passages orally with systematic and explicit guidance and feedback from the teacher. 2) Independent Silent Reading: encourages students to read silently on their own, inside and outside the classroom, with minimal guidance or feedback. Guided repeated oral reading procedures have a positive impact on the student's word recognition, fluency, and comprehension. There is no sufficient research evidence to show increased independent reading will improve reading skills.

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PA training = strong reading skills

PA doesn't = better performances on Math tests

Instruction was not effective for improving spelling in disabled readers.

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Two best school-entry predictors of how well children will learn to read during the first 2 years.

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"she"
"Shhhh" "ee"
"dog"
"Duh" "Og"

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Instruction in PA involves teaching children to manipulate phonemes in spoken syllables

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Example: PA can be compared to Language Learners understanding pronunciation, and spoken language

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The Phonemic Awareness

This is a foundational Knowledge Trait Wahoo!

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Phonics Instruction Is a way of teaching reading that stresses the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences and their use in the reading and spelling.

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Phonics Instruction Is a way of teaching reading that stresses the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences and their use in the reading and spelling.

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Primary focus

Help beginning readers understand how letters are linked to sounds to form letter-sound correspondences and spelling patterns and help them learn how to apply this knowledge in their reading

Provided systematically or incidentally

Took 1.373 studies that appeared relevant to phonics Instruction in order to identify if the Phonics instruction is effective in the classroom.
Studies found that systematic phonics instruction enhances children's success.

Best used on student that are in the grade level of kindergarten through the 6th grade for children with trouble learning to read.

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- is a component of comprehension
- is the development of reading skills
- two types of vocab; oral and print
- is critically important in oral reading and printing
- vocab instruction leads to gains in comprehension, if methods are appropriate to age and ability
- use of computers may be found more effective than some traditional methods
- learning words (vocab) before stories allows the reader to read more fluently
- techniques such as task restructuring and repeated exposure appears to enhance vocabulary

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Comprehension is "intentional thinking during which meaning is constructed through interactions between text and reader." 

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Comprehension is "intentional thinking during which meaning is constructed through interactions between text and reader." 

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-predominant themes: vocabulary instruction, text comprehension, and preparation of teachers
-enhanced when readers actively relate ideas in print to their background knowledge
-rationale: comprehension can be improved by teaching students to use specific cognitive strategies
-highly effective when explicit or formal instruction in the application of comprehension strategies is shown
-evidence suggests teaching a combination of reading comprehension techniques is the most effective and will improve results in standardized tests

-generally taught until students are able to carry out strategies independently

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Phonemic Awareness is auditory