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Before the Flood - Full Movie | National Geographic : National Geographic : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

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Join Leonardo DiCaprio as he explores the topic of climate change, and discovers what must be done today to prevent catastrophic disruption of life on our...

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Ever wondered where all the food that you eat comes from? Well it might surprise you that a significant proportion is provided by bees one way or another.

If you look at the plate of food on your dinner table, bees have played their part either pollinating the many vegetables and fruits we eat directly, or pollinating the food for the animals that we then consume. And that's not all bees do for us - honey and wax are two other important products that come courtesy of bees.

But honey bees are disappearing globally at an alarming rate due to pesticides, parasites, disease and habitat loss. If these little insects that help provide so much of the food we eat were to vanish, what would we do without them?

Pollination is the vital process in flowering plant reproduction involving the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (or male part) to the stigma (or female part) of the same, or another plant of the same species. The fertilised egg cells grow into seeds which are then spread in the many fruits and vegetables that we all love to eat.

This transfer of pollen can be done by the wind, birds, bats, mammals and of course insects; one of the most important of these are the honey bees that pollinate on a huge commercial scale. All sorts of fruit and vegetables are pollinated by honey bees, such as broccoli and squash, apples and almonds.

Pollination is not just important for the food we eat directly, it's vital for the foraging crops, such as field beans and clover, used to feed the livestock we depend on for meat. Just as importantly, it helps to feed many other animals in the food chain and maintains the genetic diversity of the flowering plants.

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A foraging honey bee may only be about 15mm long, but it is loaded with special adaptations designed to maximise the collection of pollen and nectar from flowers. Click on the labels to find out why each part of a bee is so special. (images copyright Getty and Science Photo Library).

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Honey bees are under threat, and as pollination significantly contributes to the food we eat, what would we do without them?

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Every year we raise and eat 65 billion animals, that's nine animals for every person on the globe, and it's having a major impact on our planet. So what meat should we eat if we want to be eco-friendly carnivores? Is it better to buy beef or chicken, free range or factory farmed? As Dr Michael Mosley discovers for BBC Horizon, the answers are far from obvious.

I like eating meat but I know that my food preferences, and those of a few billion fellow carnivores, comes at a cost.

Nearly a third of the Earth's ice-free land surface is already devoted to raising the animals we either eat or milk.

Roughly 30% of the crops we grow are fed to animals. The latest UN Food and Agriculture Organisation reports suggest livestock are responsible for 14.5% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions - the same amount produced by all the world's cars, planes, boats and trains.

If that wasn't scary enough, meat consumption is predicted to double in the next 40 years as people globally get wealthier. So how will the world cope?

Greenhouse gas

In search of answers I went to the US, one of the world's largest consumers of meat, and travelled to the wide-open prairies of the Flint Hills in Kansas.

Here cattle are still herded by cowboys and cowgirls, as they have been for 150 years. The cows spend their lives roaming the hills, eating grass until it is time for them to be slaughtered. It seems to be an idyllic form of farming.

Yet there's a big problem. Armed with a laser methane detector, normally used to spot dangerous gas leaks, I dived into a herd of cows and was soon picking up readings that would have had me sounding the alarms if I had been on an oil rig. These cows are producing huge amounts of methane.

A single cow can belch up to 500 litres of methane every day. Multiply that by the 1.5 billion cattle we have on our planet and that's a lot of gas. And it has a vast environmental impact because methane is 25 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

If you really want to be an environmentally friendly carnivore your best bet is to stick to less than 100 gms (3 oz) of meat per day. That's about half what we currently eat

The problem lies in what the cows eat. Unlike most mammals, cattle can live on a diet of grass, thanks to the trillions of microbes that live in their many stomachs.

These microbes break down the cellulose in grass into smaller, nutritious molecules that the cows digest, but while doing so the microbes also produce huge amounts of explosive methane gas which the cows burp out.

Since grass is what fuels methane production, one way to reduce the belching is to change what the cows eat.

At a feedyard in Texas I saw a very different type of farming, thousands of cattle confined in grass-free, mud enclosures and fed a diet based on a carefully formulated mix of corn, fat, growth hormones and antibiotics.

It looked the opposite of eco-friendly farming. Yet the CEO, Mike Engler, argued that his way of farming is "greener" than raising cows on the prairies - that their greater efficiency leads to less environmental impact.

The scientifically formulated diet means his cows put on weight faster and produce far less methane than cattle reared the traditional way. Studies have shown that beef produced this way produces up to 40% less methane than grass-fed cattle.

It is a form of farming that is yet to become widespread in the UK. But in terms of emissions, intensively reared, corn fed cattle may be the most environmentally friendly. However I couldn't look at the cows without having some concern for their welfare and wondering whether this is how I want our Sunday roast to live.

So what else can we do to reduce the environmental impact of the meat we eat?

Eco-friendly meat

Through a technique called Life Cycle Analysis scientists have been able to put figures on the environmental impact of different meats.

The worst offenders are the grass-eating, methane-producing animals such as cows and sheep.

Pigs and chickens, which eat a more mixed diet, fare better.

Mussels are very eco-friendly, taking relatively little energy to rear.

Well, we can choose which animals we eat. Not all animals create meat equally. Through a technique called Life Cycle Analysis scientists have been able to put figures on the environmental impact of different meats (exact figures vary depending on the farming systems, but the following figures are broadly true of the meat you can buy in British supermarkets).

The worst offenders are the grass-eating, methane-producing animals. Cows release the equivalent of 16kg of carbon dioxide for every kilo of meat produced. Sheep are only slightly better producing 13kg of CO2 for every kilo of meat.

Pigs and chickens, which eat a more mixed diet, are much better. Pigs produce about half as much carbon dioxide, and chickens are responsible for only 4.4kg of CO2 per kilo of meat.

So if you are worried about your carbon footprint you are much better off eating chicken than beef. And, perhaps uncomfortably for some, the most eco-friendly chickens (in terms of carbon emissions) may not be organic or free-range, but those that are raised intensively in energy efficient indoor farms.

Another strategy is to find alternative sources of animal protein. Insects, farmed fish and even laboratory grown artificial meat are all touted as potential replacements, yet all currently have significant drawbacks.

Insects are unpalatable, farmed fish comes with other environmental draw-back and laboratory grown meat is still far too expensive to produce. But there are other alternatives right on our doorstep.

Surprisingly, the most eco-friendly source of meaty protein I encountered was also the lowest tech - mussels.

Grown on lengths of rope hung beneath the surface of sea loch in the Shetlands, it takes relatively little energy to rear mussels and get them from the sea to our plates. They even have the added bonus of capturing carbon dioxide and locking it up in their shells.

The result it that their carbon footprint is 20 times less than chicken, and fifty times less than beef. If we really want to cut down the environmental impact of our diets we should perhaps be eating more mussels. What we really need now are more imaginative ways of cooking them. Chilli mussels anyone?

But for many environmentalists the carbon footprint argument is too narrow. It may help us find the most energy-efficient way of producing meat, but that may not be the best way of using our land and resources.

In the programme we explore a very different way of having our meat and minimizing the impact on our environment. In some ways it involves going back to more traditional farming, but it also relies on cutting waste and eating less meat overall.

If you really want to be an environmentally friendly carnivore, your best bet is to stick to less than 100 gms (3 oz) of meat per day. That's about half what we currently eat.
Horizon - Should I Eat Meat? How to Feed The Planet is broadcast on BBC Two at 9pm on Wednesday, 20 August.

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Every year we raise and eat 65 billion animals, that's nine animals for every person on the globe, and it's having a major impact on our planet. So what meat should we eat if we want to be eco-friendly carnivores? Is it better to buy beef or chicken, free range or factory farmed?

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The western world should cut down its meat consumption for many reasons: livestock drains the planet's water and grain supplies, causes environmental degradation and produces 18% of all greenhouse gases. And that's aside from the argument on the morality of killing animals when humans can survive pretty successfully on plants.

But that isn't the whole story. I thought it would be interesting to investigate the flip-side of the livestock argument: would the world really be better off without meat?

Economy and culture
What would we do with the 315,000 people in the UK working in the agricultural livestock industry, creating a farm-gate value of £7.6bn? Shifting these people and this income from a livestock-based countryside is presumably possible, but it would mean dramatic change. And simply planting more crops wouldn't fill the gap.

I've worked with the Inuit in the Canadian Arctic and have seen the crippling cultural disintegration caused by a rapid loss of traditional skills and a shift away from hunting culture to a modern welfare society. The sudden irrelevance of an economy and culture built on a specific skill-set has caused widespread misery and associated social problems including unemployment, alcoholism and domestic violence. If we dismantled the livestock industry, we'd render centuries-old animal husbandry skills, history and traditions irrelevant, and risk destroying much of what gives rural communities in the UK their identity. In every developing country I've visited, waste-fed and foraging animals such as chickens and pigs are one of the few sources of income, especially for people who have little or no land of their own. Take away their livestock and you take away some people's ability to survive.
By-products
Without the dairy industry, we wouldn't have eggs, milk, cheese and butter, hugely important food sources for billions of people; neither would we have the by-products of 11 million tonnes of leather and two million tonnes of wool. These by-products would have to be replaced by something else, with its own ecological cost. Manure from livestock contributes around 15% of fertilising nitrogen - a small but significant amount, and without it the organic system of farming (which relies on manure) would disappear too.

Efficient land use
Although a high proportion of land in the UK is used for agriculture ( nearly 68% compared to a European average of 40%), we actually have a relatively low amount of arable land for growing crops (39% compared to, say, France at 62%). Half of the UK is covered by grass and grazing land, and this is mostly permanent grassland for grazing livestock (and let's not forget, we can't eat grass or hay, so it really is better eaten by an animal). Converting that to a different usage isn't necessarily cost-effective or even possible. Marginal grazing land is often more efficiently used for livestock rather than crops, and around the world an estimated 10% of animals are currently raised without being fed grain, which is small, but significant.

Rural management
Without livestock, the investment that farmers make in managing the countryside would change dramatically. Have you seen the vast crop-only fields of northern France and the American Midwest? It's like the moon out there, with not a hedgerow or coppice in sight. Animal husbandry provides an income that encourages farmers to care for the rural landscape.

None of these individual arguments are insurmountable, and we should definitely cut our meat consumption. There are ample reasons to change livestock farming for the better (perhaps we could start by farming kangaroos, which produce no methane?) but it does seem that getting rid of agricultural livestock may not be the panacea we imagine.

So over to you, what do you think would happen if the world cut meat from its diet?

Stefan Gates is a BBC presenter and food writer.

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The western world should cut down its meat consumption for many reasons: livestock drains the planet's water and grain supplies, causes environmental degradation and produces 18% of all greenhouse gases. And that's aside from the argument on the morality of killing animals when humans can survive pretty successfully on plants.

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Insects should become a staple of people's diets around the world as an environmentally friendly alternative to meat, according to a report by the UK government's waste agency.

But persuading consumers to overcome "the yuck factor" will be a key issue, says the report by the Waste and Resources Action Programme (Wrap) which assesses challenges to the development of the food system in the next 10 years.

The problem of supplying the UK's population with a nutritional and sustainable protein supply will be "one of the defining challenges of the coming decades", says the report.

"Novel foods in Western diets will incorporate insects to some degree, in a similar way to the spread of sushi from Japan in 2000s, but the major growth will be for feed to livestock," the report said, citing insects as a novel alternative source of protein.

Richard Swannell, director of sustainable food systems at Wrap, said: "We are in danger of, by 2020, the land that is available to us that is productive from an agricultural perspective, being pushed to its limits. So if we can find alternative protein sources that reduce the need for land use or land use change then that's a really good thing to look for."

The report also recommends increased consumption of seaweed, which Swannell stated has "high nutritional value", with 65-90% protein content. Lab-grown meat is suggested as another alternative protein source because it requires 99% less land to produce and produces 96% less greenhouse gas.

Ground cricket flour is already being used as a protein source in North America, he said.

The adoption of insects as a protein in animal diets will be "more straightforward", added Swannell.

Reining in the world's appetite for meat is essential to tackle climate change, according to a report published last year by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Meat requires much more land and water for the production process. Beef is a particular issue, using 28 times more land than other meats and 160 more than carbohydrate staples, with some experts arguing that giving up beef can reduce an individual's carbon footprint more than giving up their car. But fears of a consumer backlash are preventing change, according to a leading thinktank.

This article was amended on 6 November. An earlier version described "processed meat" as an alternative protein source. It was replaced with "lab-grown meat".
Topics

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Insects should be part of a sustainable diet in future, says report

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Insects should become a staple of people's diets around the world as an environmentally friendly alternative to meat, according to a report by the UK government's waste agency. But persuading consumers to overcome "the yuck factor" will be a key issue, says the report by the Waste and Resources Action Programme (Wrap) which assesses challenges to the development of the food system in the next 10 years.

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When we think about threats to the environment, we tend to picture cars and smokestacks, not dinner. But the truth is, our need for food poses one of the biggest dangers to the planet.

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The head of a national inquiry into Indigenous incarceration has said Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people might need to be treated differently by the justice system in order to achieve equity under the law.

Federal court judge Matthew Myers said Indigenous incarceration statistics had become "so bad" that it was difficult to argue some laws did not disproportionately affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and that those laws might need to be changed to address the problem.

Myers, a Gadigal-Wirradjuri man who was the first Indigenous Australian appointed to the bench of the federal court, was appointed to head up the Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) inquiry into Indigenous incarceration this month.

The inquiry received some criticism when it was announced by the federal attorney-general George Brandis last year. The former head of the prime minister's Indigenous Advisory Council Warren Mundine called it a "joke" and said: "I don't know who the dickhead is who actually thought up this incredibly brilliant idea ... it's just a total waste of taxation money."

It was also met with scepticism by Western Australian Senator Pat Dodson, who said there had been a number of inquiries into Indigenous incarceration but very little action.

Myers acknowledged the chequered success of past inquiries, but said the ALRC inquiry would be different because it would recommend specific legislative changes rather than set broad targets.

The terms of reference for the inquiry also allow it to look at prejudicial policing practices and alternatives to incarceration, such as programs like Justice Reinvestment.

Myers listed bail laws, jailing for fines, and laws on granting and reinstating drivers' licences as areas that appeared to disproportionately affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, saying they were "laws that are often instituted for good reasons but with unintended consequences".

"Not all laws do disproportionately affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people but I think if you look at some specific laws you'll find that they do," he told Guardian Australia.

"The statistics for incarceration are so bad that it's going to be hard to argue that this small population, representing somewhere between 2.5% to 3% of the Australian population, aren't disproportionately affected when we see them disproportionately represented in the prisons around this country."

Myers pointed to data released by the Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research in October, which found a 238% increase in the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people held on remand in NSW prisons over 15 years, and also that 38% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people denied bail did not receive a custodial sentence.

"Really what we're looking at is: is there equity, is there equality?" he said.

"We're seeing disproportionate effect so we have go to drill down and work out: why is there a disproportionate effect, why are we seeing these outcomes? Why are we seeing our jails in the state they are, full of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people? Sometimes we need to look at the law and say: do we need to treat people differently so that they may be treated equally?"

The advisory committee for the inquiry will be announced next week and the discussion paper is due in June, with a final report to be handed to Brandis by 22 December.

Myers said he was "very hopeful" that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people would support the inquiry, and that there was goodwill from the federal government at least to lobby the states and territories to adopt any proposed changes, all of which will be to state-based criminal laws.

"The importance can't be lost on the fact that we're talking about individuals," he said. "These are people's real lives. These are mums and dads, aunties and uncles, grandparents, that have been incarcerated, and there's big knock-on effect ... and you can't lose sight of the humanity. These aren't just numbers, these are people."

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Laws may need to treat Indigenous people differently, inquiry head says

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The head of a national inquiry into Indigenous incarceration has said Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people might need to be treated differently by the justice system in order to achieve equity under the law.

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Attorney general Jeff Sessions is directing federal prosecutors to pursue the most serious charges possible against the vast majority of suspects, a reversal of Obama-era policies that is sure to send more people to prison and for much longer terms.

The move has long been expected from Sessions, a former federal prosecutor who cut his teeth at the height of the crack cocaine epidemic and who has promised to make combating violence and drugs the justice department's top priority.

"This policy affirms our responsibility to enforce the law, is moral and just, and produces consistency," Sessions wrote in a memo sent Thursday night to US attorneys and made public early on Friday.

The move amounts to an unmistakable undoing of Obama administration criminal justice policies that aimed to ease overcrowding in federal prisons and contributed to a national rethinking of how drug criminals were prosecuted and sentenced. Critics said the change will subject more lower-level offenders to unfairly harsh mandatory minimum sentences.

Sessions contends a spike in violence in some big cities and the nation's opioid epidemic show the need for a return to tougher tactics.

"The opioid and heroin epidemic is a contributor to the recent surge of violent crime in America," Sessions said in remarks prepared for a Thursday speech in Charleston, West Virginia. "Drug trafficking is an inherently violent business. If you want to collect a drug debt, you can't, and don't, file a lawsuit in court. You collect it by the barrel of a gun."

The policy memo says prosecutors should "charge and pursue the most serious, readily provable offense" - something more likely to trigger mandatory minimum sentences. Those rules limit a judge's discretion and are typically dictated, for example, by the quantity of drugs involved in a crime.

The memo concedes there will be cases in which "good judgment" will warrant a prosecutor to veer from that rule. But any exceptions will need to be approved by top supervisors, and the reasons must be documented, allowing the justice department to track the handling of such cases by its 94 US attorney's offices.

Even if they opt not to pursue the most serious charges, prosecutors are still required to provide judges with all the details of a case when defendants are sentenced, which could lengthen prison terms.

The requirements "place great confidence in our prosecutors and supervisors to apply them in a thoughtful and disciplined manner, with the goal of achieving just and consistent results in federal cases", the memo states.

The directive rescinds guidance by Sessions' Democratic predecessor, Eric Holder, who told prosecutors they could in some cases leave drug quantities out of charging documents so as not to trigger long sentences. Holder's 2013 initiative, known as Smart on Crime, was aimed at encouraging shorter sentences for nonviolent drug offenders and preserving justice department resources for more serious and violent criminals.

Though Holder did say that prosecutors ordinarily should charge the most serious offense, he instructed them to do an "individualized assessment" of the defendant's conduct. And he outlined exceptions for not pursuing mandatory minimum sentences, including if a defendant's crime does not involve violence or if the person doesn't have a leadership role in a criminal organization.

The Obama policy shift coincided with US Sentencing Commission changes that made tens of thousands of federal drug prisoners eligible for early release, and an Obama administration clemency initiative that freed convicts deemed deserving of a second chance.

Combined, those changes led to a steep decline in a federal prison population that now stands at just under 190,000, down from nearly 220,000 in 2013. Nearly half of those inmates are in custody for drug crimes, records show.

Obama administration officials cited that decline and a drop in the overall number of drug prosecutions as evidence that policies were working as intended. They argued prosecutors were getting pickier about the cases they were bringing and were seeking mandatory minimum sentences less often.

Still, some prosecutors felt constrained by the Holder directive and expressed concern that they'd lose plea bargaining leverage - and a key inducement for cooperation - without the ability to more freely pursue harsher punishments.

Sessions and other justice department officials argue Holder's approach sidestepped federal laws that impose such sentences and created inconsistency across the country in the way defendants are punished. Even while in the Senate, Sessions repeatedly asserted that eliminating mandatory minimums weakened the ability of law enforcement to protect the public.

Advocates for the previous policy said the change will revive the worst aspects of the drug war.

"It looks like we're going to fill the prisons back up after finally getting the federal prison population down," said Kevin Ring, president of Families Against Mandatory Minimums. "But the social and human costs will be much higher."

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Jeff Sessions enacts harsher sentencing and charges in criminal justice overhaul

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Attorney general Jeff Sessions is directing federal prosecutors to pursue the most serious charges possible against the vast majority of suspects, a reversal of Obama-era policies that is sure to send more people to prison and for much longer terms. The move has long been expected from Sessions, a former federal prosecutor who cut his teeth at the height of the crack cocaine epidemic and who has promised to make combating violence and drugs the justice department's top priority.

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The justice secretary denies there is a prisons crisis, but what else should one call it? Assaults, self-harm and suicide have risen alarmingly over the last year: Nick Hardwick, the chair of the parole board and former chief inspector of prisons thinks that violence behind bars is at its worst ever level. None of this is surprising given the sharp decline in staff numbers and loss of expertise since 2010, leaving 18,000 officers overseeing 86,000 inmates and dealing with new challenges presented by the influx of "legal highs", mobile phones and use of drones to smuggle in other contraband. The good news is that Liz Truss has carried through some of the more practical of her predecessor Michael Gove's bold promises on reform in today's white paper on prisons. Stressing that the system's purpose is safety and rehabilitation, not just containment, the justice secretary promised to recruit 2,500 more officers and build 10,000 modern prison places - including five small women's "community prisons" - so decrepit Victorian jails can close. Such change is welcome; and it is needed urgently.

Prisons have been used as dumping grounds, the last resort for dealing with social policy failures, as their population shows: around a quarter have been in care as a child, at least a third have a mental or physical disability, and half have the literacy levels of an 11-year-old. It is hard enough to tackle complex and deep-rooted problems at the best of times; it is impossible to do so under current conditions. It is pointless to talk about rehabilitation when there are too few prison staff to let inmates out of their cells for longer than an hour or two or ensure even the most basic levels of hygiene, let alone engage constructively with them as the new strategy demands. Even with today's boost, there will be 4,500 fewer officers than in 2010. And no one has yet built their way out of a prison crisis. Yet while ministers' rhetoric has changed, in reality they are still on the course set by Michael "prison works" Howard and David Blunkett: the sentence inflation that they oversaw - for theft and drug offences, as well as violent and sexual crimes - has doubled the prison population since the early nineties. Real reform demands the courage to address sentencing, as former home and justice secretary Ken Clarke pointed out, and redirect resources to credible community alternatives, found to have significantly lower reoffending rates than short sentences in the government's own research.

Recidivism costs the country £15bn a year, Ms Truss warned; almost half of prisoners are reconvicted within a year of release. She maintains that the solution is to cut reoffending, as well as increase early intervention to prevent people from committing crimes. In truth, to be viable, such a reduction needs enough officers with the opportunity to build relationships with a smaller prison population in a better estate.

The alternative, as Mr Clarke pointed out, is simply condemning more people to "overcrowded slums". Nowhere is more deserving of this name than Pentonville, where an inmate was stabbed to death last month. Back in 1938 it was described as long overdue for demolition, yet here it is still, almost 80 years later, now condemned as "the grimmest of the grim". Mr Gove was right to single it out when he first proposed his "new for old" building scheme; Ms Truss must make sure it is one of the first to go.

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The Guardian view on prison reform: a welcome start | Editorial

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The justice secretary denies there is a prisons crisis, but what else should one call it? Assaults, self-harm and suicide have risen alarmingly over the last year: Nick Hardwick, the chair of the parole board and former chief inspector of prisons thinks that violence behind bars is at its worst ever level.

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32 Everyday Things Women Do That Men Don’t Have To Worry About

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32 Everyday Things Women Do That Men Don’t Have To Worry About

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Note: This post is meant to reflect the experiences of many cisgender women, though we realise it can also apply to trans and nonbinary people as well.
1. Carrying your keys in your hand as a "weapon" when walking alone at night.

2. And turning your headphones off to make sure you're not being followed.

3. Nailing the "I'm-walking-quickly-but-not-so-quick-that-you'll-sense-my-fear" pace when someone is behind you.

4. Calling friends when alone in a taxi/Uber in order to feel safe.

5. Or texting them your driver's details "just in case".

6. Messaging them when you get home to let them know you're OK.

7. Sitting near other women on public transport to minimise the risk of being harassed/attacked.

8. Avoiding being out altogether if it's too early in the morning or too late at night because it doesn't seem safe.

9. Pretending to be on the phone in any number of situations to avoid harassment.

10. Wearing a wedding ring to reduce the chances of men hitting on/harassing you, because they respect another man's "property" more than a woman's right to say no.

11. Giving men fake names and phone numbers rather than risking their anger at being rejected.

12. Staying silent when being verbally harassed out of fear if you fight back it'll turn violent.

13. Keeping your drink covered with your hand and getting your friend to watch it if you need to go to the bathroom at a bar so that it doesn't get spiked.

14. Making sure a friend always knows where you are if you're going on a first date with a stranger.

15. Working hard despite the knowledge you're being paid, on average, less than men in the same position.

16. Qualifying statements with words like "just" and "sorry" to avoid being perceived as pushy or aggressive.

17. Faking being happy and perky even when you don't feel like it to avoid being seen as a bitch.

18. But not being TOO perky, so that people don't think you're stupid.

19. Pretending to be patient when you're interrupted/talked over repeatedly by men.

20. Repeating yourself over and over again to get your point across.

21. Removing hair from your armpits, legs, and bikini line because on women it's "gross" but on men it's totally acceptable.

22. Spending a lot of money each month on period products, which are still considered a "luxury" by many governments.

23. Hiding said products up sleeves or in pockets when going to the bathroom in public places, because there's still a lot of stigma around periods.

24. Making sure the right amount of skin is covered up or risking being seen as slutty/indecent.

25. Wearing makeup because you're conditioned to believe your bare face isn't good enough - or heck, just because you like it - and being told you're fake.

26. Or not wearing makeup because you don't want to/cbf and being told you look tired or sick.

27. Questioning whether the tweet or Facebook status you're about to post will result in being viciously trolled/harassed, and having to make the decision about whether it's worth it.

28. Constantly empathising with male TV/movie leads, and then having to deal with men protesting on the few occasions women are given starring roles.

29. Answering and/or deflecting deeply personal questions about your relationship status/fertility/home life from family, potential bosses, current bosses, and random strangers.

30. Taking the Pill if you have sex with men and want to avoid getting pregnant, because there's still no male equivalent available.

31. Living with the knowledge that the government (dominated by men) has the power to legislate against your bodily autonomy.

32. And dealing with people telling you your concerns aren't valid and you should stop complaining because "women are equal".

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32 Everyday Things Women Do That Men Don't Have To Worry About

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Note: This post is meant to reflect the experiences of many cisgender women, though we realise it can also apply to trans and nonbinary people as well. 1. Carrying your keys in your hand as a "weapon" when walking alone at night. 2. And turning your headphones off to make sure you're not being followed.

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A group of men standing around a desk: it is not the typical image that goes viral online.

The photograph in question was taken on US President Donald Trump's first day in the Oval Office on Monday, when he signed a ban on federal money going to international groups that perform or provide information on abortions.

"Men making decisions about women's bodies" was a much-repeated phrase on Twitter, as it was shared hundreds of thousands of times, including by author JK Rowling.

The concern over lack of women at the table comes as Mr Trump's cabinet attracts attention for the high proportion of white, male nominations.

And while some people welcomed the move on abortion, others on social media expressed alarm and confusion over what its impact could be.

Viral images and headlines do not always tell the whole story. So here is an at-a-glance look at what President Trump's executive order means.

Is this a step towards banning abortion in the US?

Not in itself. This particular executive order is relevant outside of US borders.

The policy requires non-governmental organisations receiving federal funding to agree to "neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations".

This particularly worries women's rights campaigners in developing countries, where funds or facilities are already limited.

Although this policy does not directly affect services in the US, Mr Trump has said he supports an abortion ban at home.

His signing of this order as one of his first executive actions indicates he still sees the issue as a priority.

Is President Trump the first to introduce a ban on foreign funding?

Republicans and Democrats have been involved in a political tug-of-war over the issue for decades.

Republican President Ronald Reagan first created the Mexico City Policy in 1984, stopping funding for international groups which perform or provide information on abortions.

But Democrats later rescinded it under the Clinton administration.

It was reinstated when President George W Bush took over in 2001 and overturned again by President Barack Obama in 2009. And now it is back.

What has all this got to do with Mexico City?

The order's official name is the Mexico City Policy because President Reagan first implemented it at a United Nations population conference in Mexico City.

And why is it sometimes nicknamed the 'global gag law'?

Critics of the policy say organisations working around the world feel censored by it because they cannot offer women full advice on family planning.

If they flout the rules, they lose funding which, in some cases, could threaten certain projects or the whole organisation.

However, pro-life groups have welcomed the new administration's swift move.

"President Trump's immediate action to promote respect for all human life, including vulnerable unborn children abroad, as well as conscience rights, sends a strong signal about his administration's pro-life priorities," said Marjorie Dannenfelser, president of US pro-life organisation Susan Anthony List.

Is it unusual to have so many men at the table?

No. Like many governmental decisions, the rules on abortion are often determined by male officials.

Many on social media were quick to point out that the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling - seen as a landmark case for abortion rights in the US - was delivered by an all-male Supreme Court.

The Roe v Wade decision says abortion is legal until a foetus is viable, typically between 22 and 24 weeks.

What are Mr Trump's views on abortion?

The new US president has previously changed his mind on the issue. He has gone from being pro-choice in 1999 to being against abortion today, although he says he would allow exceptions such as in the case of rape or incest.

On the presidential campaign trail, he said he believed "some form of punishment" should be in place for women who have abortions, if the practice is banned.

But, after strong criticism, he released a statement saying that only the doctor or practitioner should be punished, not the woman.

In an interview with CBS News, Mr Trump said: "The laws are set. And I think we have to leave it that way."

He refused to say whether he believed abortion was murder, but he later conceded that he could not disagree with the statement.

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Trump's order on abortion policy: What does it mean? - BBC News

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A group of men standing around a desk: it is not the typical image that goes viral online. The photograph in question was taken on US President Donald Trump's first day in the Oval Office on Monday, when he signed a ban on federal money going to international groups that perform or provide information on abortions.

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The BBC is facing a backlash from female stars over pay after revealing that only a third of its 96 top earners are women and the top seven are all men.

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What are the top 10 BBC salaries for 2017?
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1. Chris Evans £2.2m - £2.25m

2. Gary Lineker £1.75m - £1.8m

3. Graham Norton £850,0000 - £899,999

4. Jeremy Vine £700,000 - £749,999

5. John Humphrys £600,000 - £649,999

6. Huw Edwards £550,000 - £599,999

7. Steve Wright £500,000 - £549,999

= 8. Claudia Winkleman £450,000 - £499,999

= 8. Matt Baker £450,000 - £499,999

= 9. Nicky Campbell £400,000 - £449,999

= 9. Andrew Marr £400,000 - £449,999

= 9. Stephen Nolan £400,000 - £449,999

= 9. Alan Shearer £400,000 - £449,999

=9. Alex Jones £400,000 - £449,000

10. Fiona Bruce £350,000 - £399,999

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Chris Evans is the BBC's best-paid star, collecting at least £2.2m in the last financial year according to an unprecedented list of top earners published by the corporation on Wednesday that revealed a significant gender imbalance. The best-paid female star, Claudia Winkleman, was paid just a fifth of what Evans collected, between £450,000 and £500,000.

Alex Jones, presenter of The One Show, is the only other female star to be paid more than £400,000 by the BBC, while 12 men are paid more than that amount. Clare Balding, the sports presenter, received about a tenth of Gary Lineker's pay, earning £150,999-£199,999 compared with his £1.75m-£1.79m. Graham Norton was paid £850,000-£899,999 according to the list, but this does not include proceeds from The Graham Norton Show, which is made by an independent production company and is thought to take his earnings above £2.5m.

There are some high-profile female absentees from the list of actors, presenters, journalists and panellists who were paid more than £150,000 in the last year. Emily Maitlis, the news presenter, Sarah Montague, the presenter of the Today programme on Radio 4, and Louise Minchin, who presents BBC Breakfast, earn £150,000 a year or less, according to the disclosure. This is despite their co-presenters on BBC shows making the list, including John Humphrys, who presents Today and Mastermind and was paid £600,000-£649,999.

Harriet Harman, the Labour MP, said there was "clearly discrimination" at the BBC and that the corporation needed to change. "It is very important that the lid has been lifted on this pay discrimination in the BBC," Harman, the longest-serving female MP, told BBC News. "Although everybody will think it is very unfair and outrageous, this is a moment when it can be sorted out.

"The BBC needs to set an example. This is public money and people don't want their money to be spent unfairly. Public money shouldn't be spent in a way which is discriminatory. When you look at the structure and the pay, it is clearly discrimination. Now that it is out in the open, it will have to change."

Theresa May, the prime minister, accused the BBC of paying women less than men for doing the same job. "I think what has happened today is we have seen the way the BBC is paying women less for doing the same job as the men. I want to see women paid equally with men," she said in an interview with LBC.

Agents for a group of the BBC's female stars are understood to be preparing to demand that the corporation's bosses offer their clients a pay rise. Lawyers have also warned that the BBC faces sexual discrimination lawsuits.

Keely Rushmore, senior associate at SA Law, said: "The statistics could well lead to claims of sex discrimination by female stars. The BBC will need to show that the difference in pay is not directly on the grounds of sex, but also that - to the extent that it asserts it relates to other factors such as viewers' demands and preferences - the differential treatment is justified."

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News presenter Emily Maitlis does not make the list of top earners. Photograph: unknown/BBC

The BBC fought against the list being published, claiming that it would create a "poacher's charter" and drive up salaries in the media industry, but it was forced to by the government as part of its new 11-year royal charter.

Asked whether the BBC was expecting legal action over the gender pay gap, Tony Hall, the director general, said: "We will be working carefully and managing our relationship with the talent on which we depend. That's a job we have got to do. I want to get the very best talent working for the BBC and the best relationships with them."

Hall insisted the BBC was "more diverse than the broadcasting industry and the civil service", but admitted there was more to do following the pay disclosure. "I feel reinvigorated in one of the things I really believe, which is getting by 2020 equality on the air between men and women and in pay as well," he said.

However, Jane Garvey, the BBC radio presenter, hinted on Twitter at the frustration within the corporation. Garvey, who was also not on the list, said: "I'm looking forward to presenting BBC Woman's Hour today. We'll be discussing #genderpaygap. As we've done since 1946. Going well, isn't it?" Maitlis and Montague both retweeted Garvey's comment.

Jeremy Vine, the radio presenter and the BBC's fourth-best paid star, on £700,000 to £749,999 , admitted the organisation was "really hurting" following the revelations.

Humphrys supported the disclosures, but said he was "not happy" that his female colleagues on the Today programme, Montague and Mishal Husain, who was paid £200,000 to £249,999, were not among the top 10 highest paid. Referring to his female colleagues, Humphrys said: "I'm not happy with that. I don't think that is right."

Asked on Radio 4's Media Show whether he was worth his salary, Humphrys said: "If you compare me with lots of other people - a doctor who saves a child's life, a nurse who comforts a dying person, or a fireman who rushes into Grenfell Tower - then of course you couldn't argue that I am not worth twopence halfpenny.

"However, we operate in a marketplace, and I think I provide a fairly useful service. Somebody has to do the job of trying to hold power to account and speak the truth about all that stuff."

The BBC has published the list of stars in £50,000 bands. It does not include payments to staff from production companies or BBC Worldwide, which generates commercial revenues. This means some high-profile BBC figures are not included, such as the stars of The Great British Bake Off, Sherlock star Benedict Cumberbatch, and Sir David Attenborough.

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The BBC director general, Tony Hall. Photograph: Dominic Lipinski/PA

However, programmes produced by the BBC, including EastEnders, Casualty, and Strictly Come Dancing, are included.

Evans's work for the BBC in the past year included his Radio 2 breakfast show and Top Gear. He is understood to have received extra payments for presenting Top Gear from BBC Worldwide that are not included in this list. Evans said on Wednesday that it was "on balance right and proper" that the BBC made the disclosure.

Among the actors on the list, Derek Thompson, who plays Charlie Fairhead in Casualty, was the best paid. He received £350,000 to £399,999 in the last year. In entertainment, the judges of Strictly Come Dancing were all paid more than £150,000. Len Goodman and Bruno Tonioli were paid £200,000 to £249,999 and Darcey Bussell and Craig Revel Horwood £150,000-£199,999.

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How does BBC pay compare to its competitors?
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The reason the BBC was told to publish the list of top earners was to demonstrate whether it is delivering value for money - in other words, whether it pays in line with the market. Given that no other broadcaster publishes the pay of its stars this is difficult to prove, but Tony Hall, the director general, insists the BBC aims to pay people at a discount to the market while Gary Lineker, one of the top earners, insists he has been offered more lucrative deals to leave. One publicly available pay deal is for Paul Dacre, the editor of the Daily Mail, who gets £1.5m a year - which would put him second on the BBC's list behind Chris Evans.

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The BBC also revealed that 106 senior managers earned more than £150,000 last year, a list it has published in the past. The corporation now spends £42.2m a year on senior managers, compared with £78.5m in 2009. The best-paid executive in the last year was the director general, Hall, who collected more than £450,000.

The bill for the 96 on-air stars was £28.7m, a reduction from the more than £31m the BBC spent on its leading talent in the previous year. The BBC said that the top earners on its list represented less than 0.25% of the 43,000 talent contracts that it handled last year.

BBC earners

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BBC facing backlash from female stars after gender pay gap revealed

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The BBC is facing a backlash from female stars over pay after revealing that only a third of its 96 top earners are women and the top seven are all men. Chris Evans is the BBC's best-paid star, collecting at least £2.2m in the last financial year according to an unprecedented list of top earners published by the corporation on Wednesday that revealed a significant gender imbalance.

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Thank goodness for Andrea Jung.

Jung, the CEO of Avon Products (avp), was elected to Apple's (aapl) board of directors last January ( link), and on the strength of her presence in the board room, the company is ranked No. 262 in the fourth annual U.C. Davis census of women directors and executive officers in California's 400 largest companies.

If it weren't for Jung, Apple would be lumped with the 117 (29.2%) companies tied for last place, with no women at the top. As it is, her election to the board raised Apple's percentage of female directors and executives to only 5.9%, well below the statewide average of 10.9%.

In a year in which a woman came this close to winning the highest public office in the land, the glass ceiling is very much intact in California -- particularly in Silicon Valley.

As dean Nicole Woolsey Biggart notes in the U.C. Davis report issued last week, "little has changed" in the gender diversity of the state's largest companies -- despite the fanfare with which the university's study has been greeted in past years.

Among this year's findings:

Almost half (48.5%) of California companies have no women executive officers and even fewer (46.8%) have female directors.

The telecommunications sector has the lowest percentage (3.6%) of women directors; the pharmaceuticals sector has the highest percentage (14.6%).

Only 2.4% of executive officers in the electronics sector are women.

Among counties with at least 20 companies, the Bay Area has the county with the greatest number of women directors (San Francisco, 15.2%) as well as the county with the least, Silicon Valley (Santa Clara, 8.4%)

Although there is one woman on Apple's 8-member board of directors, men make up its entire 11-member executive team.

For links to full U.C. Davis report, click here. For Fortune's list of the 50 most powerful women in business, click here.

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Thank goodness for Andrea Jung. Jung, the CEO of Avon Products (avp), was elected to Apple's (aapl) board of directors last January ( link), and on the strength of her presence in the board room, the company is ranked No. 262 in the fourth annual U.C.

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Thousands of female employees across Iceland walked out of workplaces at 2.38pm on Monday to protest against earning less than men.

Iceland is the best country in the world for gender equality, yet women still earn on average 14 to 18 per cent less than their male colleagues. According to unions and women's organisations, this means in every eight hour day women are essentially working without pay from 2.38pm.

In the Nordic country's capital, Reykjavik, thousands of women gathered in central Austurvöllur square when they left the offices, shops, factories, and schools where they were supposed to be working. Similar but smaller protests are thought to have taken place around the country.

The action had precedent: on 24 October 1975 Icelandic women took a "day off". An estimated 90 per cent of the female population participated, leaving work and refusing to cook or look after children to draw attention to their importance in society, but lack of political power and equal pay.

In 2005, women left work at 2.08pm - the minute they began working for free.

In 2008, it was 2.25pm.

In eleven years, less than three minutes has been gained anually towards eliminating the gender pay gap, English-language Icelandic news site reported.

If progress continues at the same rate, it will take 52 years to eliminate the disparity between men and women's earnings in Iceland entirely.

Gylfi Arnbjörnsson, president of the Icelandic Confederation of Labor, toldthe country's official national broadcaster RÚV, that for 60 years it has been illegal in Iceland to discriminate on the basis of gender. Wage contracts can take into account education level and type of job, but not whether someone is male or female.

"No one puts up with waiting 50 years to reach a goal," Mr Arnbjörnsson said. "It doesn't matter whether it's a gender pay gap or any other pay gap. It's just unacceptable to say we'll correct this in 50 years. That's a lifetime."

Unfortunately, despite the large wage gap, women in Iceland actually fare quite well in the workplace compared to female workers in many other parts of Europe. According to a recent survey which placed the wage gap in Iceland at only 14 per cent, women in the UK are earning nearly 20 per cent less than their male counterparts. This means women in Britain are essentially working for free everyday from 19 October until the end of the year.

A 26-year-old from Reykjavik who took part in the action pointed out how disheartening the statistics are.

She told Refinery29: "We know that no country in the world has reached gender equality, but today reminds me that not even the country that's supposed to have the most equal rights pays women the same as men".

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Thousands of women in Iceland went on strike to get equal pay

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Thousands of female employees across Iceland walked out of workplaces at 2.38pm on Monday to protest against earning less than men. Iceland is the best country in the world for gender equality, yet women still earn on average 14 to 18 per cent less than their male colleagues.

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A London receptionist was sent home from work after refusing to wear high heels, it has emerged.

Temp worker Nicola Thorp, 27, from Hackney, arrived at finance company PwC to be told she had to wear shoes with a "2in to 4in heel".

When she refused and complained male colleagues were not asked to do the same, she was sent home without pay.

Outsourcing firm Portico said Ms Thorp had "signed the appearance guidelines" but it would now review them.
More on this story and other news from London High heels and flip-flops: Work dress code victims
PwC said the dress code was "not a PwC policy".

Ms Thorp said she would have struggled to work a full day in high heels and had asked to wear the smart flat shoes she had worn to the office in Embankment.

But instead she was was told she should go and buy a pair of heels on her first day, back in December.

"I said 'if you can give me a reason as to why wearing flats would impair me to do my job today, then fair enough', but they couldn't," Ms Thorp told BBC Radio London.

"I was expected to do a nine-hour shift on my feet escorting clients to meeting rooms. I said 'I just won't be able to do that in heels'."

Ms Thorp said she asked if a man would be expected to do the same shift in heels, and was laughed at.

She then spoke to friends about what had happened, and after posting on Facebook realised that other women had found themselves in the same position.

"I was a bit scared about speaking up about it in case there was a negative backlash," she said. "But I realised I needed to put a voice to this as it is a much bigger issue."

She has since set up a petition calling for the law to be changed so women cannot be forced to wear high heels to work. It has had more than 10,000 signatures, so the government will now have to respond.

Is this legal?

As the law stands, employers can dismiss staff who fail to live up to "reasonable" dress code demands, as long as they've been given enough time to buy the right shoes and clothes.

They can set up different codes for men and women, as long as there's an "equivalent level of smartness".
Read more here.
"I don't hold anything against the company necessarily because they are acting within their rights as employers to have a formal dress code, and as it stands, part of that for a woman is to wear high heels," Ms Thorp said.

"I think dress codes should reflect society and nowadays women can be smart and formal and wear flat shoes.

"Aside from the debilitating factor, it's the sexism issue. I think companies shouldn't be forcing that on their female employees."

Simon Pratt, managing director at Portico, said it was "common practice within the service sector to have appearance guidelines", which Ms Thorp had agreed to.

"These policies ensure customer-facing staff are consistently well presented and positively represent a client's brand and image."

However, he said the firm had "taken on board the comments regarding footwear and will be reviewing our guidelines".

A PwC spokesman said the company was in discussions with Portico about its policy.

"PwC outsources its front of house and reception services to a third party supplier. We first became aware of this matter on 10 May, some five months after the issue arose," the spokesman said.

"PwC does not have specific dress guidelines for male or female employees."

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A London receptionist was sent home from work after refusing to wear high heels, it has emerged. Temp worker Nicola Thorp, 27, from Hackney, arrived at finance company PwC to be told she had to wear shoes with a "2in to 4in heel".

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In the latest instalment of the ongoing series, "Is this feminist or is it more of the same old nonsense?" the actor - and feminist - Emma Watson is being forced to defend going nearly topless for a shoot for Vanity Fair magazine. "Feminism is about giving women choice," she said. "Feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women with. It's about freedom, it's about liberation, it's about equality. I really don't know what my tits have to do with it."

I like to remember, as the writer Andi Zeisler memorably put it: "Not everything a feminist does is a feminist act." So Watson can, and should, do whatever she wants without living in fear of how she will be judged because, goodness knows, women are judged enough.

The error here, though, is to describe as feminist a nearly topless shoot for a magazine that often likes its women underdressed.

In 1995 the magazine launched its first Hollywood issue, marking the start of an annual tradition, featuring the hottest stars of the year. In what must be one of the most bizarre shoots ever, actors including Nicole Kidman, Uma Thurman and Julianne Moore all appear to have turned up in their nighties or just their underwear. Sandra Bullock has forgotten her shoes. Only Gwyneth Paltrow is dressed.

Demi Moore went naked and pregnant in 1991; Caitlin Jenner revealed herself to the world in a skimpy bustier in 2015. Then there was the infamous photograph in which a 15-year-old Miley Cyrus was suggestively shot, apparently clothed in nothing but a sheet. A spokesperson for the Disney Channel, home of the Hannah Montana show in which the Cyrus was a star, said she had been "deliberately manipulated". Cyrus said she was "so embarrassed".

Witness the shoot with fully clothed fashion designer Tom Ford, hanging out with naked Keira Knightley and Scarlett Johansson. Poor Johansson has taken on a blue pallor, possibly the first stages of hypothermia. Imagine a world where, one day, the gender pay gap will be cut and women will finally be able to afford clothes all year round.
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Emma Watson and Vanity Fair: not everything a feminist does is a feminist act

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In the latest instalment of the ongoing series, "Is this feminist or is it more of the same old nonsense?" the actor - and feminist - Emma Watson is being forced to defend going nearly topless for a shoot for Vanity Fair magazine. "Feminism is about giving women choice," she said.

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Sweden is planning to introduce a third month of paid parental leave reserved for fathers as of 2016, in a bid to further increase gender equality, the country's government has announced.

Sweden offers a generous 16-month parental leave which can be taken by either mothers or fathers, with two months of that set aside for dads.

A third month "is something we've really looked forward to. We know that this is a key issue towards attaining greater [gender] equality," social security minister Annika Strandhäll told Radio Sweden.

The country introduced a first month reserved specifically for fathers under a "use it or lose it" system in 1995, and a second month in 2002.

Under the fresh government proposal, mothers and fathers would each be required to take three months' leave, or lose them. The remaining 10 months would be divided however the parents wished.

But the reserved months have over the years become known as "daddy months" because they are aimed at encouraging fathers to share more of the parental leave.

Parents receive 80% of their salary while on leave, capped at a salary ceiling of around €4,000 (£2,900) per month.

Despite great strides in gender equality, Swedish men still earn more than women in general, and as a result men take more of an economic hit by staying home with their children.

Forcing parents to use it or lose it, meaning mothers cannot get the months reserved for fathers, the policy therefore encourages dads to stay home.

Women currently claim about 75% of parental leave, compared with 99.5% when it was introduced in 1974.

Parental leave can be used at any time before the child's eighth birthday.

About 80% of children in Sweden have two working parents, but only 40% of women work full-time compared with 75% of men, according to 2013 statistics.

Official figures from Eurostat show that 77% of women in Sweden had a job in 2014 - the highest level in the European Union.

Children are guaranteed a place in childcare from the age of 12 months for a very modest sum, making it possible for women to return to work.

The minority Social Democratic government plans to present its bill to parliament in the autumn, and it is expected to pass with the support of the Left and Liberal parties.
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Swedish fathers to get third month of paid paternity leave

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Sweden is planning to introduce a third month of paid parental leave reserved for fathers as of 2016, in a bid to further increase gender equality, the country's government has announced. Sweden offers a generous 16-month parental leave which can be taken by either mothers or fathers, with two months of that set aside for dads.

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Things get awkward when Katie Uhlmann and Claire Stollery try to have a normal conversation. Follow us on twitter: @RealProfesh ... and we can get awkward together.

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Making of - National Trust and Wallace and Gromit

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Making of - National Trust and Wallace and Gromit

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Making Of - National Trust and Wallace and Gromit

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A look into the production of the National Trust Jubilee Bunt-A-Thon! Subscribe: http://goo.gl/hpmDXE Download the film from ITunes: http://goo.gl/zAJem7 Wallace and Gromit Facebook: http://goo.gl/Nr9kC4 http://www.wallaceandgromit.com

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It was rumored a few days ago that anonymous street artist Banksy had been captured and identified as Paul Horner, after being arrested for vandalism and having thousands of dollars of counterfeit cash.

That story was proved to be false, however, and Banksy debuted new work "Girl with a Pierced Eardrum" in Bristol, England, as a response to the rumors.

Here is a look back at some of the notorious artist's most compelling work over the last decade.

So we can keep looking forward to murals like these continuing to pop up in a cities near us until the day they really catch this elusive artist.

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This Is Why Banksy Is The King Of Street Art

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It was rumored a few days ago that anonymous street artist Banksy had been captured and identified as Paul Horner, after being arrested for vandalism and having thousands of dollars of counterfeit cash. That story was proved to be false, however, and Banksy debuted new work "Girl with a Pierced Eardrum" in Bristol, England, as a response to the rumors.

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The Harry Potter Magic Wand Remote Control on BBC2's Dragons' Den - Full Length

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Arianna Huffington: How to succeed? Get more sleep

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In this short talk, Arianna Huffington shares a small idea that can awaken much bigger ones: the power of a good night's sleep. Instead of bragging about our sleep deficits, she urges us to shut our eyes and see the big picture: We can sleep our way to increased productivity and happiness -- and smarter decision-making.

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Why do people succeed? Is it because they're smart? Or are they just lucky? Neither. Analyst Richard St. John condenses years of interviews into an unmissable 3-minute slideshow on the real secrets of success.

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In his typically candid style, Richard St. John reminds us that success is not a one-way street, but a constant journey. He uses the story of his business’ rise and fall to illustrate a valuable lesson -- when we stop trying, we fail.

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Omar Ahmad: Political change with pen and paper

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Want your local politician to pay attention to an issue you care about? Take this tip from Omar Ahmad, the beloved former mayor of San Carlos, California: Send a monthly handwritten letter. Old-fashioned correspondence, he shows, is more effective than email, phone -- or even writing a check.

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cockroaches campaign

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Mario for President!

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What leadership quality suits your personality?

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What leadership quality suits your personality?

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What Leadership Quality Suits Your Personality?

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You'll never know for sure unless you take this quiz!

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Joe Nocera observes in The New York Times today that Steve Jobs

violated every rule of management. He was not a consensus-builder but a dictator who listened mainly to his own intuition. He was a maniacal micromanager. He had an astonishing aesthetic sense, which businesspeople almost always lack. He could be absolutely brutal in meetings: I watched him eviscerate staff members for their "bozo ideas." . . . He never mellowed, never let up on Apple employees, never stopped relying on his singular instincts in making decisions about how Apple products should look and how they should work.

Likewise, Adam Lashinsky recalled in Fortune a few months ago the moment in 2008 when Jobs gathered the team that had developed the MobileMe e-mail system and demanded to know

"Can anyone tell me what MobileMe is supposed to do?" Having received a satisfactory answer, he continued, "So why the fuck doesn't it do that?"

For the next half-hour Jobs berated the group. "You've tarnished Apple's reputation," he told them. "You should hate each other for having let each other down."

Lashinsky went on to observe that "to Apple's legion of admirers, the company is like a tech version of Wonka's factory, an enigmatic but enchanted place that produces wonderful items they can't get enough of. That characterization is true, but Apple also is a brutal and unforgiving place, where accountability is strictly enforced, decisions are swift, and communication is articulated clearly from the top. . . . Apple's ruthless corporate culture is just one piece of a mystery that virtually every business executive in the world would love to understand: How does Apple do it?"

Not according to the usual rules, that's for sure. In the words of Jeffrey Pfeffer, a Stanford University professor, "Most books about leadership read like the Scout manual: CEOs and top managers should be authentic, considerate, sensitive, and modest, as well as creative, smart, and strategically brilliant. All true - but not very useful in the real world, where the person in the corner office might be as approachable as the junkyard dog. Exhibit A: Steve Jobs."

There's a reason Steve Jobs is Exhibit A, and not even B or C. It is because his exceptional and unique vision and certainty of what he saw excused his tyrannical behavior. Or, no, they didn't excuse it but made it necessary. And the power of his personality and the sweep of what he achieved meant that even after all his punishment of disappointing staff and others, all his berating of many of those around him, people at Apple were heartbroken to see him step down from the chief executive's job this week.

Go ahead and behave the way he did yourself, as a CEO-as long as you've got all of Steve Jobs' charisma, revolutionary vision, and innovative genius, along with his relentless drive and temper.

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Steve Jobs Broke Every Leadership Rule. Don't Try It Yourself.

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Joe Nocera observes in The New York Times today that Steve Jobs violated every rule of management. He was not a consensus-builder but a dictator who listened mainly to his own intuition. He was a maniacal micromanager. He had an astonishing aesthetic sense, which businesspeople almost always lack. He [...]

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Steve Jobs: How to live before you die | TED Talk

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At his Stanford University commencement speech, Steve Jobs, CEO and co-founder of Apple and Pixar, urges us to pursue our dreams and see the opportunities in life’s setbacks -- including death itself.

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Global English Vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Global English Vocabulary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Patricia Ryan is a longtime English teacher who asks a provocative question: Is the world's focus on English preventing the spread of great ideas in other languages? In other words: What if Einstein had to pass the TOEFL? It's a passionate defense of translating and sharing ideas.

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Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences when you speak or write English. We can use linking words to give examples, add information, summarise, sequence information, give a reason or result, or to contrast ideas.

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Nouns and prepositions - English Grammar Today - Cambridge Dictionary

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Nouns and prepositions - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary

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Just a day in the awkward life. Check out more awesome BuzzFeedViolet videos! http://bit.ly/YTbuzzfeedviolet MUSIC Relocation Licensed via Warner Chappell Production Music Inc. GET MORE BUZZFEED www.buzzfeed.com/videoteam www.facebook.com/buzzfeedvideo www.instagram.com/buzzfeedvideo www.buzzfeed.com/video www.youtube.com/buzzfeedvideo www.youtube.com/buzzfeedyellow www.youtube.com/buzzfeedblue www.youtube.com/buzzfeedviolet BUZZFEED VIOLET BuzzFeed Violet: the good kind of awkward. Short, relatable videos that are totally you.

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If you're taking this quiz, you probably already know. But it's good to be sure.

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Awkward Situations Vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Awkward Situations Vocabulary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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more cool stuff here: http://tinyurl.com/arbitrage2011 I am here now with Lady Chelsea to learn how to be real gentleman. It very nice to meet you. more cool stuff here: http://tinyurl.com/arbitrage2011

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A guide to Scottish manners and etiquette

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A guide to Scottish manners and etiquette

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A new guide book for Japanese tourists visiting Scotland has warned them to avoid people wearing football shirts, and not to eat flat sausages.

The first official Japanese tour guide to Scotland also suggests visitors avoid council estates and never call kilts "skirts".

Written in Japanese, The Insider's Guide to Scotland is published by Edinburgh-based Luath Press.

VisitScotland said the comments should be taken with a "pinch of salt".

In the book, potential visitors are told never to approach men wearing green or blue football tops, but to make sure they go on a pub crawl and get "merrily drunk" on Scottish whisky.

Please do not expect to have the same quick, polite and accurate service here to compare with Japanese service at shops, restaurants and hotels
Insider's guide to Scotland

The book recommends that tourists try Mackie's honeycomb ice-cream and ginger marmalade, but to give Lorne sausages a miss.

One of the book's authors, Akiko Elliot, said: "I believe more Japanese will find the nature and culture of Scotland interesting and fascinating.

"Until now the emphasis of Scottish tourism was on visiting famous historical sites or playing golf, but younger people are showing a keen interest."

The tourist guide advises Japanese tourists on how to buy drinks at a local pub, including instructions on buying "a round", and also suggests visitors should have a "kitty" when going out as a group.

But the book is less positive about Scotland's service sector, warning: "Please do not expect to have the same quick, polite and accurate service here to compare with Japanese service at shops, restaurants and hotels.

"Be patient anywhere in Scotland, it is not Japan."

The book also warns Japanese visitors "never" to call a Scottish person English.

One section of the book is dedicated to explaining why many Scottish people do not carry umbrellas with them at all times.

The guide said: "When it rains, it seems only a handful of people use umbrellas in Scotland. That puzzles Japanese quite a lot because in Japan people would carry umbrellas all the time or leave the spare ones at the office for sudden showers."

Visitors to Scotland are encouraged to get "merrily drunk," to visit whisky distilleries, sample Scottish-staple Irn-Bru and use the word "aye" - which translates as "love" in Japanese.

A VisitScotland spokesman said the comments in the guide should be taken with "a pinch of salt".

He said: "Scotland is ideally placed to capitalise on the Japanese market due to our fantastic tourism offering that we know is of huge interest with this market and a great relationship that has been built up over the years.

"The comments within the book should be taken with a pinch of salt and are probably indicative of the Scots sense of humour but clearly there's a wealth of information in the book that showcases Scotland at its very best."

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Japanese tourist guide warning over Scots football and sausage - BBC News

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A new guide book for Japanese tourists visiting Scotland has warned them to avoid people wearing football shirts, and not to eat flat sausages. The first official Japanese tour guide to Scotland also suggests visitors avoid council estates and never call kilts "skirts". Written in Japanese, The Insider's Guide to Scotland is published by Edinburgh-based Luath Press.

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United Kingdom - Cultural Etiquette - e Diplomat

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Four countries make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Residents of any of these countries may be called "British." Use "English," "Scot" or "Scotsman," "Welsh" and "Irish" or "Northern Irish" only when certain of a person's heritage.

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Can't remember where your soup spoon ought to go? What about your salad fork? Knowing how to set a traditional table can seem like antiquated etiquette -- but it can come in handy! Anna Post, great-great-granddaughter of etiquette expert Emily Post, shows how to set a table with a plate full of tips and tricks to boot -- even your grandmother will be impressed.

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Surprising food etiquette from around the world

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Surprising food etiquette from around the world

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1. In Italy, never order cappuccino after a meal.

Italians never order a milk beverage after a meal because milk hinders digestion. Instead, they'll opt for straight espresso or coffee. No one's going to be outraged at you for ordering a cappuccino, but you might be branded a tourist.

8. When visiting friends in Nigeria's Kagoro tribe, don't even think of asking for a spoon if you're a woman.

France 3 Cinéma/Canal+

According to Margaret Visser in The Rituals of Dinner, women aren't allowed spoons. Everyone knows spoons lead to insurgency.

9. In America, impress your friends with a place setting that takes up five acres of table space.

There are some variations on table placement, but either way, Hot Pockets will taste so much better with a fancy place setting.

17. In London, it's OK to fart (as long as you're a giant and you're eating snozzcumbers and drinking frobscottle).

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17 Surprising Food Etiquette Rules From Around The World

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1. In Italy, never order cappuccino after a meal. Italians never order a milk beverage after a meal because milk hinders digestion. Instead, they'll opt for straight espresso or coffee. No one's going to be outraged at you for ordering a cappuccino, but you might be branded a tourist. 17.

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Reading Worksheets, Spelling, Grammar, Comprehension, Lesson Plans

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Noun Clause

What is a noun clause? Need help understanding is a noun clause and what isn't? Check out our page and find our noun clause examples and learn how to weave a noun clause into your own writing.

A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains a subject and a verb or verb phrase but does not express a complete thought. As a result, it cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses can function either as noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses.

What Is a Noun Clause?

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition.

Noun Clause Examples

( Whoever thought of that idea is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever and the verb thought. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #1) The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively.

( How we can satisfy customers most effectively is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb phrase can satisfy. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying focus.)

Noun Clause Examples #2) Choose a gift for whomever you want.

( Whomever you want is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and the verb want. The clause acts as an object of the preposition for in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #3) Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.

( Whichever restaurant you pick is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and the verb pick. The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #4) Be sure to send whoever interviewed you a thank-you note.

( Whoever interviewed you is a noun clause. It contains the subject whoever and the verb interviewed. The clause acts as an indirect object in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #5) Do you know what the weather will be?

( What the weather will be is a noun clause. It contains the subject weather and the verb phrase will be. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #7) My greatest asset is that I am a hard worker.

( That I am a hard worker is a noun clause. It contains the subject I and the verb am. The clause acts as a predicate nominative in the sentence, identifying asset.)

Noun Clause Examples #8) It's important to think about why we make certain decisions.

( Why we make certain decisions is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb make. The clause acts as an object of the preposition about in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #9) I wonder how long we should wait here.

( How long we should wait here is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb phrase should wait. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

Noun Clause Examples #10) Always give whichever audience you perform for a great show.

( Whichever audience you perform for is a noun clause. It contains the subject you and the verb perform. The clause acts as an indirect object in the sentence.)

( Whatever we want is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb want. The clause acts as a direct object in the sentence.)

I'm packing extra snacks for when we get hungry.

( When we get hungry is a noun clause. It contains the subject we and the verb get. The clause acts as an object of the preposition for in the sentence.)
Related Topics:

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What is a Noun Clause? Noun Clause Examples and Definition - K12reader

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What is a noun clause? Need help understanding is a noun clause and what isn't? Check out our page and find our noun clause examples and learn how to weave a noun clause into your own writing. A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains a subject and a verb or verb phrase but does not express a complete thought.

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Jason Fried: Why work doesn't happen at work

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Jason Fried has a radical theory of working: that the office isn't a good place to do it. He calls out the two main offenders (call them the M&Ms) and offers three suggestions to make the workplace actually work.

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The 26 Most Annoying Things About Working In An Office

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The 26 Most Annoying Things About Working In An Office

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6. Having to spend the first half of every Monday answering the exact same question.

Would it be so wrong to just hand these out instead?

11. And then, once a year, it's your turn - which means sitting there while people sing "Happy Birthday" to you. Because that's not awkward at all.

22. Colleagues who send emails, despite sitting right next to you.

You know the type. They cycled to work this morning, do yoga at their desk, and will probably go for a run at lunch.

So while you're hungover, dolefully chomping through one of these.

They've got a drawer full of these.

26. And coworkers who are permanently stressed.

Still, you've got to look on the bright side. Only another few hours to go, and then...

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The 26 Most Annoying Things About Working In An Office

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6. Having to spend the first half of every Monday answering the exact same question. Would it be so wrong to just hand these out instead? 11. And then, once a year, it's your turn - which means sitting there while people sing "Happy Birthday" to you. Because that's not awkward at all.

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I'm sure we've all been there at one point, we've worked a job where the manager was absolutely dreadful.

The type of boss that makes your job unbearable to a point where you feel like walking out during any given moment.

Unfortunately, there are a lot of horrible bosses out there and they can make even the funnest of jobs seem frightful.

Here are some of the characteristics of a horrible boss:

Add this infographic to your site by copying this code:

1. Controlling

There's a clear difference between a boss and a leader.

A great leader knows how to motivate people and make the people around them better.

A horrible boss is more of a controlling delegator, who only focuses on assigning busy work to employees without having to necessarily explain to the employees why.

I'm sure a lot of employees out there still don't know why they're filling out TPS reports.

2. Indecisive

Horrible managers can be indecisive in what they want completed out of certain tasks.

This is because they don't necessarily analyze situations enough to see what the end result is. They just think things are "good ideas" and tend to run with it, without necessarily weighing in the pros and cons.

When they do think it through, they don't know if they want to follow through because they don't know what they really want to make that assumption, and if it were to fail, it'll look bad on them.

A great leader will evaluate the situation and be able to realize if decisions will better the company. Even if the decision is a good one, they aren't afraid to fail fast and try something new.

3. Stubborn

They always think they're right, they don't want to hear any other person's opinion, they will show disregard toward a potentially better idea ... or take credit for it.

Stubborn managers can break a department's spirits and be detrimental toward the growth of a company.

Whereas leaders are open-minded enough to know that everyone in the office is equal and that employees can conceptualize new ideas and bring more to the table if leadership remains humble.

4. Resist Change

Poor management embraces being stagnant and don't like changing certain processes within the office.

People in general don't like doing anything that will require them to change; however, for managers to resist change is putting jobs on the line.

Growing as a business requires that you constantly reinventing the office environment and coming up with new concepts that'll allow your employees to work better and satisfy your customers.

5. Micromanage

I guess I may have a personal bias, but, micromanaging is probably the worst thing that one human can do to another.

A horrible manager that is constantly reviewing work to make sure it's completed to their liking is quite the imbecile. They are demotivating their employees and ruining the quality of their work.

Some of the best places to work enforce employee autonomy so they can give their employees the freedom to accomplish more task and do it to their liking. It's a lot less stressful for both management and employees.

6. Lead By Fear

This type of tactic make work in an archaic workplace where we're supposed to look at management as some form of demigod, but the way things have changed throughout the past couple of years, there is no room for this kind of leadership.

The prototype modern day workplace is a lot more liberal and doesn't use fear as a form of management.

We've all seen those old movies where the managers threaten an employee by saying they're going to fire them if they don't complete a big task.

Well, there's a reason why the manager in those movies usually are the villains. So sorry, scrooge ... that kind of management doesn't work anymore.

7. "Visionless"

It's bad when a boss doesn't see the long term vision and they only focus on making short term fixes.

Whether it's relating to a product/service, work environment, or even conflicts. A boss who can't take the time to appropriately have a goal set or a long-term vision can bring down the moral of colleagues.

Great bosses tend to have a roadmap of what to do for the coming weeks, months, and sometimes even years.

8. Favoritism

There's no place for nepotism in the workplace. Horrible bosses shouldn't be choosing favorites in the office, especially if they're going to refer a person for a big position.

A manager can make friends with employees (even though I've had other managers tell me different) however, they have to know when to separate personal friendships from business.

Leaders often see any personal relationship they make with a person as an add-on to being a colleague.

They can differentiate work and personal stuff, and they often try to do their best to establish a great relationship with everyone at their office.

9. Arrogance

Similar to being stubborn, an arrogant boss can ruin workplace with their ostentatious personality.

They will carry around this horrible bravado that will make them seem as if they're the most powerful person in the world. Which in my opinion is wrong.

There's no room for cockiness in an office and good leaders tend to check their egos at the door.

They know that having engaged employees comes from making sure that everyone is working together as a team; not trying to show off all of their personal accomplishments.

10. Angry

I find that angry bosses are absolutely ridiculous. They think because they've obtained a position of power, they can berate, belittle, and treat others wrong.

This is not a definitely not a good indicator of sound leadership and it's kind of using leadership by fear.

Real leaders can obtain an even-keel attitude and not let their emotions get the best of them.

11. Blame-Shifter

This is similar to someone who makes excuses all the time within an office. This type of manager will always look to blame someone instead of taking it on themselves.

Basically, the blame-shifter will always look at all the things that went wrong and put it all on the employees.

A great leader is able to hone up to any mistakes that they make, and even more impressive, they'll often time take blame for any mistakes that employees have made. Just because they were not there to correct any mistakes.

12. Driven by emotion

Lastly, a horrible boss is driven by emotion. It's one thing to make a couple of decisions based on confidence or a gut feeling, however, it's another to do it and not have any reasoning behind it.

Great leaders can usually make a decision by using a good amount of data to back up their reasoning.

This is a less riskier route and has a higher reward. There's a reason that there are so many analytic platforms on the internet. It's so great managers can use them to their advantage and come up with data to confirm any assumptions.

Remember, there's a clear cut difference between being a boss (a horrible one at that) and a leader. I think that workplaces will grow a lot faster if we continue molding people to become better leaders. That's why it's important to make employees engaged within their offices. So try some unique employee engagement practices that will allow people in your office to lead better and respect one another.

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12 Characteristics Of A Horrible Boss [Infographic]

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I'm sure we've all been there at one point, we've worked a job where the manager was absolutely dreadful. The type of boss that makes your job unbearable to a point where you feel like walking out during any given moment.

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How Obsessed With Books Are You Actually?

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How Obsessed With Books Are You Actually?

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How Obsessed With Books Are You Actually?

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50 films to see before you die vocabulary

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50 films to see before you die vocabulary

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50 films to see before you die vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying 50 films to see before you die vocabulary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Is your life a crime? A horror? Take this quiz to find out, and be sure to cast your vote in the inaugural Guardian Film Awards for your chance to win swanky prizes, including tickets to a premiere...

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A bird with a FEAR OF FLYING tries to avoid heading South for the winter. A live-action-animated short film- NO STOP-MOTION!

Making of here: https://vimeo.com/48440802

**PLEASE WATCH FULL SCREEN IN GLORIOUS HIGH DEFINITION W HEADPHONES**

BEST ANIMATION @ Galway Film Fleadh 2012
BEST ANIMATION @ LA Shorts Fest 2012
YOUNG DIRECTORS FORUM AWARD @ Cristal Fest 2012 
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Glasgow Short Film Fest 2013
BEST ANIMATION @ Chicago Irish Film Fest
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Animade 2013
BEST ANIMATION @ Fastnet Film Fest
BEST ANIMATION @ Lower East Side Film Fest
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Omaha Film Fest
BEST ANIMATION @ Provincetown International Film Fest
GRAND PRIX @ Baranja Animation Festival, Croatia
CHILDREN'S JURY AWARD @ Encounters 2013
YOUNG PUBLIC AWARD @  Animatou 

Written and Directed by Conor Finnegan
Produced by Brunella Cocchiglia
Voiced by Mark Doherty, Aoife Duffin & Steven Courtney
DOP: Ivan Mc Cullough
Music & Sound Design: ECHOLAB
Composers: Tobias Norberg, Gavin Little, Mats Valentin
Sound Design: Joe Mc Hugh, Gavin Little
Characters Made by Renate Henschke
Art Director: Joe Fallover

LOVELY PRODUCTION 2012

Made with the support of the Irish Film Board, RTE and the Arts Council.

Brazilian_Portugese subs by https://vimeo.com/leticiatranslation

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The Brain Vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying The Brain Vocabulary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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3. It sometimes "forgets" to switch on our motor control when we wake up.

John Henry Fuseli / Public Domain / commons.wikimedia.org

When we enter deep REM sleep, our brain is just as active as when we're awake. Luckily, we don't act out our vivid dreams because the brain shuts down our motor control system as we enter deep sleep. Problems occur, however, when it "forgets" to reactivate it as we wake up.

Anyone who's ever had sleep paralysis knows how terrifying this is, and it's believed to result from our brains somehow overlooking the need to return control of our muscles to the smarter, conscious brain regions, possibly due to stress or poor signalling issues. It gets round to it eventually, but while it lasts, it's not a pleasant experience.

4. It assumes the world is fair when it clearly isn't.

7. It edits memories to make us look better.

8. It can't really do much with the sense of taste.

10. It thinks embarrassment is a genuine threat.

11. It keeps seeing faces where there aren't any.

Dean Burnett's new book The Idiot Brain, is published by Guardian Faber and is available now.

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7. It edits memories to make us look better. 10. It thinks embarrassment is a genuine threat. Dean Burnett's new book The Idiot Brain, is published by Guardian Faber and is available now.

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Buzzfeed Technology Vocabulary Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Buzzfeed Technology Vocabulary. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Would eating less meat really combat climate change?

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Would eating less meat really combat climate change?

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With the food system accounting for up to a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, anything that reduces its impact will make a big difference to the climate.

It is a system riddled with inefficiencies and waste. Humans don't simply eat food straight out of the ground, of course. It's harvested, stored, processed - or fed to animals who are in turn slaughtered and processed - and finally packaged and delivered. Each of these stages uses energy, which means emissions.

In very rough terms, the world grows about 6,000 calories per person a day in edible crop harvest. That is about three times the 2,000 calories a day that end up getting to be eaten by humans. This would be enough to feed everyone if we shared it round perfectly, which we don't, so some people go hungry while others eat more than is good for them.

So what happens to the massive 4,000 calories per day gap between field and fork and what has this got to do with going vegetarian or even vegan?

Here, again in rough numbers, is how the missing calories can be accounted for:

About 900 are agricultural waste, much of which is simply left in the ground. Supply exceeds demand or the crop is deemed not able meet customer standards.

About 500 go to biofuels. This is not necessarily a bad thing, but it is something we need to keep a very close eye on if we are ever to achieve a low-carbon world. If free market forces were allowed to do their thing we could see a huge shift from food crops to more profitable fuels, at the expense of nutrition in poorer countries.

Around 600 calories are then lost in post-harvest waste. This is mainly an issue in developing countries and is inherently solvable, at face value, through the provision of such things as sealed containers to keep food dry.

So far in the story from field to plate there is still a plentiful 4,000 calories per day left for feeding people. Around 1,700 of these are fed to animals. The animal diet is further supplemented with a substantial amount of grass, some but not all of which is grown on land that could alternatively be used to grow yet more human food.

Animals - some more than others - add an intrinsic inefficiency into the food chain, using up energy for such things as walking around and keeping warm (per kilo of meat, poultry do a lot less of less of this through their lives than cows, making chicken a significantly more efficient energy source than beef). A mere 500 calories per person per day come back out of the animal food system as meat and dairy foods. So the inefficiency of our meat and dairy diet leads to a loss of 1,200 calories per person per day, excluding any grassland that could be used for edible plant crops. And meat consumption is rising fast in developing countries.

To finish off the story, around 800 calories are lost to processing, distribution and household waste, of which the biggest element is household waste in developed countries - the homes of most of the people reading this are included here. Inadequate sharing of the remaining 2,000 that humans actually eat means that some people end up obese while others are hungry.

Seen in this way, the world food system looks to be brimming with opportunities for improvement. If we can get organised - which of course is not at all easy - we ought to be able to use new technologies and deploy best practices to increase yields, as well as cutting out most of the 2,300 calories that are wasted. Even with a rising population - and even with climate change adversely affecting land fertility in some areas - we ought to be able to feed everyone while improving biodiversity and increasing the biofuel output somewhat.

Our animal intake puts a huge and growing pressure on the food and land system. If the world went vegan overnight we might be able to feed several billion more people and double biofuel production, even without tackling waste or improving yields.

We need to be asking how plants can become more aspirational foods than cows. But if we are still going to eat meat, stick to chicken which has only about one-tenth of the carbon footprint per kilo of Brazilian beef. This is partly because a chicken is a more energy-efficient meat producer, partly because chickens don't ruminate, or chew the cud (which emits methane, roughly doubling the footprint of a cow) and partly because chicken farms are less strongly associated with deforestation.

Our studies of the footprint of UK dietary choice have shown that going vegetarian might cut the greenhouse gas footprint by 25 per cent. However the same reduction can also be made through modest actions split across what for most UK people are the three most important things you can do to cut your food carbon: reduce meat, switch type of meat and, of course, cut waste.

Mike Berners-Lee​ is Visiting Researcher, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University. This article originally appeared on The Conversation.

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How going vegetarian could help save the planet from climate change

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With the food system accounting for up to a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, anything that reduces its impact will make a big difference to the climate. It is a system riddled with inefficiencies and waste. Humans don't simply eat food straight out of the ground, of course.

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25 Amazingly Cool Gadget Gifts You May Want To Keep For Yourself

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25 Amazingly Cool Gadget Gifts You May Want To Keep For Yourself

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Charlotte Gomez / BuzzFeed

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25 Amazingly Cool Gadget Gifts You May Want To Keep For Yourself

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Can't get enough gift ideas? See every single one of our gift guides for 2016 here. Want even more great product suggestions? Sign up for BuzzFeed's Gift Guide Newsletter! If you can't see the signup box above, just go here to sign up for the BuzzFeed Gift Guide newsletter!

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Technology Vocabualry Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying Technology Vocabualry. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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17 Wishes The Make-A-Wish Foundation Has Granted This Year

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17 Wishes The Make-A-Wish Foundation Has Granted This Year

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17 Wishes The Make-A-Wish Foundation Has Granted This Year

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From bedroom makeovers to celebrity meet and greets, here's just a sampling of the wishes the Make-A-Wish Foundation has granted in 2013.