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Began in 1543 and went through end of Enlightenment
Focus was on using science to explain the world
Forces church to acknowledge things they wanted to ignore

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Revised the Scientific Method
Gave people a new way to think about and explore the world

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Thinkers of the Scientific Revolution
Disproved the accepted "truths" of Aristotle

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Destructive war that lasted from 1618-1648
Took place in Central Europe
Resulted in 8million dead
Deadliest European religious war to date

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Writer of Leviathan.
Argued men are, by nature, selfish and in need of control
Government's role is to provide structure for the citizens and to do that, a single intimidating ruler was needed

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Writer of Two Treatises of Government
Took what Hobbes said and changed it so that governments role is to take care of its people and can be overthrown if not doing their job.

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Revolution in England against James II and his Catholic principles
End result was a dual monarchy under a constitutional government

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Came about as a result of the Glorious Revolution
Gave subjects in England individual rights under a government that would protect those rights

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French lawyer and political philosopher during the Enlightenment
He advocated for a separation of powers into branches of government to prevent abuse of power found under absolute monarchs

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Another French Enlightenment philosopher who fought for individual freedoms of religion and expression...both revolutionary ideas for this time

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French philosopher and writer
Spent his life collecting knowledge from everywhere he could find it
Co-founder of the first Encyclopedia

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French political philosopher
Highly influenced the French Revolution with his work on the state of man and the role of a citizen within their nation
Social Contract is his pivotal work

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A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
Focused on emotion and individualism

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German philosopher of the late 18th century
Focused his work on the human mind and the role it takes in shaping morality, reason, and judgement

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Group of advisers in France
Broken into three groups: clergy, nobles, and commoners
After a long period of not being called up, King Louis XVI brought them back in a last ditch effort to save his throne, and ultimately his life.
The Third Estate, the commoners, were banned from the meeting...sparking the revolution in France

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Revolutionary assembly comprised of the members of the Third Estate
Ran from June to July, 1789
Their main goal was to create a constitutional government for France

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First major event of the French Revolution, following the failure of the National Assembly.
The Bastille represented royal power and authority in Paris so this was a clear sign that the people had turned against the monarchy

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Fought from July 1789-1799
Began as a result of mismanagement by the French crown and Louis unwillingness to work with his citizens
Their hope: overthrow the monarchy and create a constitutional government

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July 1793, King and his Queen are beheaded
Ultimately, he was convicted of conspiracy with foreign powers and crimes against his people
His main failure: not realizing his subjects were the most important...and understanding the impact of the Enlightenment on his people and their mindset

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1793-94
Close to 17,000 death sentences were handed down officially, but the number is much higher due to those who died in prison, by suicide, or in war
The whole premise behind this was to "purge" the country of anyone not supporting the revolution and its leaders.
Eventually became a way to kill anyone for anything

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Commander for France following the Revolution
Led a coup against the newly established government and took control of France in 1799
Named himself emperor in 1804
Worked to stabilize the country, enacted laws and reforms, and led invasions to grow his empire and power