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age: 240,000 to 220,000 years old

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Location: East Africa
Habitat: rivers and lakes
Physical Characteristics: 9 to 14 ft tall, 1.5 to 4 tons
Behavioral Characteristics:
- found in mixed groups of around 15 individuals
- usually nocturnal
- hunt on land at night

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Eucladoceros dicranios   (Bush-Antlered Deer)

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Eucladoceros dicranios   (Bush-Antlered Deer)

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age: 2 to 3 million years old

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Libracles gallicus            (Broad-Antlered Deer)

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Libracles gallicus            (Broad-Antlered Deer)

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age: 2.5 to 3 millions years old

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age: 12,000 to 780,000 years old

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age: 23 million years old

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Anthracotherium magnum   (Anthracotherium)

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Anthracotherium magnum   (Anthracotherium)

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age: 23 to 34 million years old

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Diacodexis (oldest known even-toed mammal)

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Diacodexis (oldest known even-toed mammal)

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age: 46 to 55 million years old

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Location: Central Canada & the US
Habitat: plains & grasslands
Physical Characteristics: 7 to 11 ft tall, 900 to 2000 lbs
Behavioral Characteristics: - live in herds - aggressive during mating season - active throughout the day they are not nocturnal nor diurnal

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Location: North & South America
Habitat: forests, meadows, croplands
Physical Characteristics: 100 to 150 lbs, 2 to 4 ft tall
Behavioral Characteristics: - males aggressive during mating season      - primarily nocturnal or crepuscular (come out mainly at dawn or dusk)

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These fossils support evolution in the even-toed mammal group because they show how the white tailed deer, bison, and hippo have evolved from early prehistoric mammals.  It shows how they evolved from larger mammals from millions of years ago to the modern mammals we know today.

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- cattle
- sheep
- deer
- reindeer
- hippo
- giraffe
- moose
- camel
- goat
- pig
- boar
- elk

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1. An even amount of toes
2. Narrow and elongated head
3. Elongated tibia and fibula
4. Enlarged canine teeth

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1. Tendencies to merge into groups
2. Males seek out females during mating season
3. Usually have long gestation periods and smaller litter sizes

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There is no specific habitat requirement because there are even-toed mammals all around the world that live in many different habitats.

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https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/hippo-evolution

https://www.thoughtco.com/even-toed-hoofed-mammals-130019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/american-bison/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_antiquus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_elk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucladoceros

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libralces

http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/science-ounalashkastylus-tomida-desmostylia-unalaska-03319.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacodexis

https://www.britannica.com/science/embryo-human-and-animal

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Contains 35 chromosome pairs

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Contains 18 chromosome pairs

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Contains 30 chromosome pairs

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Most even-toed mammals are quadrupeds which are animals with four feet. There are two major body types. One is characterized by stocky bodies, short legs, and a large head. The other is characterized by a slender build and long legs. Hippos and bison are part of the first group and deer are members of the second group. Another similarity in structure is they all have an even number of toes. White tailed deer and american bison have two toes on each foot and hippos have four toes on each foot.

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The white tailed deer, hippo, american bison are pregnant for between 6 to 9 months. During the first seven weeks of pregnancy, all of these mammals are considered embryos and at the eighth week of pregnancy and on they are called a fetus. The development of the embryo of these mammals is called mammalian embryogenesis.

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All of these mammals have between around 20 to 30 chromosomes

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Gradual Equilibrium:  One type of even-toed ungulate called Entelodonts from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene era.  They lived throughout Eurasia and North America.  Anthracotheres lived during the middle Eocene up until the Pliocene throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America.  Anthracotheres are also the known ancestors of hippos.

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Convergent Evolution

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The white tailed deer and american bison can not reproduce together because of reproductive isolation.   Even though  american bison and white tailed deer live in the same habitats they can not produce an offspring because of reproductive isolation which includes reasons like different mating locations, different mating seasons, and difference of sexual organs.

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The american bison and white tailed deer can not reproduce with the hippo because of geographic and reproductive isolation. If they all did live in the same habitat, it still would not be possibe to produce an offspring. Geographic isolation also separates these groups because hippos live in Africa but bison and deer live in North and South America.

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As these mammals evolved from the original even-toed mammal (called the Diacodexis) they spread throughout the world and adapted different traits to fit their environment. This shows descent with modification because as each mammal gained traits they passed them on to their offspring which led to the mammals we know today.

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When even and odd toed mammals evolved, even toed mammals weren't dominant. They had to gain specific traits in order to survive like hippos being able to breathe underwater for long amounts of time or deer being able to run fast from predators.

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White Tailed Deer: Cervidae
Hippo: Hippopotamidae
American Bison: Bovidae

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetartiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Genus: Bison
Species: Bison

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetartiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Genus: Odocoileus
Species: Virginianus

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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Cetartiodactyla
Family: Hippopotamidae
Genus: Hippopotamus
Species: Amphibius