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1) Anaemia is define as reduction below normal of the number of erythrocytes, quantity of haemoglobin or volume of packed red cell in the blood

2) Mature RBC: biconcave structure, no nucleus and organelles, no RNA, present of haemoglobin Young RBC: Bigger size than mature RBC, basophilic, no nucleus but has RNA and reticulum

3a) Underproduction:
- bone marrow disease/failure
- nutritional deficiency (iron, Vit B12, folate)
- lack of growth factor (erythropoeitin) such in renal disease

3b) destruction:
- immune attack towards RBCs
- Virus and bacteria infection lead to RBCs destruction
- Hypersplenism
- blood loss

4) Reticulocyte production indeks: - Underproduction low RPI, destruction high RPI

5) Erythropoiesis

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5)

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1. Define Anemia
Anemia is define as decrease in the number of red blood cell due to problem with the production of the RBC or the destruction of normal RBC.

2. Mature RBC has no nucleus, DNA and organelles such as mitochondria and ribosome. Mature RBC is called erythrocytes. It contains lots of hemoglobin while young RBC contain nucleus, DNA and organelles. Young RBC is also called erythroblast.

3. 3 causes for underproduction:
a. Renal failure - kidney fail to produce enough erythropoietin
b. Bone marrow infected with virus or tumor or fibrosis
c. Not enough precursor to make DNA in erythroblast so prevent the production of many more erythroblast.
3 causes for destruction:
a.immune system attacks RBC
b. Virus and bacteria attacks RBC
c. Blood vessel damage (hole) that lead to lost of blood.

4. Parameter to distinguish underproduction or destruction:
Reticulocyte >3% : Destruction anemia
Reticulocyte >3% underproduction anemia

5. Diagram below:

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1. Anemia is shortage or reduction of red blood cells in the body

2. Mature RBC / Erythrocyte - no nucleus, no DNA, no organelles, high number of hemoglobin
Young RBC / Erythroblast - has nucleus, DNA and organelles. Bigger size compared to mature RBC

3. Causes of underproduction - renal failure, tumors, fibrosis

Causes of destruction  - immune system attack normal RBC,   pathogens such as bacteria or virus, blood vessel injury

4. Reticulocytes count
Underproduction: Reticulocytes < 3%
Destruction: Reticulocytes > 3%

5.

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1) Anemia is shortage or decrease in number of red blood cells (RBC). The decrease of no. of RBC caused by either problem in making RBC or problem of normal health RBC is destroyed.

2) Different between mature and young RBC:
- Mature RBC: no nucleus (no DNA), no organelles inside cell, contain lots of haemoglobin inside cell.
- Immature RBC: have nuclues (contain DNA), have organelles such as mitochondrion and ribosome, bigger size than mature .

3) 3 causes for
a) underproduction
i. Renal failure may affect the production of Erythropoietin hormone which subsequently affect the production of RBC by bone marrow.
ii. Bone marrow which is sick or infected by virus is unable to produce RBC
iii. Tumour or fibrosis tissue may affect the production of erythroblast which subsequently affecting the RBC production

b) destruction
i. Immune system which attack/ destroy RBC
ii. Pathogen (virus/ bacteria) which destroy RBC
iii. Blood loss

4. Reticulocyte count is the parameter which can help to distinguish between underproduction and destruction cause. For
- destruction case: Retic count is > 3%
(bone marrow and kidney work extra hard to compensate the RBC destruction and more immature RBC is released into blood)
- underproduction case: Retic count is < 3%
(bone marrow and kidney may have problem and cannot produce more young RBC/ reticulocyte)

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1- Anaemia defined as The deficiency of Red blood cells or haemoglobin.

2- The young cell ( Immature / Erythroblast ) which contain nucleus with DNA and have other organelle in it .
While Mature cell ( Erythrocyte ) have biconcave shape with a lot of haemoglobin without nucleus or any organelle .

3- Underproduction could be as a result of:
a) Renal Failure which affects the stimulation of erythropoiesis (insufficient production )
b) sick or infected bone marrow  ( Bone marrow Failure).
c) problems in Erythroblast lead to decrease in a precursor to produce DNA .

Destruction because of
a) The immune system attack RBCs.
b) Pathogens such as bacteria or viruses attacks RBCs .
c) Loss of blood ( vessel injury lead to hemorrhage), bleeding, hemolysis.

4- Distinguish between underproduction and destruction by mesure Reticulocytes count as normal percintage is 3 %
( destruction > 3% > underproduction ) .

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Rbc production

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Continued
failure, infection that suppress bone marrow eythropoesis e.g hepatitis, HIV and thirdly lack of erythropoiesis precursor substances e.g vitamin b12, folate etc
Causes of destruction
Immune mediated hemolysis
Various infections that lead to hemolysis e.g through release of toxin  etc
Thirdly- through blood loss

4) reticulocyte count. In destruction causes, level is increased to above 3%, however in underproduction causes level is below 3%

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1) anemia defined as reduction or shortage in number of red blood cells (RBC)
2) erythroblasts=immature RBC with presence of nucleus that contains DNA, and other organelles
Whereas mature RBC are those which have extruded all the nucleus and organelles
3) underproduction- decreases erythropoietin production as seen in renal

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1) Anemia is the decrease or shortage of red blood cell
2) Difference of young RBC and mature RBC
Young RBC: Has DNA, nucleus and organelle
Mature: Has no DNA, no nucleus and no organelle
3) 3 Causes of anemia due to:
Underproduction : i) Reduce erythropoietin level (renal failure)
ii) Bone marrow infiltration (tumor, fibrosis) and viral                                        infection
iii) Not enough precursors or DNA and  not enough
component to make hemoglobin
Destruction :  i) Immune hemolysis
ii) bacterial or viral infection
iii) Acute blood loss
4) Reticulocyte count - Destruction more than 3%
Underproduction less than 3%
5)

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1) anemia- a decrease, shortage of the number of red blood cells
2) young rbc- erythroblast, have nucleus and DNA
mature rbc, erythrocyte, no nucleus, no DNA, no organelles, contain hemoglobin, life span is 120 days
3) 3 causes
a) underproduction
i) reduce erythropoetin level
ii)bone marrow failure eg: tumor,infection,fibrosis
iii)reduce rbc precursors
b)destruction
i) immune system attack rbc eg alloantibody,autoantibody
ii)pathogen like virus and bacteria attack rbc
iii)blood loss
4) reticulocyte count

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1) anemia - a decrease, shortage of the number of red blood cells

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1.Anemia is shortage of red blood cell and hemoglobin.

2. Erythrocyte - no nucleus, no organelles, No DNA, has hemoglobin

Erythroblast - has nucleus, has DNA, has organelles, no hemoglobin

3. Underproduction -

i) chronic kidney disease/failure - causing decrease in EPO

ii) bone marrow failure - malignancy, tumours or fibrosis

iii) reduce in DNA precursor

iv) iron deficiency

Destruction

i) immune attack on rbc - allo/auto antibodies

ii) blood loss

iii) rbc attacked bg bacteria/virus/toxins

4. Reticulocyte count

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1.       Anemia is the decrease or shortage in number of RBC in the body.

2.       Mature RBC: No nucleus, no DNA, no organelles such as mitochondria, ribosome, contain hemoglobin

Young RBC: Contain nucleus, contain DNA, big in cell size

3. 3 causes for
a) underproduction

i) Insufficient amount of EPO produced due to renal or kidney failure will cause under stimulation of erythropoiesis or the production of RBC

ii) Bone marrow infected by virus, bacteria, tumor cells or fibroblast

iii) Erythroblast do not have enough precursor to produce DNA  or shortage in component of hemoglobin in RBC which cause problem in making Hb

b) destruction

i) Immune system attack the healthy or normal RBC

II) RBC is attack by pathogen such as virus or bacteria

iii) Blood vessel injury that cause hemorrhage or blood loss

4. Reticulocytes count
Underproduction: Reticulocytes < 3%
Destruction: Reticulocytes > 3%

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1. Define anaemia.
Anemia is defined as the reduction or loss of red blood cells and or haemoglobin in the circulation system beyond the normal range.
2. Differentiate betweeen mature and young RBC.
Immature RBC: Cells which is bigger in size than mature RBC, containing nucleus with DNA material within the nucleus and other organelle within the cell membrane.
Mature RBC: Smaller in size with biconcave shape; does not contain any DNA, nucleus or genetic material, neither is organelle (eg. mitochondria, etc) ; contains lots of haemoglobin for oxygen carrying purpose.
3. Name 3 causes for
a) underproduction
- Renal failure which causes the reduction in EPO production (understimulate), and subsequently the reduction in production of RBC.
- Bone marrow failure caused by tumor, bacteria infection, fibrosis scar tissue leading to lack of space for RBC production.
- Lacking of precursor for the production of erythroblast with genetic material and shortage of haemoglobin for the making of RBC.
b) destruction
- Immune system attack on own RBC
- Pathogen attack on RBC (bacteria or viruses)
- Haemorrhage or blood loss.
4. Name one parameter to help you distinguish between underproduction and destruction cause.
Reticulocytes count:
- Underproduction: < 3%
- Destruction: > 3%

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1. Anemia defines as decrease of red blood cell count below normal range in body.

2. Morphology of cell
Mature RBC is no nucleus, no DNA and no organelles, but consists of Hemoglobin. Whereas young RBC consists of big nucleus, DNA and organelles.

3. Cause of
(i) Underproduction- Renal failure (low Erythropoeitin, low erythropoiesis), Borrow Marrow disease for instance infection, tumor and tissue fibrosis and problem on the structure of hemoglobin formation.
(ii) Destruction - Immune system, pathogen attack for instance bacteria and virus infection, hemorrhage.

4. Destruction : Reticulocytes count more than 3%
Underproduction: Reticulocytes count less than 3%

5. Process of RBC production

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1. Anemia is a decrease or shortage in number of RBC.

2. Characteristic of
-young RBC: present of nucleus, DNA, organelles.
-mature RBC: absent of nucleus, DNA and organelles.Contains large number of Hb.

3.Causes of
-underproduction: renal failure, heamatopoietic stem cell problem, cancer or malignancy on bone marrow
-destruction: autoimmune system attack RBC, bacteria or virus infection,loss of blood

4. Reticulocyte count

5.

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1. Reduction below normal in the concentration of red blood cell and hemoglobin in the blood.

2. Mature RBC: No DNA, No nucleus, No organelles, lots of hemoglobin
Young: With nucleus, DNA, organelles

3.
a) causes of underproduction:
-Anaemia of chronic renal disease/renal failure
-Anaemia due to bone marrow failure (eg: fibrosis, tumor infiltration, viral infection)
-Nutrional deficiency (Iron deficiency)

b) Causes of destruction:
-Immune hemolytic anaemia
-Acute blood loos
-RBC attacked by bacteria/toxins

4. Reticulocyte count

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1. Reduction below normal of the number of erythrocytes and level of haemoglobin in the blood.

2. Mature RBC - no nucleus, no DNA, no organelles
Young RBC - has nucleus, DNA, organelles

3. a) 3 causes of underproduction
-chronic kidney disease/renal failure
-bone marrow infiltration d/t fibrosis, tumor
-shortage of components to make Haemoglobin such as iron

b) 3 causes of destruction
-RBCs attacked by immune system (allo/autoantibody)
-RBCs attacked by pathogens such as bacteria, virus
-microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia

4) Reticulocyte count

5) https://www.thinglink.com/scene/901124303766945795

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Please answer this pre-class question based on youtube video.

1. Define anaemia.
2. Differentiate betweeen mature and young RBC.
3. Name 3 causes for

a) underproduction
b) destruction

4. Name one parameter to help you distinguish between underproduction and destruction cause.

5. Outline the process of RBC production using apps thinglink.com.

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Anemia pathophysiology | Hematologic System Diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy

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Click to hear the video