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Computerized Axial Tomography scan is used in form of pictures, pictures of the structure of the body coming for a computer which takes data from other previous X-rays and turns them into said pictures. A CAT scan can reveal other structures such as soft tissue (for example) and others that an ordinary X-ray machine can't see. Using the same dosage of radiation as a normal X-ray machine, an entire human body can be visible 100 times with more clarity with the CAT scan,

References:

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Computerized axial tomography scan: Pictures of structures within the body created by a computer that takes the data from multiple X-ray images and turns them in pictures. The CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan can reveal some soft-tissue and other structures that cannot be seen in conventional X-rays. Using the same dosage of radiation as that of an ordinary X-ray machine, an entire slice of the body can be made visible with about 100 times more clarity with the CAT scan.

The "cuts"(tomograms) for the CAT scan are usually made 5 or 10 mm apart. The CAT machine rotates 180 degrees around the patient's body; hence, the term "axial." The machine sends out a thin X-ray beam at 160 different points. Crystals positioned at the opposite points of the beam pick up and record the absorption rates of the varying thicknesses of tissue and bone. The data are then relayed to a computer that turns the information into a 2-dimensional cross-sectional image.

CAT scanning was invented in 1972 by the British engineer Godfrey N. Hounsfield (later Sir Godfrey) and the South African (later American) physicist Alan Cormack. CAT scanning was already in general use by 1979, the year Hounsfield and Cormack were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for its development.

The CAT scan is also known as the CT (computerized tomography) scan.

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Definition of Computerized axial tomography scan

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Computerized axial tomography scan: Pictures of structures within the body created by a computer that takes the data from multiple X-ray images and turns them in pictures. The CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan can reveal some soft-tissue and other structures that cannot be seen in conventional X-rays.

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In the CAT scan, a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help tissues and organs show more clearly. This scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well a treatment is going.

References:

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The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,332 terms related to cancer and medicine.

We offer a widget that you can add to your website to let users look up cancer-related terms. Get NCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms Widget.

computerized axial tomography scan

(kum-PYOO-teh-RIZED AK-see-ul toh-MAH-gruh-fee skan)

A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly. A computerized axial tomography scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography scan, computerized tomography, and CT scan.

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A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs.

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Comprehensiveness:
The CAT scan can record images of bones, soft tissues and blood vessels, as well as offer a lot more advantages over standard X-rays. The diagnostics this scan provides the ability to make surgical biopsy or exploratory surgery. A doctor who needs it has a clear 3D view without having to do any invasive techniques.

Speed:
Partial CAT scans take just seconds, a full body scan of the entire human body can be completed in half and hour. This speed helps in finding internal injuries or bleeding quickly enough to be able to save countless lives.

Fewer Restrictions:
CAT scans have lest requirements for the patient to be completely motionless, like for example the MRI. Unlike MRI, CAT scans have no prohibition on implanted medical devices.

References

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David B. Ryan

David B. Ryan has been a professional writer since 1989. His work includes various books, articles for "The Plain Dealer" in Cleveland and essays for Oxford University Press. Ryan holds degrees from the University of Cincinnati and Indiana University and certifications in emergency management and health disaster response.

CAT or CT scanning is a highly accurate medical test that combines x-ray with computerized technology. While this painless and noninvasive procedure greatly assists radiologists in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal problems, infectious diseases, trauma and certain types of cancer, the CAT scan also carries radiation-induced risks.

Video of the Day

The CAT scan can record images of bone, soft tissue and blood vessels simultaneously, offering clear advantages over standard x-rays. The CAT scans' diagnostic ability can make surgical biopsy or exploratory surgery unnecessary. Its real-time imaging allows CAT scanning to be used to guide needle biopsies and similar procedures. A cardiologist can view clear 3D images of the coronary arteries without having to do an invasive angiography.

Most partial CAT scans take just seconds, and a full scan of the entire body can be completed in about a half-hour. This speed helps in finding internal injuries and internal bleeding quickly enough to help save lives.

CAT scans have a less stringent requirement for patients to remain absolutely motionless during the scan as compared to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). CAT scans, unlike MRI, have no prohibition on implanted medical devices.

Levels of radiation emitted by CAT scanners vary widely, leading to the possibility of lung cancer or breast cancer as a consequence. X-rays also damage DNA itself. Since the federal government has no regulations limiting how much radiation people may receive during CAT scans, the referring physician decides the strength of the dose.

CAT scans are typically not recommended for pregnant women unless medically necessary because of potential risk to the baby. Women should let their doctor and scan technician know if there is any chance they are pregnant. Additionally, whether pregnant or not, women face a higher risk than men since radiation can damage their ovaries.

Nursing babies are potentially at risk from "contrast material" injected into their mothers before CAT scans -- a 24-hour waiting period is recommended before resuming breast-feeding. Children are also highly sensitive to radiation and so CAT scans should not be done on children without absolute need.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of a CAT Scan

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CAT or CT scanning is a highly accurate medical test that combines x-ray with computerized technology. While this painless and noninvasive procedure greatly assists radiologists in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal problems, infectious diseases, trauma and certain types of cancer, the CAT scan also carries radiation-induced risks.

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CAT scans are not always available, patient-oriented activities comes to a halt. Medics have started to rely on this machine for diagnoses, it has affected the way they teach medicine. This is being critiqued by many doctors calling it a "uncontrollable urge to rely on sophisticated medical gadgets for diagnoses"

On the other hand, It can't replace a pertinent medical history or physical examination, can't substitute for examination the spinal fluid, can't provide histologic evidence.

References:

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Views from a Medical Educator

The necessity of the times, more than ever, calls for our utmost circumspection, ...

When computed tomography (CT) became available in the 1970s, it enabled us to establish diagnoses with unprecedented speed and accuracy. But it also affected the way we practice and teach medicine, shifting our focus from the bedside to the laboratory and giving rise to a malady that has slowly pervaded our profession. I call this malady "technologic tenesmus"-the uncontrollable urge to rely on sophisticated medical gadgetry for diagnoses.

Technologic tenesmus is particularly noticeable with regard to CT. Indeed, from my observations as a fulltime medical educator in city-county hospitals, private community hospitals, and university clinical settings, indiscriminate use of this test is almost routine.

To encourage circumspection before ordering CT, I emphasize here the drawbacks of this test-its expense, the high dose of radiation it delivers, the laziness it promotes, and the havoc it can wreak when misinterpreted. I also highlight certain limitations of CT and suggest ways to reduce its radiation dose and curtail its ever-increasing misuse.

Drawbacks

Exorbitantly Expensive

How Much Does a CT Examination Cost?

I often ask that question of medical students, house officers, faculty members, and practicing subspecialists, but few of them ever answer correctly. In fact, most are surprised-and a few shocked-to learn how expensive CT really is.

In a survey of 4 major hospitals in Houston, I found that the charge for CT of the head, chest, or abdomen-including contrast, but excluding the radiologist's fee-ranges from $1,400 to $2,500. The same studies without contrast average $100 to $200 less. Scans of the head are slightly cheaper than those of the chest or abdomen. One of the hospitals automatically includes the pelvis in abdominal CTs, which raises the cost to $4,079 (abdomen, $2,112; pelvis, $1,967).

Comment

These prices can create a significant financial burden for patients, especially those who undergo multiple CT examinations. And for those without medical insurance, the burden can be devastating. Yet, the medical literature and teachers in medical schools remain silent when it comes to the monetary specifics of CT. No wonder physicians know so little about the expense of this test.

Delivers High Dose of Radiation

How Much Radiation Does a Patient Receive from a CT Examination?

Even the few who know how much CT costs almost invariably are ignorant of how much radiation it delivers. They are not alone.

Using a self-administered mail questionnaire, Renston and colleagues surveyed 1,000 board-certified physicians nationwide regarding the risks and benefits of chest CT. More than 90% of the 313 respondents-comprising internists, pulmonologists, thoracic surgeons, and family practitioners-either "did not know" or significantly underestimated the degree of radiation exposure associated with chest CT. In a similar questionnaire administered in England to 130 doctors, including 10 consultant radiologists, 97% of the answers were underestimates of the actual doses of radiation that patients receive during various radiologic investigations.

Several factors determine the radiation dose a patient receives from CT. These include the design of the scanner, size of the patient, anatomic volume scanned, scanning protocol, technique used, and quality of the x-ray beam.

As shown in , typical effective radiation doses in adults range from about 2 mSv (0.2 rad) for head CTs to about 8 to 10 mSv for CTs of the chest, abdomen, or pelvis. These latter doses are high compared to those of natural background radiation, which is about 3 mSv/year. Thus, it would take a person 3.3 years to get the same amount of background radiation that an abdominal CT delivers in less than a minute. Even more striking, one chest CT gives an effective dose of radiation equivalent to that of about 400 posteroanterior chest films.

Comment

Although CT has been with us for more than 3 decades, only in recent years have radiologists and allied radiology personnel focused attention on the amount and potential risks of radiation that CT delivers. Clearly, CT is a costly and relatively high-dose procedure, with levels of radiation often approaching and sometimes exceeding those known to increase the probability of cancer. Furthermore, the radiation dose per procedure has not diminished with the advent of helical, fluoroscopic, and multi-slice techniques.

Yet the use of CT continues to spiral upwards. Many patients undergo 2 or 3 CT examinations in the same day and then have serial scans during follow-up. In that regard, Wiest and colleagues reported that 7% of a large group of patients had more than 5 CT scans, and 4% had 9 or more. Disturbingly, I recently saw a patient who had undergone 12 CT examinations during the previous 3 months and was in the hospital to have another one. While evidence linking CT with cancer has not been established, the carcinogenic potential of this test is real.

About 40% of the collective dose of radiation in diagnostic radiology results from CT procedures, 4% of which involve children 0 to 15 years old. Moreover, the radiation dose in children often exceeds the level necessary for diagnostic information, and the proportion of CT examinations in children is increasing rapidly. Even worse, a panel of expert pediatric radiologists concluded that up to 30% of CTs in children are unnecessary. Given the fact that children are more sensitive to radiation than are middle-aged adults by a factor of 10, pediatric radiologists wisely are leading the crusade against the unnecessary or indiscriminate use of CT.

Promotes Laziness

Physicians order CTs for a variety of reasons (). From my vantage point, the most common reason is "fishing"-scanning the body part thought to be the source of the patient's complaint or problem, in the hope that a diagnosis will somehow be reeled in. In such cases, the physician takes a brief medical history, may or may not examine the patient, and, guided by the chief complaint, proceeds directly to CT scanning.

This approach has many attractive features. It takes little of the physician's time, requires no special expertise, demands no discriminate thought, and serves as an easy, convenient way to obtain a lot of information quickly. In fact, the physician need not even see the patient before ordering the test.

Comment

There appear to be two basic reasons why physicians use CT to fish for diagnoses-convenience and necessity. With regard to convenience, we have a large group of well-trained doctors who once were capable of using their minds and sensory faculties to make correct diagnoses. Through CT, however, they have found an easy way to reduce their busy workloads. And by using CT over and over again in this manner, they gradually, but unwittingly, become victims of technologic tenesmus.

The other reason-necessity-stems from our current medical education system. We are producing laboratory-oriented physicians who are deficient in clinical skills, especially history-taking and physical examination. They also are poorly informed about the natural history of disease. As a consequence, they turn to CT and other forms of advanced technology to formulate rather than substantiate their clinical impressions. Inevitably, they end up prisoners of the laboratory.

That said, fishing with CT frequently does provide a correct diagnosis, which reinforces the physician's inclination to use the approach routinely. But reeling in diagnoses in this fashion does nothing to improve the physician's medical knowledge or clinical skills, and it may harm the patient.

One additional point deserves attention. Many times, fishing with CT yields normal findings or uncovers abnormalities of uncertain clinical relevance or significance. Those situations call for skillful linking of all clinical information, a challenge that physicians often meet inappropriately with numerous consultations and myriad tests-including more CTs.

The other listed reasons for ordering CT are self-explanatory and will not be discussed here. Regrettably, ordering CT as the crucial means of substantiating or excluding a well-constructed clinical impression-the way it should be used-is among the least common of the reasons.

Misinterpretation Breeds Costly Mismanagement

As with all tests, CT can be misinterpreted. Witness the following case summaries:

Case 1

A 53-year-old woman presented with a distended urinary bladder that was mistaken clinically and on CT as a pelvic neoplasm, probably ovarian. The CT report prompted a host of additional studies, including 2 more CTs. But on the second hospital day, another staff radiologist read the initial CT study as normal. A Foley catheter then unveiled the true nature of the patient's illness.

Case 2

A 47-year-old man had a deep venous thrombosis and shortness of breath, findings that prompted a CT angiogram of the chest. The official CT report described bilateral pulmonary thromboemboli, and the patient received an inferior vena caval filter. Shortly thereafter, 2 other staff radiologists read the CT angiogram as normal. When the patient got his hospital bill, his shortness of breath understandably returned.

Case 3.

A 34-year-old woman underwent cranial CT for dizziness. When the CT report described lytic lesions in the skull suggestive of malignancy, her physician immediately ordered CTs of the chest and abdomen looking for the "primary," and obtained a slew of tests for multiple myeloma. All produced normal results. After $23,600 of unnecessary testing, a neuroradiologist interpreted the lytic skull lesions as venous lakes-a benign, normal variant.

Comment

These cases show what can happen when no one questions the interpretation of a CT examination. They also are reminders that all of us, including radiologists, are fallible.

Limitations

Although speaks for itself, I want to elaborate on 3 of the limitations.

When the CT scanner breaks down, or is otherwise unavailable, patient-oriented activities largely come to a halt. I have observed this phenomenon in 3 different hospitals and consider it a sad reflection of today's practice of medicine.

Because findings from CT are so comprehensive, physicians sometimes allow themselves to be misled by a negative report, believing that more definitive testing is unnecessary. This is particularly true regarding cranial CTs. We forget, however, that CT cannot substitute for examining the spinal fluid. Each year, for example, I come across patients in whom the cranial CT is normal but the lumbar puncture yields findings diagnostic of a specific disorder. In that group are 3 to 4 patients with active central nervous system syphilis, 2 to 3 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, many with various forms of meningitis, and several with other types of intracranial or intraspinal disease.

We should remember, too, that CT cannot provide histologic evidence. In fact, it was never designed to do so. Yet, I continue to see CT reports-especially when the head is scanned-that conclude with precise diagnoses, such as "metastases," "infarct," and "toxoplasmosis." Because CT is such a powerful diagnostic tool, physicians tend to accept these reports as gospel. Nevertheless, these "imaging diagnoses" are sometimes wrong. Reports of this sort do more to boost tunnel vision than to enhance patient care.

What Should Be Done?

Computed tomography is a magnificent diagnostic procedure. Its indiscriminate use, however, is rampant and may be doing more harm than good. What, then, should we do about this situation?

First, all health-care professionals should use CT only when no other test or procedure can supply the information needed. Second, all radiologists, particularly those who deal with children, should strive to reduce the radiation dose in each patient to the lowest level capable of yielding acceptable image quality. They should also question the use of CT when the indications do not seem appropriate. Finally, the faculty of every medical school should bring these issues to the attention of students and house officers.

Coda

The good doctor knows what to do and when to do it. But the very good doctor knows what not to do and when not to do it. In that light, I hope you will think twice before ordering your next CT scan.

Footnotes

Address for reprints: Herbert L. Fred, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, 8181 Fannin, Suite 316, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054

References

3. Shiralkar S, Rennie A, Snow M, Galland RB, Lewis MH, Gower-Thomas K. Doctors' knowledge of radiation exposure: questionnaire study. BMJ 2003;327:371-2. [ PMC free article]

5. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Exposure of the population in the United States and Canada from natural background radiation, NCRP Report No. 94. Bethesda (MD): The Council; 1987. p. 148.

11. Slovis TL. ALARA conference proceedings: the ALARA concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction [panel discussion]. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:242-4.

12. Slovis TL, Hall ET, Huda W, Frush D. ALARA conference proceedings: the ALARA concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction [executive summary]. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32:221.

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Drawbacks and Limitations of Computed Tomography: Views from a Medical Educator

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Views from a Medical Educator The necessity of the times, more than ever, calls for our utmost circumspection, ... When computed tomography (CT) became available in the 1970s, it enabled us to establish diagnoses with unprecedented speed and accuracy.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging test of the brain. It uses the blood flow as the indicator of brain activity. with   this type of scan allows doctors to check for diseases in the body. This type of scans uses a special dye that contains radioactive tracers, this type of tracers are either swallowed, inhaled or injected. into a vein of the arm (this is depending on the part of the body that is being examined.) also, this tracers have a short half-life period, this means that it decades decays very quickly.  The PET scan help doctors to see how well organs and tissues of the body are working.

HOW THE TEST IS PERFORMED:
The patient is given  the tracer through the vein (IV) it is usually in the inside part of the elbow, or it is inhaled if it is gas. after the tracer is in you body, it travels through the blood stream and collects in organs tissues. it usually take 1 hour to the body to absorb the tracer. After that, the patient lays in a narrow table and which slides into a large tunnel-shaped scanner. T he PET scan detects signas from the tracer. A computer changes the result into 3-D images and the images are displayed in a monitor for the doctor to read it.
IMPORTANT NOTE: While doing the test, the patient must stay still the whole procedure  so the scan can take clear picture of the brain (if memory is being tested the patient  may be asked to read names of letters if memory is being tested).
A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THIS TECHNIQUE:

cancer cells are very
active in using glucose, so a radiotracer attached to glucose will show up a cancerous brain tumor.
Conversely, brain cells affected by Alzheimer’s disease take up glucose more slowly than other cells, and so the PET scan can also identify these.

Biological approach sample pdf IB diploma psychology.

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An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including: seizure disorders (such as epilepsy)

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A radioactive tracer is used and this one binds to molecules naturally used in the brain, such as glucose. An important thing to know about this procedure in the brain is that there are brain areas that are more active than others and therefore they requiere more blood supply, this means that the distribution of the tracer throughout the brain will depend on what regions are mostly in use at the time of the scan.
SOME TRAITS DISEASES THAT CAN DETECTED BY PET SCAN:
-Alzheimer's disease
-Depression
-Epilepsy
-Head trauma
-Parkinson's diseases
-Metastases

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging is a magnetic resonance imagine technique that helps the researchers measure the restricted diffusion of water in organ brain tissue.
It is used for creating a characterisation of the magnitude, anisotropy and orientation of the diffusion tensor. On the other hand interpretations like mean diffusivity, fraction anisotropy, radial diffusely and axial diffusely are common interpretations of common DTI measures.
On the other hand, this DTI technology is used for fiber tracking which uses diffusion tensor to track fibers along their whole length, it starts from the seed region of interest and generally is defined manually, then the fiber tracking algorithm looks for adjacent voxels whose main diffusion direction is in the continuity of the previous one
Fiber tracking(Tractography)
Image of DTI analysing diffusion of the water molecules.

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Able to pick up tears in white matter that MRI and CAT scans do not pick up

-obtains more detailed information from MRI scans and allows us to obtain images of white matter

-Can help doctors predict recovery times for concussion patients

-Can help solve the mystery of concussions through its deeper and in depth scan of the brain.

-Provides excellent details of the brain

-Provides a 3D visualization of neuronal pathways

-DTI is  an effective tool for comprehensive, noninvasive, functional anatomy mapping of the human brain.

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-Diffusion images are sensitive to water diffusion that is  in the order of 5-10  μm during the measurment time. If this happnes, images are sometimes full of ghosting due to the water molecules encountering obstacles. In the white matter, some of these obstacles include protein filaments and cell membrane, all of which have strongly aligned structures.

-image disortion

-low spatial resolution which means a lower amount of pixels so the images may come out blurry at times.

-extremely sensitive to motion and can cause misregistration if patient moves. Because of this,DTI requires at least 7 tensor fittings.

-requires extensive computing power, man-hours, and expertise.

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Examination of brain tissue after death is currently the only definitive way to diagnose the specific neurodegenerative disorder of an individual. As well, An early technique to look at the structure of the brain, and from that to infer a correlation with behaviour, is brain autopsy (observation of the structures of a dead brain). It is used on people who while
alive demonstrated some behavioural or cognitive problem.

Although it is tempting to say that it has been
replaced by modern brain imaging, there are still some disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, that cannot
be definitely diagnosed until a brain autopsy has been performed. Scans can show the death of brain
matter, but not identify the exact cause, although a probably diagnosis is usually given.

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enables researcher to examine deep regions of the brain: hypothalamus, hippocampus

allows for more detailed examination of the anatomical and neurochemical aspects of the brain

It is a useful method for confirming diagnosis post‐mortem, and this confirmation, once replicated
enough times, can be generalised to people suffering the same symptoms in their lifetime and possible
treatment can be initiated.

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-A big limitation of this technique is that the temporal resolution of the image is only 30-40 seconds, this is a very short period of time, it is so quick to process that it can not be easily detected.
-The spatial resolution of this technique is being use less and less in the present day due to the existence of non-invasive alternative (fMRI) in which it is not required  the administration of a radioactive chemical.
-

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Medical expertise and qualifications are needed, and many people do not donate their brains for research, so there is a very limited supply.

Moreover, there is even less likelihood of healthy
brains being donated, and therefore there is a lack of controlled comparison in some cases.

Only inference is possible: the researcher infers from the damage visible in the brain what caused the
behaviour noted before death.

The brain autopsy is too late to suggest treatment for the patient, though it can be used to suggest treatment for others with similar problems.

It is not possible to study brain processes (as there are none), only structure.

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A pet scan machine

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An MRI is a magnetic resonance imaging, so common around the world this machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailedimages of the organs and tissues in the body of humans and animals.

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An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including: seizure disorders such as epilepsy.

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doctors and reasearches continiue to refine MRI revolutionized assist in medical procedures and research , the development of MRI change medicine.

since its a non-invasive and painless procedure

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the strenght of this technique is that taking a gander at the electrical movement of neurons that prompts synaptic discharge and the cell correspondence that underlies calculation in the mind. Since these electrical changes are speedy, we can get fine time goals, on the request of milli-or even smaller scale seconds.

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the limtations of this technique is that for any appropriation of electrical field qualities identified on the scalp, there is an exacting limitlessness of conceivable spatial examples of electrical movement that could have created it. This is exacerbated by the way that the skull is a poor conductor.

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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1E8fxQ7bmb86C-cGIkZKBIFL7EJcXpDuE/view

https://www.theaftd.org/research-clinical-trials/ways-to-participate/brain-autopsy/

https://ncrad.iu.edu/autopsy_Q_and_A.html

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some disease detected by PET scan

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Some traits that can be detected by PET scan

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-The biggest advantage of this technique is the good spatial resolution that is about 4mm throughout the brain.
-It is very useful to detect tumor or head traumas as well as other diffuse brain diseases.
-It becomes clear in areas that are affected by the spreading disease.
-It is often use for diagnosing cause of dementias.
-This type of scanners can be so small that, that a Pet scan was built for the size of a rat and it can be worn on his head. this is very useful for research and potentially can lead to a lot of insights into the brain function.

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FMRI: functional magnetic reasoning imaging it is a clinical procedure that measures and observes the brain and blood activity, this procedures allow to have a clear  look at the brain regions and the blood flow  limitations: it's expensive people in the procedure can hear everything they say outsideyou can't listen to the person inside without having a microphone limited spatial resolution oxygen levels are low compared to the other units most times you can only look at the blood flow strengths: provides a clear visual map of the brainit has no risks and can evaluate the brains safely because it has no radiationeasy to use 

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FMRI: functional magnetic reasoning imaging it is a clinical procedure that measures and observes the brain and blood activity, this procedures allow to have a clear  look at the brain regions and the blood flow  limitations: it's expensive people in the procedure can hear everything they say outsideyou can't listen to the person inside without having a microphone limited spatial resolution oxygen levels are low compared to the other units most times you can only look at the blood flow strengths: provides a clear visual map of the brainit has no risks and can evaluate the brains safely because it has no radiationeasy to use 