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- after ww1 people were scared they would take the little jobs that were left, high unemployment after ww1
- feared jobs and housing would be harder to get
- blamed immigrants for taking jobs, lowering wages, working conditions, and failure of strikes
- threat to jobs, culture, values, anglo-saxon bloodline,
- threats of americanization
encouraged hostility

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More sinisterly, anti-Chinese riots in Seattle, Washington; Rock Springs, Wyoming; and other regions of the West drove hundreds of Chinese from rural areas to the relative safety of big cities like San Francisco
for some protection from white racism.

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On average, rooms some 13 feet across housed 12 adults, and at its peak, the infant death rate climbed as high as 1 in 10.

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'How the other half lives'
How the Other Half Lives was documented and written by Jacob Riis in 1890 in an attempt to bring much-needed attention to the otherwise neglected population of immigrants living in close quarters on Manhattan's Lower East Side.

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immigrants entered the United States through several ports. Those from Europe generally came through East Coast facilities, while those from Asia generally entered through West Coast centers.

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higher skilled arrivals helped spur innovations in agriculture and manufacturing

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'How the other half lives'

Riis, a journalist and photographer, uses a combination of photographs and prose to depict life in poverty-stricken urban areas.

The slums and tenements of the city are presented as a cause of poverty, not just a symptom. Riis shows that the majority of the poor are normal, hardworking people who simply face adverse circumstances.

Riis argues that it is necessary to address urban poverty for both social and moral reasons.

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- congress wanted to limit or restrict immigration levels
- would allow research for the causes and impact of recent immigration
- build support for significant restrictions on European immigration
- concluded that immigration had a negative effect on America
- integration of a large influx of unskilled, uneducated workers mixing with  Americans was opposed and disliked
-report on the social, cultural, economic welfare of the nation
-41 volumes, detailed
- rooslevelt

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1900-1915, more than 15 million immigrants arrived in America, more than the previous 40 years combined

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'How the other half lives'
written by Jacob Riis
studies the tenements (slums) of New York

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immigrants didn't just come as workers, the also acted as the consumers - as they arrived many had jobs within the first couple of hours of arrival. They formed the unskilled workforce in the rapidly growing industries.

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WHY PEOPLE EMIGRATED from Europe 1890-1920

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WHY PEOPLE EMIGRATED from Europe 1890-1920

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between 1880 and 1920 , a time of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation America received more than 30 million immigrants. beginning in the 1890's the majority of arrivals were from Central Eastern and Southern Europe. In that decade alone, some 600,000 Italians migrated to America and by 1920 more than 4 million had entered the United States. Jews from Eastern Europe were fleeing religious persecution also arrived in large numbers over 2 million entered the entered states between 1880 and 1920.

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Since the early 1890s, Congress had been seeking sufficient consensus and support to enact immigration restrictions that would decrease immigration from Europe. Repeated failures led it to authorize this high-level commission in 1907 that echoed the recommendations of the Immigration Restriction League, the Commission issued a 41-volume report and recommended literacy tests as the means to reduce immigrant

numbers by turning away low quality persons.

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the opponents argued that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe did not assimilate into US culture as easily as their northern counterparts and brought them with dangerous political ideas such as socialism and anarchism

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-easy targets for fearful and  resentful Americans, scared of the rapid change
-1887 the American Protective Society was set up to put pressure on the Government to limit immigration. Had limited success.
-1908 immigration from Japan ceased.
- Limited immigration during and directly after WWI

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it was easy for opponents to see immigrants cultural and religious interests and 'un-American'

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although immigrants were welcomed by employers as cheap and willing labour they were an easy target for Americans who were fearful and resentful about the rapid changes brought by industrialization

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immigration was a major reason why the USA was able to progress as quickly as it did with industrialization

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- January 1892 opened
- more than 12 million immigrants passed through here between 1892-1954 (out of time zone sorry)
-1900-1914 was peak time, average of 1900 passed through daily
- most passed through successfully but some were detained for some time

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children of immigrants began working from a young age and others began roaming the streets living by begging or prostitution

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immigrants from Europe disembarked in New York and headed for the cities where they provided cheap labor force. - needed for industrial growth or headed west to farms in the new territories

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more immigrants were coming than industry could support and many lived in crowded slums

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- many welcomed by employers as a source of cheap labor
- easy target for Americans who didn't like the changing world of industrialization
- immigrants were often used as strike-breakers ( replaced workers on strike)
- increased racial and ethnic conflict
- many Americans saw the immigrants as bringing in anti-American ideas and interests such as religion and culture
- dangerous political ideas such as socialism and anarchism ( belief in no government and no rules, sharing of wealth and ownership of things)
-1887 American Protective Organization was set up to try and 'protect' Americans from immigrants  by pressuring the government to limit immigration, they believed that American beliefs and ideals, American culture and traditions were being ignored and undermined.

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There was a vast amount of opportunity for jobs giving migrants a reason to move. There was also lots of housing. There were contributing factors such as Racial and Political persecutions and a lack of economic opportunity and famine. Many were pulled by contract labor agreements offered by recruiting agents, known as padrones to Italian and Greek Laborers.