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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

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Congress can't make restrictions on any religion or force a religion. They can't control the press. They can't punish people for expressing their opinions; we are allowed to say certain things without punishment. They (government) are allowed to be petitioned against and can't stop any peaceful gathering of people (i.e peaceful protests).

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A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

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Every state may have a good military force and citizens can own guns (for defense in protecting their state).

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No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

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A soldier can't lodge in someone's house unless they allow it or the law states so (for that time).

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

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People and their property cannot be searched without a warrant (which allows for a search to take place) and a legal reason.

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No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

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Someone accused of a capital (where one can get the death penalty) or other major crimes isn't forced to testify without a grand jury.
There are exceptions: when the military and navy are involved and when serving in the military in either war or when the public is endangered.
No one can be given the death punishment twice for an offense that was done once (by them).
No one is forced to testify against themselves.
No one can take away life, liberty, and property without the lawful process (i.e the ruling from court).
No one's private property can be given to the public unless they receive compensation (something given to make up for a loss).
Basically, you can't be charged with a crime unless the proper legal process has been made.

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In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

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Everyone accused gets to have a trial, which determines their innocence or guilt with reason . They get to know the reason behind their detention and gain their own witnesses and counsel (lawyers) for their case. They can also meet the witnesses against them.
The trial must be held in the state of the accused crime and be public.

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In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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Any lawsuit over 20$ can't be prevented a jury. The fact tried by the jury (their conclusion/ruling) won't be changed and/or evaluated by any other court unless law states so.

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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Bails cannot cost an unreasonable amount of money.
fines cannot be an unreasonable amount of money
Punishments should be reasonable (loose term) and not put the punished in too harsh a situation.

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(This militia is to keep California safe)

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The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

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The written rights in the constitution doesn't mean that other implied laws important to people are disregarded.

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

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Powers (abilities) that are not given to the Federal government in the constitution are the ones of the state government.

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Where the defendant can meet the witnesses against them.

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(The right to clean water is not written down but is a human right since it's essential to survival)

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(The constitution didn't give the US the power over schools, so each state takes that power)

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Not having their rights taken and not being forced to testify against themselves.