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Latest three month average temperature and precipitation anomalies for the United States. The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.

Standard sea-level pressure, by definition, equals 760 mm (29.92 inches) of mercury, 14.70 pounds per square inch, 1,013.25 × 10 ³ dynes per square centimetre, 1,013.25 millibars, one standard atmosphere

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the process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through a substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between adjoining regions, without movement of the material.

1. the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat.

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

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The three main types, or classes, of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous and the differences among them have to do with how they are formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment.

wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air.

SEDIMENT. Small, solid particles of material from rocks or organisms which are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition. DEPOSITION. The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it, and is deposited in a new location.

Physical weathering, also called mechanical weathering or disaggregation, is the class of processes that causes the disintegration of rocks without chemical change. The primary process in physical weathering is abrasion (the process by whichclasts and other particles are reduced in size).

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Precipitation is rain, snow, sleet, or hail — any kind of weather condition where something's falling from the sky. Precipitation has to do with things falling down, and not just from the sky. It's also what happens in chemical reactions when a solid settles to the bottom of a solution.
cycle
the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.

Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Evaporation is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature.
Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves.
the draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land, a building or structure, etc.

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There, radiant energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from air, and water and nutrients absorbed by the roots are combined to make glucose (sugar). Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis and is used by most living things (including plants) to carry on respiration.

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Producer: is an organism, either a green plant or bacterium, which is part of the first level of a food chain.  (to produce) This 'a'ali'i plant is a producer. It has green leaves enable the plant to take energy from the sun and make its own food.

an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic materials

◇ Herbivores that feed on green plants and detritivores that feed on decaying matter are called primary consumers. Carnivores that feed on herbivores or detritivores are called secondary consumers, while those that feed on other carnivores are called tertiary consumers. Compare producer.

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In ecology and biology, abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which affect ecosystems. Bioticdescribes a living component of an ecosystem; for example organisms, such as plants and animals. All living things — autotrophs and heterotrophs — plants, animals, fungi, bacteria.

Organism. Organism: is an individual living thing, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, protest, or fungus. An organism has a body made up of smaller parts that work together. There are many different organisms.

Community, also called biological community, in biology, an interacting group of various species in a common location. For example, a forest of trees and undergrowth plants, inhabited by animals and rooted in soil containing bacteria and fungi, constitutes a biological community
A group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular geographic area.Populations may be relatively small and closed, as on an island or in a valley, or they may be more diffuse and without a clear boundary between them and a neighboring population of the same species.

Symbiosis is the ecological relationship between two or more organisms living closely together with some form of feeding relationship involved. The three mainsymbiotic relationships are: - Mutualism, where both organisms benefit. -Commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other organism is not harmed.

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In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes andeukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similarbecause they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. ... These structures include: chloroplasts, the cell wall, and vacuoles.

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1. The five-kingdom system of classification for living organisms, including the prokaryotic Monera and the eukaryotic Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia is complicated by the discovery of archaebacteria.

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All matter can be classified into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance consists of a single element or compound. Iron is formed only of iron atoms; table salt is formed only by sodium chloride molecules. A mixture, however, is made up of different compounds and/or elements.

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The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of thechemical elements, ordered by their atomic number (number of protons), electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. This ordering showsperiodic trends, such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column.

Variation in the number of electrons or neutrons does not change the type of element. Changing number of electrons produces ions while changing the number of neutrons produces isotopes. The modern periodic table is organized in order of increasing atomic number. The element's atomic mass in atomic mass units.

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Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus.
Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms can join together toform molecules, which in turn form most of the objects around you. Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons.

the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass.
Electron cloud is an informal term in physics. It is used to describe where electrons are when they go around the nucleus of an atom.

1. a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.

2. a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

BONDING. When atoms join together to form molecules, they are held together by chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons between the atoms.

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Density is a measure of mass per volume. The average density of an object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. An object made from a comparatively dense material (such as iron) will have less volume than an object of equal mass made from some less dense substance (such as water).

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There are several differences between a physical and chemical change in matter or substances. A physical change in a substance doesn't change what the substance is. In a chemical change where there is a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and energy is either given off or absorbed.

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All matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases. These are called the states of matter.Matter can change from one state to another if heated or cooled.

Matter can change from one state to another if heated or cooled. If ice (a solid) is heated it changesto water (a liquid). This change is called MELTING. If water is heated, it changes to steam (a gas).

mass definition. In physics, the property of matter that measures its resistance to acceleration. Roughly, the mass of an object is a measure of the number of atoms in it. The basic unit of measurement for mass is the kilogram. (See Newton's laws of motion; compare weight.)

Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Common units used to express volume include liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters, teaspoons and ounces.

Weight is a force caused by gravity. The weight of an object is the gravitational force between the object and the Earth. The more mass the object has the greater its weight will be. Weight is a force, so it's measured in newtons.

Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. ... Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids.
a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil.

A gas is a sample of matter that conforms to the shape of a container in which it is held and acquires a uniform density inside the container, even in the presence of gravity and regardless of the amount of substance in the container.
Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Evaporation is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature.
Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. In other words, the water in the air, a gas known as water vapor, from your hot shower cooled when it met the surface of the cold mirror. This caused the water vapor to condense, or turn into its liquid form.
Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. For most substances, themelting and freezing points are the same temperature; however, certain substances possess differing solid–liquid transition temperatures.

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1. 1) Pose a Testable Question.

2. 2) Conduct Background Research.

3. 3) State your Hypothesis.

4. 4) Design Experiment.

5. 5) Perform your Experiment.

6. 6) Collect Data.

7. 7) Draw Conclusions.

8. 8) Publish Findings (optional).

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For ahypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.

1. a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.

2. a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

The control group is defined as the group in an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.

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1. Make an observation or observations.

2. Ask questions about the observations and gather information.

3. Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of what's been observed, and make predictions based on that hypothesis.

The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

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An OBSERVATION is something you detect using one or more of your 5 senses.OBSERVATIONS give us information about the world around us. An INFERENCE is what you decide about an observation. INFERENCES attempt to explain or interpretobservations based on the evidence and/or our experience.

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a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

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a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

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a remark, statement, or comment based on something one has seen, heard, or noticed.