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SOURCES

Abdellah, D. A., & Lugli, P. P. (2013, September 26). With carbon nanotubes, a path to flexible, low-cost sensors. Retrieved from Research in Germany: http://www.research-in-germany.org/en/research-landscape/news/news-archive/2013/09/2013-09-24-with-carbon-nanotubes--a-path-to-flexible--low-cost-sensors.html

Discovery News. (2013, February 27). Charge Your Cell Phone In 5 Seconds. United States of America.

Kempa, T. J., Day, R. W., Kim, S.-K., Park, H.-G., & Lieber, C. M. (2013, March). Semiconductor nanowires: a platform for exploring limits and concepts for nano-enabled solar cells. Energy and Environmental Science, 6, 681-1048. Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/ees

Mehrotra, P. (n.d.). Nanotechnology Applications in Energy Sector. Nano Science and Technology Consortium, 1-48.

National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2014). Nanotechnology And Energy. Arlington, VA 22230: National Nanotechnology Coordination Office.

Public Broadcasting Service. (2015, March 28). How Will Nanotechnology Change the World ? Arlington, VA, United States of America.

Silverstein, K. (2013, March 5). Nanotechnology: Expanding Clean Energy and Easing Fuel Shortages. Retrieved from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kensilverstein/2013/03/05/nanotechnology-expanding-clean-energy-and-easing-fuel-shortages/
Siril, D. P. (2013). Nanotechnology and its Application in Renewable Energy. IIT Mandi, School of Basic Sciences, Mandi. Retrieved from http://www.iitmandi.ac.in/ireps/images/Nanotechnology%20and%20its%20application%20in%20renewable%20energy.pdf

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This technique is already being used to cure tumors

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It is another method of guiding the nanobots to their destination.

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Yes Ganesh, you are right, it would be diffucult. How about we use swarming method. That would save us the troubling nanobots and at the same time help us keep a better track on them.

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Do you think it can be used to make a pollution free environment?

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Glossary

1.photovoltaics :its type of diode using to convert solar energy to current electricity

2.diode:mixing of p and n semiconductors is known as diode

3.transistor:mixing of p,n,p and n,p,n semiconductors of different size is known as transistors

4.Repellent: a substance used to treat especially on fabric or stone ,so as to make it impervious to protic solvents

5.

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Fundamental concept of nano technolgy

The volume of object decreases as the third power of its linear dimension,but the surface area only decreases as its second power.this some what subtle and unavoidable princple has some huge ramifications

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In swarming technique no programming is used. It is based on shear affinity a surface has for another surface.

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How do we do that exactly?

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What is swarming technique? Could you be more elaborate

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But krishna, don't you think programming so many nanobots at the same time would be difficult?

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Do you have any ideas to do that?

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how nano electronics came into picture?

the basic element of the most of the devices is transistor which repalced high spaced vaccum tubes, as years going on the transistor size is day by day decreasing from milli to micro then micro to nano

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Many human-made pollutants in the environment resist degradation through natural processes, and disrupt hormonal and other systems in mammals and other animals. Removing these toxic materials - which include pesticides and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) - with existing methods is often expensive and time-consuming.

In a new paper published this week in Nature Communications, researchers from MIT and the Federal University of Goiás in Brazil demonstrate a novel method for using nanoparticles and ultraviolet (UV) light to quickly isolate and extract a variety of contaminants from soil and water.

Ferdinand Brandl and Nicolas Bertrand, the two lead authors, are former postdocs in the laboratory of Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT's Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. (Eliana Martins Lima, of the Federal University of Goiás, is the other co-author.) Both Brandl and Bertrand are trained as pharmacists, and describe their discovery as a happy accident: They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells.

Brandl had previously synthesized polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV light. But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV light can be damaging to tissue and cells, and doesn't penetrate through the skin. When they learned that UV light was used to disinfect water in certain treatment plants, they began to ask a different question.

"We thought if they are already using UV light, maybe they could use our particles as well," Brandl says. "Then we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants, or hormones from water, because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV light."
A trap for 'water-fearing' pollution
The researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol, a widely used compound found in laxatives, toothpaste, and eye drops and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.

Nanoparticles made from these polymers have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Due to molecular-scale forces, in a solution hydrophobic pollutant molecules move toward the hydrophobic nanoparticles, and adsorb onto their surface, where they effectively become "trapped." This same phenomenon is at work when spaghetti sauce stains the surface of plastic containers, turning them red: In that case, both the plastic and the oil-based sauce are hydrophobic and interact together.

If left alone, these nanomaterials would remain suspended and dispersed evenly in water. But when exposed to UV light, the stabilizing outer shell of the particles is shed, and - now "enriched" by the pollutants - they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation, or other methods.

The researchers used the method to extract phthalates, hormone-disrupting chemicals used to soften plastics, from wastewater; BPA, another endocrine-disrupting synthetic compound widely used in plastic bottles and other resinous consumer goods, from thermal printing paper samples; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic compounds formed from incomplete combustion of fuels, from contaminated soil.

The process is irreversible and the polymers are biodegradable, minimizing the risks of leaving toxic secondary products to persist in, say, a body of water. "Once they switch to this macro situation where they're big clumps," Bertrand says, "you won't be able to bring them back to the nano state again."

The fundamental breakthrough, according to the researchers, was confirming that small molecules do indeed adsorb passively onto the surface of nanoparticles.

"To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the interactions of small molecules with pre-formed nanoparticles can be directly measured," they write in Nature Communications.
Nano cleansing
Even more exciting, they say, is the wide range of potential uses, from environmental remediation to medical analysis.

The polymers are synthesized at room temperature, and don't need to be specially prepared to target specific compounds; they are broadly applicable to all kinds of hydrophobic chemicals and molecules.

"The interactions we exploit to remove the pollutants are non-specific," Brandl says. "We can remove hormones, BPA, and pesticides that are all present in the same sample, and we can do this in one step."

And the nanoparticles' high surface-area-to-volume ratio means that only a small amount is needed to remove a relatively large quantity of pollutants. The technique could thus offer potential for the cost-effective cleanup of contaminated water and soil on a wider scale.

"From the applied perspective, we showed in a system that the adsorption of small molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles can be used for extraction of any kind," Bertrand says. "It opens the door for many other applications down the line."

This approach could possibly be further developed, he speculates, to replace the widespread use of organic solvents for everything from decaffeinating coffee to making paint thinners. Bertrand cites DDT, banned for use as a pesticide in the U.S. since 1972 but still widely used in other parts of the world, as another example of a persistent pollutant that could potentially be remediated using these nanomaterials. "And for analytical applications where you don't need as much volume to purify or concentrate, this might be interesting," Bertrand says, offering the example of a cheap testing kit for urine analysis of medical patients.

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation.

"That we can apply some of the highly sophisticated, high-precision tools developed for the pharmaceutical industry, and now look at the use of these technologies in broader terms, is phenomenal," says Frank Gu, an assistant professor of chemical engineering at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and an expert in nanoengineering for health care and medical applications.

"When you think about field deployment, that's far down the road, but this paper offers a really exciting opportunity to crack a problem that is persistently present," says Gu, who was not involved in the research. "If you take the normal conventional civil engineering or chemical engineering approach to treating it, it just won't touch it. That's where the most exciting part is."

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New study shows how nanoparticles can clean up environmental pollutants

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Many human-made pollutants in the environment resist degradation through natural processes, and disrupt hormonal and other systems in mammals and other animals. Removing these toxic materials - which include pesticides and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) - with existing methods is often expensive and time-consuming.

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CONCLUSION

On discussion we found out that nanotechnology can be used effectively in reducing pollutants in the atmosphere and we also think that on development this idea would be quite feasible.

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I totally agree with you on this Bharadwaj, swarming is way better that programming each nanobot.

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How about we try injecting flying nanobots which can be programmed to track down carbon-di-oxide, CFC's and pesticides like bisphenol A.

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I think we can do that as that is the most persistent problem faced by us now a days.

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What innovative way do you think nanotechnology can be applied in?

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My source for information is internet and I have used only authentic websites like youtube.com, news.mit.edu

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New way of killing harmful bacteria.

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The global rise in antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health, damaging our ability to fight deadly infections such as tuberculosis.

What's more, efforts to develop new antibiotics are not keeping pace with this growth in microbial resistance, resulting in a pressing need for new approaches to tackle bacterial infection.

In a paper published online in the journal Nano Letters, researchers at MIT, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Harvard University reveal that they have developed a new means of killing harmful bacteria.

The researchers have engineered particles, known as "phagemids," capable of producing toxins that are deadly to targeted bacteria.

Bacteriophages - viruses that infect and kill bacteria - have been used for many years to treat infection in countries such as those in the former Soviet Union. Unlike traditional broad-spectrum antibiotics, these viruses target specific bacteria without harming the body's normal microflora.

But bacteriophages can also cause potentially harmful side effects, according to James Collins, the Termeer Professor of Medical Engineering and Science in MIT's Department of Biological Engineering and Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, who led the research.

"Bacteriophages kill bacteria by lysing the cell, or causing it to burst," Collins says. "But this is problematic, as it can lead to the release of nasty toxins from the cell."

These toxins can lead to sepsis and even death in some cases, he says.
A gentler burst
In previous research, Collins and his colleagues engineered bacteriophages to express proteins that did not actually burst the cells, but instead increased the effectiveness of antibiotics when delivered at the same time.

To build on this earlier work, the researchers set out to develop a related technology that would target and kill specific bacteria, without bursting the cells and releasing their contents.

The researchers used synthetic biology techniques to develop a platform of particles called phagemids. These particles infect bacteria with small DNA molecules known as plasmids, which are able to replicate independently inside a host cell.

Once inside the cell, the plasmids are engineered to express different proteins or peptides - molecules made up of short chains of amino acids - that are toxic to the bacteria, Collins says.

"We systematically tested different antimicrobial peptides and bacterial toxins, and demonstrated that when you combine a number of these within the phagemids, you can kill the great majority of cells within a culture," he says.

The expressed toxins are designed to disrupt different cellular processes, such as bacterial replication, causing the cell to die without bursting open.
Precise targeting
The phagemids will also only infect a specific species of bacteria, resulting in a highly targeted system, Collins says.

"You can use this to kill off very specific species of bacteria as part of an infection therapy, while sparing the rest of the microbiome," he says.

When the researchers monitored the response of the bacteria to repeated reinfection with the phagemids, they did not witness signs of significant resistance to the particles. "This means you can do multiple rounds of delivery of the phagemids, in order to get a more effective therapy," he says.

This is in contrast to repeated infection with bacteriophages, where the researchers found that the bacteria did develop resistance over time.

Although Collins acknowledges that bacteria will ultimately develop resistance to any stress that is placed upon them, the research suggests that it is likely to take them far longer to develop resistance to phagemids than to conventional bacteriophage therapy, he says.

A "cocktail" of different phagemids could be given to patients to treat an unclassified infection, in a similar way to the broad-spectrum antibiotics used today.

But they are more likely to be used in conjunction with rapid diagnostic tools, currently in development, which would allow physicians to treat specific infections, Collins says. "You would first run a fast diagnostic test to identify the bacteria your patient has, and then give the appropriate phagemid to kill off the pathogen," he says.

The researchers are planning to expand their platform by developing a broader range of phagemids. They have so far experimented with a set of phagemids specific to E. coli, but now hope to create particles capable of killing off pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and the cholera-causing bacterium Vibrio cholerea.

The paper demonstrates that using synthetic biology to modify a gene in a phage to make it more toxic to a pathogen can lead to more effective antimicrobial particles than classical approaches, says Alfonso Jaramillo, a professor of synthetic biology at the University of Warwick in the U.K., who was not involved in the research.

"Combining synthetic genetic devices with phages as delivery vehicles allows a systematic approach to reprogram pathogenic bacteria for death," Jaramillo explains. "The [researchers'] focus on nonreplicative phages is also very appropriate because those particles are more feasible for use in people, as they are not considered genetically modified organisms," he says.

The researchers have created an improved form of phage therapy that may become the antibiotics of the future, he adds.

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institute for medical engineering and science

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Researchers develop a new means of killing harmful bacteria

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Researchers reveal that they have developed a new means of killing harmful bacteria by engineering particles, known as "phagemids," capable of producing toxins that are deadly to targeted bacteria. The development may help curb the global rise in antibiotic resistance.

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silicon nano electronics

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summary

Nanoelectronics refer to use the nanotechnology in electronic components.the term covers a diverse set of devices and materials,with the common characteristics that they are so smallll that inter atomic and quantum mechanical properties need to study extensively and deeply some of these candidates include :hybrid molecular/semi conductor electronics,one dimensional nano tubes/nanowires,or advanced molecular electronics recent silicon cmos technology generations,such as the 22 nanometer node are already within regime .nano electronics are sometimes considered as distruptive technology because present candidates are signifcantly different from traditional transistors

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Nanowires

Supercapacitors using Graphenes

Can be used to support red blood cells during sickle cell disease as a first aid until the main aid is performed.

Curing tumors.

Curing alzheimer disease.

Can be used for molecular recognition.

can make possibly small integrated circuits

repellents can be made using nano particles coating

semi conductors can be made into nano size

transistors work out effectively

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Sources

1.From journal on tunnelling conductivity published by Journal of Nano and Electronic physics

2.youtube

3.ted talks(wade adams,dave blank)

4.silicon nano electronics by N. M Ravindra

5.news from mit

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internet is my source for collecting the data about nano electronics. I just picked up the data which ever i required from internet

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TEDxHouston 2011 - Wade Adams - Nanotechnology and Energy

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Dr. Wade Adams is the Director of the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University. The Institute is devoted to the development of new innovations on the nanometer scale. Some of the institute's current thrusts include research in carbon nanotubes, medical applications of nanoparticles, nanoporous membranes, molecular computing, and nanoshell diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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what is nanoelectronics?

Nano electronics is the collaboratin of nano technology and nano electronics to reduce the size of materials in to smaller size and to make life easier

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Tedx about nano electrinics

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TEDxCaltech - Charlie Marcus - Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computation

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Charlie Marcus is Professor of Physics at Harvard. His research focuses on fabrication of submicron electronic structures -- semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene-based microstructures -- and measurement of their electron transport properties at low temperatures. His scientific interests include mesoscopic quantum phenomena, at the interface between micro and macro scales -- where quantum properties coexist with disorder and decoherence.

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GLOSSARY

Nanooncology: Using nanotechnology in the study of tumors.

Alzheimer's: Progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the commonest cause of premature senility.

Vivo: Latin for "within the living".

Morbidity: Term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a specific areas.

Proteomics:  Large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.

Prosthetic: An artificial body part.

Cumbersome: Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use.

Tumor: A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue.

Prospect: The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.

Cognitive dysfunction (also known as brain fog) is the loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning of sufficient severity to interfere with daily functioning.

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GLOSSARY

1. Battery An electro chemical cell used to convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

2. Capacitor It is a two terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field.

3. Epitaxy Epitaxy refers to the deposition of a crystallineoverlayer on a crystalline substrate.

4. Heteroepitaxy It is a kind of epitaxy performed with materials that are different from each other. In heteroepitaxy, a crystalline film grows on a crystalline substrate or film of a different material. This technology is often used to grow crystalline films of materials for which crystals cannot otherwise be obtained and to fabricate integrated crystalline layers of different materials. Examples include galliumnitride(GaN) on sapphire, aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) or diamond or iridium.

5. Supercapacitor A supercapacitor (SC) (sometimes ultracapacitor, formerly electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) is a high-capacity electrochemicalcapacitor with capacitance values greater than 1,000 farads at 1.2 volt

6. Nanowire A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9 meters).

7. Graphene It is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a two-dimensional, atomic-scale, hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex.

8. Photovoltaics (PV) It is the name of a method of converting solar energy into direct currentelectricity using semiconductingmaterials that exhibit the photovoltaic cell.

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As we seen now a days, our gerneration is filled with lots of garbage gadgets(mobiles,laptops,etc) perform with a high performance and we get them cheaply,because the processor is made by nano silicon particles

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NANOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Dr. Robert Langer talks about how nanotechnology helps in curing cancer and other medical applications.

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Nanotechnology and Medicine - Robert Langer

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Source - http://serious-science.org/videos/948 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Prof. Robert Langer on drug delivery, treating cancer, and problems of introduction of new methods in medicine

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NANOPARTICLES FIGHT CANCER

In this type of treatment the nanobots or nanoparticles do not carry drugs to the tumor sights instead they act as source of free radicals as in radiotherapy where water acts as the source for free radicals.

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Solving radiotherapy s biggest limitation. Medicine is now using physics every day to treat cancer patients. Nanotechnologies or Nanomedicine can help clinicians deliver safer and more efficient treatments by shifting the intended effect from the macroscopic to the subcellular level. www.nanobiotix.com www.laurentlevy.com

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pajPNaSOSWp1T-aiSeygTVCQ0ICFrV8Q3t70ALXlPB4/edit?ts=560e8e02

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using nano silicon particles as repellants

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Power of Nanotechnology Video #Blow Mind

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Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines and Here we provide you the best Nanotechnology-Powered Products in Market

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Making Stuff Smaller²

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Deadliest Supersonic Killing Machine of US Army

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Future Technology | Rise of Nanotechnology

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Supersonic Deadliest Helicopters of US Army

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How Will Nanotechnology Change the World ? - Full Documentary

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YOU CAN WATCH THESE DOCUMENTARY ALSO++++ Search for First Man on Earth Adam - Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N2I11L6K4s Real Truth Behind Aliens - Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcMfJFopkEE World's Fastest High Speed Train - Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guufAD4MaaY Amazing Secrets about New york city - Full Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdx37EK1kc Rise of Global Sea Level -

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How Nanowires are an essential source for new methods of Energy Production?⁴

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Nanotechnology Applications in Energy Sector⁶

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Nanotechnology and its Energy Applications By IIT Mandi⁸

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Nanotechnology: Expanding Clean Energy and Easing Fuel Shortages By Forbes⁷

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Science and technology are at the heart of expanding the universe of clean energy options and increasing the efficiency of transmission and generation. One word says it all: Nanotechnology, which is a fancy process that could positively affect both industry and the environment.

The science is already being commercialized and most notably in the area of green energy technologies. Its most far-reaching implications are still unknown but the tools have the potential to ease fuel shortages and ecological threats that are now in such sharp focus. While some promises have fallen flat, the push to advance nanotechnology remains strong.

Nanotechnology is an evolutionary science -- not something that has just magically appeared in recent years. About 50 to 100 years ago, devices were assembled at the macro level but through advancements in technology, they have been substantially reduced in size to the "nano-level" where components can be more effectively manipulated. Scientists can thus create new building blocks that produce materials with the exact properties they desire, which are smaller, stronger and lighter than the current technologies.

According to Pradeep Haldar, vice president of clean energy programs at the College of Nanoscale Science at the University of Albany in New York State, nanotechnology can be viewed along two lines: evolutionary science and revolutionary science.

The former already exists but scientists are trying to understand it better and to enhance performance. The latter is at least a decade away. The field of nanotechnology is about building devices from the ground up and one atom at a time -- something that could create a monumental impact on mankind and on the energy world in particular.

"At some point, both of these arrows will converge," says Haldar, who spoke earlier with this reporter. "I would not say this is a lot of hype. I would say there are a lot of ifs and buts."

Carbon nanotubes, for example, are the most conductive materials known and could be used to modernize the transmission system to save a lot of power. However, mass-producing those nanotubes for such purposes is still problematic. Improvements, though, are forthcoming.

Measuring electricity flow, for example, would allow utilities to avoid outages and to make room for alternative electrons. Nanotech "sensors" that are part of this solution will be available in 5-10 years, he told Energy Central's Intelligent Utility.

Wind power, meantime, could be transformed. The wing span of turbines is much bigger and is now 120-150 feet. The kind of forces and mechanical stresses put on those turbines is incredible. By putting nano-composites into the design, such wind mills can get higher performance. And, solar cells that turn sunlight into electric currents could become more efficient and diminish the global need for carbon-based fuels.

Who's doing what? Altair Nanotechnologies is working with the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and the University of Hawaii to supply a 2 megawatt energy storage system to maintain grid stability, all using its nano-scale processing technology that it says provides rapid charging.

Nanosolar, furthermore, a maker of thin-film solar cells, has a project in Spain that applies nano-science that will provide 16,500 megawatt hours of electricity each year. And GE and IBM are also getting involved by improving the efficiency of gas turbines and by bettering circuits and data storage.

"The level of interest has grown enormously worldwide over the last few years in the scientific community," says Ryne Raffaelle, director of the Nano Powered Research Lab at Rochester Institute of Technology, in an earlier talk with this writer. "With that much effort being put into it, you will start to see advancement in the near term." The lab is working with numerous corporations as well as NASA on fuel cell and solar cell research.

The science's momentum is contingent on the amount of money coming in the door. Both public and private funds are now tight, which is delaying nanotechnology's full promise. Companies are, nevertheless, getting established in fields that will touch almost every human endeavor.

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Nanotechnology: Expanding Clean Energy and Easing Fuel Shortages

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Nanotechnology Display (Photo credit: Ryan Somma) Science and technology are at the heart of expanding the universe of clean energy options and increasing the efficiency of transmission and generation. One word says it all: Nanotechnology, which is a fancy process that could positively affect both industry and the environment.

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NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS IN MOLECULAR RECOGNITION

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SOURCES

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QharGScbDvU

2. Article taken from www.karger.com which was published by Dr. K.K. Jain from PharmaBiotech, Basel, Switzerland on June 26, 2007.

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn1gmcs-HXU

4. Article from http://www.etp-nanomedicine.eu/public/about-nanomedicine/nanomedicine-applications/nanotechnology-and-alzheimer-disease published by professors Massimo Masserini and Francesca Re from the Department of Health Sciences at University Milano-Bicocca, to illuminate the potential for nanomedicine to improve the diagnostics and therapy of Alzheimer's disease.

5. Article from http://www.nanobiotec.iqm.unicamp.br/download/nanobiotechnology-sdarticle.pdf published by Paolo Fortina from Thomas Jefferson university, Philadelphia, LarryLarry J. Kricka from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Saul Surrey from Thomas Jefferson university, Philadelphia, Piotr Grodzinski from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos describing the approach towards molecular recognition using nanotechnology.

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I

7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-jyvHS65vo

8. http://news.mit.edu/2015/engineered-particles-kill-harmful-bacteria-0625

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NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE

Alzheimer is a disease which is characterised by progressive memory loss and cognitive dysfunction due to degradation of neurons. Even though many people around the world suffer from it, there is no proper cure for it.

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New science for an old problem

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) is characterised by progressive memory and cognitive dysfunction, due to an irreversible degeneration of neurons that leads to total loss of autonomy and eventually to death. AD currently affects more than 30 million people worldwide, with a forecast of 60 million by 2050. However, despite the high number of people who suffer from this disease, both therapy and diagnosis of AD are underdeveloped.

Assessing strategies

Concerning therapy, there is no cure for AD. The treatments available only provide symptomatic relief, temporarily improving cognitive function, but are unable to slow the long-term progression of the disorder. To date, scientists have mainly focused on the protein fragment Aß when attempting to create AD treatments. This is because two detectable, abnormal structures in the brain of AD patients - senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles - are intrinsically tied to Aß. Senile plaques former are deposits of the protein, while neurofibrillary tangles are considered a consequence of neuron exposure to it. Many treatment strategies attempt to remove Aß or use enzymatic machinery to degrade it; however, drugs that appeared promising in animal studies have faced problems and, even failure, in human clinical trials, creating an urgent need to develop stratagems either based on new drugs or on new molecular targets to avert a financially overwhelming public health problem.

Concerning diagnostics, though microscopic changes occur in the brain long before the first signs of memory loss, this condition is currently not detectable. Early diagnostics could allow future treatments to target the disease in its initial stages, before irreversible brain damage or mental decline has occurred. Therefore, research on new strategies for earlier diagnosis is among the most active areas in AD research.

Nanotechnology to the rescue

At the forefront of these new strategies is nanotechnology. In particular, nanoparticles (NPs), engineered tuneable devices with the size in the order of a billionth of a meter, are being considered as a useful alternative to treat and diagnose neurodegenerative diseases. By way of treatment, NPs are intriguing candidates for this purpose because of their potential for multi-functionalisation, enabling them to mimic the physiological mechanisms of transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier is an important physical fence made of cells protecting brain from potential hazardous substances in the blood flow; however, it also prevents the passage of 98 per cent of available neuropharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Scientists have synthesised NPs able to convey conventional pharmaceutics and biologicals, such as genes, siRNa, antibodies or contrast agents, to the brain in vitro and in vivo. As an evolution of this approach, in the project 'Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease - NAD', our group has synthesised nanoparticles able to cross the BBB to reach and eliminate the Aß burden.

Reaching for remedies

However, this research is not yet enough, because brain delivery from nano-carried drugs does not reach the level required to make NPs a viable solution for pharmacological purposes. New and improved strategies are therefore required. Nanotechnology can significantly contribute to these strategies in several ways. For example, scientists have the possibility to design 'intelligent' NPs made of a variety of materials that are simultaneously able to cross the BBB and focus on a specific target. Additionally, with increased efficiency and kinetics of brain targeting, nanotechnology could contribute to in vivo diagnostic imaging of brain diseases such as brain ischaemia, stroke, brain tumours and neuro-inflammation. Finally, a significant contribution is envisaged for in vitro diagnostics through the creation of nano-biosensors with unprecedented sensitivity to detect early biomarkers identifying the subject predestined to evolve to AD.

Article published by professors Massimo Masserini and Francesca Re from the Department of Health Sciences at University Milano-Bicocca, to illuminate the potential for nanomedicine to improve the diagnostics and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Article available in the publication 'International Innovation'

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New science for an old problem ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD) is characterised by progressive memory and cognitive dysfunction, due to an irreversible degeneration of neurons that leads to total loss of autonomy and eventually to death. AD currently affects more than 30 million people worldwide, with a forecast of 60 million by 2050.

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Where is nanomedicine used?

Nanomedicine is basically developed for it's incredible use in the treatment of cancers andd tumors.

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SWARMING NANOMEDICINE

A method under development which can be used efficiently for the cure of cancers and tumours. The basic concept is to choose a the best material for the body of the nanoparticles so that they start showing a swarm behaviour.

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Learn Any Language | Scott Young & Vat Jaiswal

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Creating nanomedicine with the crowd | Sabine Hauert | TEDxWarwick

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Dr. Sabine Hauert is a Swarm Engineer at the University of Bristol and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, where she designs swarms of nanobots for biomedical applications. Swarm strategies are either inspired from nature or are automatically designed using machine learning and crowdsourcing.

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Research Publication on Carbon Nanotubes dated 26 Sep 2013 by Technische Universität München, Germany³

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Charge your Phone in 5 seconds with Nanotechnology⁵

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Supercapacitors: They'll enable you to charge your cell phone in 5 seconds, or an electric car in about a minute. They're cheap, biodegradable, never wear out and as Trace'll tell you, could be powering your life sooner than you'd think.

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Nanotechnology

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Find more Earth Focus content at https://www.linktv.org/earthfocus Nanobiotechnology pioneer Dr. Anita Goel, MD, PhD and Founder and CEO of Nanobiosym Inc. on the new developments in nanotechnology including portable ways to diagnose disease and how they can transform our world.

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Internet is my source for collecting Energy Applications of Nanotechnology. I read only authentic sources from Government and University Research papers and Journals like nano.gov(NNI), MIT, research-in-germany.org

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What is nanobiotechnology?

Nanobiotechnology is the collaboration of nanotechnology and bio-technology to solve problems pertaining to nano scaled biological aspects of life.

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Why to use Nanotechnology for Energy production?

The properties of a substance at microscopic level is completely different from that of macroscopic. It is possible to make a design structure of desirable properties which makes nanotechnology extremely promising for Energy Applications.

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Why there is a need for Energy resources when we already have other forms of Energy?

The forms of Energy we use majorly are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels become extinct in the near future. So there is need for new form of Energy.

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Where is nanobiotechnology used?

Nanobiotechnology is used in drug delivery, cell and gene therapy, biomarkers, nanoarrays, nanobiopharmaceuticals, etc.

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Nanotechnology-Energy Relation

Nanotechnology provides us a completely new perspective of Energy . It adds growth to the limited resources of Energy production, consumption and storage into a microscopic level. The Journal explains the type of materials, their properties and powerful uses concerning Energy. It also explains how Nanotechnology can add to Economic Growth.

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Energy Applications Of Nanotechnology¹

Big Energy Small Particle.

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SUMMARY

Cells are objects of nano scale hence it was inevitable for nanotechnology to collaborate with biotechnology for the betterment of human life. Nanocarbon fibres which are very strong and tensile are used now-a-days in biotechnological equipment like prosthetic limbs.

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NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE