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The Hudson River PCB Contamination was the result of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) being discharged into the river by factories owned primarily by General Electric from 1947 to 1977. This contaminated the fish in the river and made the water unsafe to be exposed to since PCBs are thought to be responsible for neurological disorders, cancer, birth defects, and more. To clean the pollution, the contaminated river sediment was removed and then 100,000+ pounds of PCBs were dredged.

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Due to fertilizers (nitrogen) from agriculture in Mississippi running off and leeching into the river, the Gulf of Mexico experienced an algae bloom which resulted in a dead zone since there is barely any oxygen for marine life left. This has been an ongoing problem since the 1950s but measurements are being put in place to try to stop it such as the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy which tries to limit the amount of fertilizers that are running off through outreach, research, and implementation of nutrient holding practices.

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Coal Ash Pond Drinking Water Contamination

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Coal Ash Pond Drinking Water Contamination

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In 2015, North Carolina residents had their drinking water contaminated by a carcinogen called hexavalent chromium and another compound called vanadium. This was due to a coal-fired power plant--the Allen Steam Station--mixing their coal ash with water and storing it in unlined pits (basically ponds) where it then seeps into the ground water. However, since the state favored industry over environmental organizations, a bill was passed that allowed the company to leave its coal-ash sites as long as repairs were made to the basin and the residents were supplied clean bottled water.

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In 1993, The Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant was contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts from a sewage treatment plant's outlet a few miles upstream in Lake Michigan that passed through the filtration system. Over two weeks, approximately 400,000 residents in Milwaukee became ill with stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea, and dehydration. To clean up, the water purification plant was shut down and the city water mains were flushed.

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Freedom Industries--a company that distributed chemicals used in coal mining--leaked 7,500 gallons of crude MCHM from a hole in their storage tank into the ground which then traveled into the Elk River on January 9, 2014. As a result, up to 300,000 residents in West Virginia were without access to clean drinking water since MCHM can provoke nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and more when consumed or exposed to. Fortunately, there are no adverse effects on aquatic life when MCHM is diluted. To clean up, engineers added additional carbon to speed the treatment process and moved the contaminated water out of the water distribution system.

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In the 1970s, the community of Woburn, Massachusetts became concerned with the high levels of leukemia and other illnesses in their children and investigated to find chemicals in the groundwater that was being pumped by wells. Thus, a lawsuit was filed against two corporations--W.R. Grace and Company and Beatrice Foods--for improperly disposing the chemicals TCE and PCE near the wells. Although there was a $21 million cleanup effort, the EPA still does not know if the area is safe.

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Pacific Gas and Electric Chromium Contamination

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Pacific Gas and Electric Chromium Contamination

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From 1952 to 1966 in Hinckley, CA, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company stored about 370 million gallons of wastewater contaminated with chromium into unlined ponds which seeped into the groundwater. Residents were affected by this since there is a strong link between chromium and cancer. The California Regional Water Quality Control Board issued a Cleanup and Abatement Order to PG&E that entails regulatory approvals.

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Fires often took place on the Cuyahoga River due to extreme pollution; the river was covered in inches of oil from the industries nearby and trash was mixed in to make it devoid of life and use. On June 22, 1969 at Cleveland's Cuyahoga River, a passing train's sparks caught floating pieces of oil slicked debris on fire. Although the river has caught on fire a total of 13 times, this 1969 fire helped catalyze the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 since the gross of damages made people realize enough is enough.

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A wellhead explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform resulted in an oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2004. This resulted in the mass death of marine life since oil is a carcinogen and causes cardiac arrest. In addition, the oil also has health consequences for humans as the cleanup workers experienced respiratory problems, central nervous system effects, and irritation in their eyes, nose, and throats. For cleanup, floating booms were used to keep the oil contained in one area, skimmer boats were used to remove the majority of the oil, sorbents were used to absorb the remnants, and finally dispersants were used to speed up the oil deflation.

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Love Canal is a neighborhood within Niagara Falls, NY that was purchased by Occidental Chemical Corporation in the 1940s to use as a dump site for the chemical byproducts of the dyes, perfumes, and solvents they manufacture. As a result, families were displaced and they were left with the strong likelihood of developing leukemia from benzene and dioxin. The government then passed the Superfund law which started a cleanup operation that demolished the neighborhood.

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The Gold King Mine waste water spill took place on August 5, 2015 near Silverton, Colorado. When the EPA was trying to drain ponded water near the entrance of the mine, they accidentally destroyed the plug holding water trapped in the mine which caused approximately 3 million gallons of waste water to release into Cement Creek. This wastewater contained cadmium, lead, arsenic, beryllium, zinc, iron, and copper. As a result, the Animas River was precautionary closed and farmers and ranchers suffered as they relied on this river. A government superfund was issued to aid the cleanup of transporting the sludge and using bulkheads.

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On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ship struck a reef which caused 10.8 million US gallons of crude oil to spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. This caused the mass death of marine and wild life as well as a long-term increase in mortality rates. To clean up, a chemical dispersant was used by helicopter but the helicopter missed the target so booms and skimmers were used after. However, only 10% of total oil was cleaned.

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The Camp Lejeune water contamination problem occurred at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune from 1953 to 1987. The contamination of water by VOCs was from a non-point source as it could possibly include solvents from a nearby dry cleaning company, from using chemicals to clean military equipment, or from leaks from underground fuel storage tanks. As a result, base residents developed cancer later on their lives after bathing or consuming this contaminated tap water.