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2. "She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. (Lee 101)"

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2. "She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. (Lee 101)"

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Zachre Andrews
We tend to be so quick to judge, even though we do not know the circumstances. The judge's view of Mayella's situation is not judgmental. Rather, the judge views "crime" as just a temporary break in a set of rules. This emphasizes the importance of being fully aware and and to not make assumptions.

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 2. You’re not gonna change any of them by talkin‘ right, they’ve got to want to learn themselves, and when they don’t want to learn there’s nothingyou can do but keep your mouth shut or talk their language. (Lee 127)”

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 2. You’re not gonna change any of them by talkin‘ right, they’ve got to want to learn themselves, and when they don’t want to learn there’s nothingyou can do but keep your mouth shut or talk their language. (Lee 127)”

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Zachre Andrews
Calpurnia emphasizes the importance of speaking up for what you believe in. However, she states that you must know who your audience is. Those who are stubborn and reluctant to observe any other viewpoint are not worth your time. As humans, we must fight for what we believe in. However, we must also be aware of out audience and if it is worthless.

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2.  As you grow older, you’ll see white men cheat black menevery day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it—whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich heis, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash. (Lee 224)”

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2.  As you grow older, you’ll see white men cheat black menevery day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it—whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich heis, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash. (Lee 224)”

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Zachre Andrews
Atticus teaches his children about the importance of brushing aside stereotypes of the current era. If a person is treating someone unfairly, the person is at fault. No matter who the person may be, a person should not treat others unfairly. As humans, we should not allow others who may have a higher status or make more money than us treat others unfairly. At the end of the day, we all are human and require the same basic needs. Everyone is equal and should be treated equally.

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2. "Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an‘ then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home. (Lee 251)"

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2. "Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad an‘ then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home. (Lee 251)"

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Zachre Andrews
In our world today, people are so quick to judge and make assumptions about others. People bully each other, yet they act surprised when they see others getting bullied. Scout questions Jem about this idea and tries to understand his logic. As humans, we must practice what we preach. If we see injustice, we must not only speak up, but we need to educate others about the importance of kindness and equality.

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“Atticus, you must be wrong....Well, most folks seem to think they’re right and you’re wrong. (Lee 98)"

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“Atticus, you must be wrong....Well, most folks seem to think they’re right and you’re wrong. (Lee 98)"

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Zachre Andrews
As humans, we tend not to deviate from the norms of society. We fear that we will be judged and looked down upon if we are vocal about our true opinions. As humans, we must not agree with the majority if our only concern is avoiding judgement. We must stay true to ourselves and fight for what we believe in. In situations involving injustice, our perspective may differ from others and we should not side with the opponent for our own ease.

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2. "I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. (Lee 121)"

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2. "I am confident that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. (Lee 121)"

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Zachre Andrews
When Atticus speaks to the jury, he emphasizes the importance of equality. Although the jury is made up of white males, he states that their preferences should not come into play when making a judicial decision. As humans, we must ignore all bias when making decisions. We must be fair and equal in order to handle a situation correctly. As humans, we must make the right choice and not allow our personal bias to interfere.

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4."Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that's why his hands were bloodstained—if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time.(Lee 65)"

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4."Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that's why his hands were bloodstained—if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time.(Lee 65)"

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Vilasini Gopal
Jem is exaggeratedly describing Boo as a monster, when in reality he has never seen Boo have these characteristics. As time goes on, rumors about Boo Radley  continually spiral out of control until Boo Radely becomes a man that "dined on raw squirrels" and "cats" while having teeth that are "yellow and rotten". He even described as having "bloodstained" hands. Similarily, in society we make assumptions about things we don't fully know about. For example, aliens are seen as green monsters with weird oval eyes and spaceship. We don't know if aliens exist, but since we have not seen them before we assume they are weird creatures unlike us. Therefore, Lee's lesson that we shouldn't judge a boo by it's cover not only plays out in the story, but it represents itself in our lives.

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4."'Scout,' said Atticus, 'nigger-lover is just one of those terms that don't mean anything—like snot-nose. It's hard to explain—ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves'"(Lee 112). 

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4."'Scout,' said Atticus, 'nigger-lover is just one of those terms that don't mean anything—like snot-nose. It's hard to explain—ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves'"(Lee 112). 

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Vilasini Gopal
By explaining the significance of a racial slur, Atticus is teaching Scout how as a result of people looking down upon African Americans, those who support them are looked down apon. Though in actuality Atticus is fighting for equal rights, society sees him as favoring one race. This stresses the lesson that people are people no matter what race because Atticus does not like the racial slur and Atticus says that people hat don't understand his fight for equality are ignorant. In today's society, though our country has made many steps to close the gap between races, that is not true for every country, and that doesn't mean racism does not exist in the US. In many countries around the world, there is still racism, even if it may not be publicly recognized. There are races that may feel inferior due to their small population, and that are still oppressed. We as people still struggle to understand sometimes that every human is equal no matter what race, so this lesson can still apply for years to come.

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4."Link, that boy might go to the chair, but he's not going till the truth's told." Atticus's voice was even. "And you know what the truth is(Lee 147)."

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4."Link, that boy might go to the chair, but he's not going till the truth's told." Atticus's voice was even. "And you know what the truth is(Lee 147)."

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Vilasini Gopal
Even though Atticus knows that Tom has no chance to win the case, he still wants to make sure that what really happened to Tom is known and that  Link "know[s] what the truth is". By saying this, the lesson that morals are more important than the outcome is stressed due to the fact that Atticus thinks that truth is more important. This lesson can be applied to life because in school, if someone doesn't do their homework, many a time they are inclined to make up an excuse like their printer being broken or that they forgot it at home. Even for small things like homework, people can be more inclined to lie than to tell the truth. So, even today people need to remember that morals are more important than thoutcome, because if we lie about small things at an early age, we will lie about bigger things when we grow older.

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4."Mr.Cunningham's basically a good man... he just has his blind spots along with the rest of us(Lee 97)".

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4."Mr.Cunningham's basically a good man... he just has his blind spots along with the rest of us(Lee 97)".

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Vilasini Gopal
After everything Cunningham has done, Atticus still believes that Cunningham is a good man.  This shows how Atticus believs that no one is perfect, and that everyone has flaws. It also stresses the lesson that everyone is different and shouldn't be judged for being different. In the real world, many a time people that have done a mistake before can be affected by that mistake for a long time after they have done it. Even if they have flaws, not everyone is perfect. So, the idea that everyone is different and shouldn't be judged for mistakes or differences is relevant just as much today as it was in the book.

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3. "She's a troublemaker from way back, got fancy ideas an' haughty ways (Lee 159).

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3. "She's a troublemaker from way back, got fancy ideas an' haughty ways (Lee 159).

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Alex Posadas
One of the difficulties of countering culture is the pride in group identities and resistance to change. Because acceptance of others transforms culture dynamics, and can be dangerous through the introduction of foreign values, most stick to their ideals and tribes to protect against this danger.

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3. "There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb, but to my mind it worked this way: the older citizens, the present generation of people who had lived side by side were utterly predictable to each other (175).

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3. "There was indeed a caste system in Maycomb, but to my mind it worked this way: the older citizens, the present generation of people who had lived side by side were utterly predictable to each other (175).

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The caste is the established and permanent dominance hierarchy which simplifies individual's lives by allowing them to take a specific place in society. This would be an argument for resistance to change of society as one would want to maintain their familiar place and position in life and be able to predict your life and others lives over time. To change society would be to alter this predicting mechanism as there'd be more chaotic cultural elements changing and transforming the dominance hierarchy. It is difficult to convince people to journey into this chaotic expanse.

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3. "Some folks don't--like the way I live. Now I could say to hell with 'em, I don't care if they don't like it, right enough--but I don't but I don't say hell with 'em see" (268)

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3. "Some folks don't--like the way I live. Now I could say to hell with 'em, I don't care if they don't like it, right enough--but I don't but I don't say hell with 'em see" (268)

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The idea of abstaining from reciprocal condemnation is a powerful way to affect a culture. In this example Mr. Raymond does not condemn his condemners but rather continues to live in the manner he sees fit without obtrusively interrupting the social order. He in unobtrusive and simply lives in contradiction to the established order. This process however is slow and this makes it difficult as it takes time for others to realize the innocuous or beneficial consequences of a different lifestyle. In this way too, one does not have to leave the culture but slowly affect it.

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1. What lessons does Atticus teach his children about separating yourself from society's viewpoint?

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1. What lessons does Atticus teach his children about separating yourself from society's viewpoint?

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Lena Mahyoub
"She has committed no crime,  she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with" (271-272).
"She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man" (272).

"There is not  single person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire" (273).

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4."It's right hard to say," she said. "Suppose you and Scout talked colored-folks' talk at home it'd be out of place, wouldn't it? Now what if I talked white-folks' talk at church, and with my neighbors? They'd think I was puttin' on airs to beat Moses(Lee 127)".

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4."It's right hard to say," she said. "Suppose you and Scout talked colored-folks' talk at home it'd be out of place, wouldn't it? Now what if I talked white-folks' talk at church, and with my neighbors? They'd think I was puttin' on airs to beat Moses(Lee 127)".

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Vilasini Gopal
Even though Calpurnia is educated and can talk with a better vocabulary, she has to use vocabulary similar to that to the rest of the people at her church to fit in. She can't talk like "white-folks" because they would look at her weird. This asserts the theme that in society people are often pressured to fit in. This applies to today's world because a lot of times, like in school, we are pressured to do certain things or be a type of way. For example, people can sometimes be generalized as nerds or jocks, which puts them in a stereotype that they are always expected to follow.

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3. "I doubt if we'd ever get a complete case tried-the ladies'd be interrupting to ask questions" (296)

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3. "I doubt if we'd ever get a complete case tried-the ladies'd be interrupting to ask questions" (296)

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Innocuously, Atticus states a commonly accepted societal norm that characterizes the role of women within society. This is a type of norm that would be difficult to change as it has its roots within years of behavioral patterns such as the constant asking of questions. Norms make culture changes difficult as breaking them means contradicting useful and established roles.

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1. "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view- ... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (Lee 39).

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1. "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view- ... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it" (Lee 39).

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Lena Mahyoub
Atticus teaches his children about how judgement by a society should not be a determiner of worth. No society nor individual can judge anyone, whether it is Tom Robinson or Mayella Ewell. He preaches about the injustices of society in this quote in a way that teaches Scout and Jem to lead non-judgemental lives despite what society may say or whom they may condemn.

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1. "It's a sin to kill a mockingbird" (Lee 119).

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1. "It's a sin to kill a mockingbird" (Lee 119).

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Lena Mahyoub
In this quote Atticus says that Scout and Jem can shoot blue-jays but that to kill a mockingbird is a sin. As explained later, this is because mockingbirds can do no harm. For example, in the case of Boo Radley, who turns out to save Scout's life, or Tom Robinson, an innocent man condemned because of societal code: both have done no harm and yet are ridiculed by their community due to rigid societal norms and unfair judgment.

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1. "She has committed no crime,  she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with" (271-272).

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1. "She has committed no crime,  she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with" (271-272).

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This excellent example of a lesson Atticus (indirectly) teaches his kids is illustrated through the trial of Tom Robinson. Mayella had not broken the law, but she might as well have, because the rigidity of their society will take it as a crime against their community. Simply breaking a normalcy that has been accepted by the vast majority of white people is seen as unacceptable. Through this lense atticus magnifies this flaw in their society, educating his children on separating oneself from society's viewpoint.

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1. "n*****-lover is just one of those terms that don't mean anything—like snot-nose. It's hard to explain—ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves. It's slipped into usage with some people like ourselves, when they want a common, ugly term to label somebody" (144).

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1. "n*****-lover is just one of those terms that don't mean anything—like snot-nose. It's hard to explain—ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebody's favoring Negroes over and above themselves. It's slipped into usage with some people like ourselves, when they want a common, ugly term to label somebody" (144).

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Lena Mahyoub
In this lesson, Atticus teaches Scout about racism and how she must separate herself from what society has deemedan insult. By telling her that it is an "ugly" word used by "trashy" people, he is separating her from societal viewpoints and showing her how these insults will tell her more about the people hurling them and their society rather than the target.

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1. "There is not  single person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire" (273).

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1. "There is not  single person in this courtroom who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire" (273).

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Lena Mahyoub
Although society has deemed kissing a black man unacceptable, as well as other "immoral things" that Atticus is referring to, every single person in the courtroom is equally as guilty as Mayella. Through this quote Atticus teaches Scout and Jem that their society is hypocritical and immoral and they must separate themselves from its corruption.

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3. "In the secret courts of men's hearts Atticus had no case" (323)

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3. "In the secret courts of men's hearts Atticus had no case" (323)

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The jury demonstrates its obstinacy to consider alternate values. They rather run with convention than take into account reason. The favoring of convention over reason is a factor in determining the ability to change a culture. When one values the methods of thinking and acting that have historically characterized a certain culture over the ability to be fluid in method and use the best pragmatic values or tools available it becomes a near impossibility to introduce new methods to a society.

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4. "'If this thing's hushed up it'll be a simple denial to Jem of the way I've tried to raise him. Sometimes I think I'm a total failure as a parent, but I'm all they've got. Before Jem looks at anyone else he looks at me, and I've tried to live so I can look squarely back at him... if I connived at something like this, frankly I couldn't meet his eye(Lee 277)'".

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4. "'If this thing's hushed up it'll be a simple denial to Jem of the way I've tried to raise him. Sometimes I think I'm a total failure as a parent, but I'm all they've got. Before Jem looks at anyone else he looks at me, and I've tried to live so I can look squarely back at him... if I connived at something like this, frankly I couldn't meet his eye(Lee 277)'".

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Vilasini Gopal
Though Scout and Jem have their own expectations in society, Atticus also has his own expectations. He needs to be a good role model because Jem "looks at" Atticus "before Jem looks at anyone else". This asserts the lesson that adults need to be role models for their children. This lesson applies to the real world in that parents need to be a good role model for their kids so their kids can grow up well even today. In a world so different and advanced, it is still important for parents to show their children how to be good people.