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The flowers I used were out of water for a day before the experiment and not sure what effect that has on a Carnation.  I am uncertain how well the dye I used works to stain petals.  I do not know if I used enough dye or not.  Could the lack of sunlight affect the flowers? If so would not all three test cups be affected? (Only one is showing significant health issues.) .  A second test would have flowers in the dyed water immediately and water would be dyed using a more proven flower dying substance.

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After seeing the effect that the acid had on the plant I would agree that acid rain from pollution could have a adverse effect on plant life. If a natural acid such as vinegar could do damage I would theorize that man made chemical acids would do significant damage if not controlled. Seeing these results in plants makes me wonder at what degree it affects human and animal cells.

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At the beginning of the experiment we expected to see capillary action take place by colored dye traveling with water up to the petal of the flower. Unfortunately we did not see any dye in the petals. At first, we thought it possible that the water was not making it to the petal, as we see in Table 1, for the first 12 hours of the experiment there was no change to the flowers in all 3 cups. At 24 hours into the experiment, there is a noticeable change to the flower in the Acid (vinegar) cup and the Base (Bleach) cup. The sepal, which is the green part of the stem right at the base of the petals, was turning brown along with a few spots on the petals themselves. The stems of all three test flowers were upright and in good condition. When checked at 36 hours, the neutral flower showed no change still it had a firm stem, and firm, white petals. The flower in the acid had a weakened stem which allowed the flowers to droop and face the floor, the sepals were brown and the petals on all three flowers were browning, soft and withering. The flower that was in the base cup showed a firm stem, the sepals were still browning, and one of the three flower's petals were soft and withered with a few brown spots. From the results of this experiment we can conclude that an acid or a base can change the mortality of a flower. I am uncertain if the rate of capillary action was changed due to the colored dye not traveling or showing in the petal, we originally hypothesized that the frequency of capillary action would change adding these elements. We can determine that acid does something negative to the plant. Either it changes the molecular structure of the capillaries, due to acid breaking down cells, and making it harder for water to pass or the acid changes the water molecule and makes it less cohesive. The cup with the bleach was one we thought might destroy the plant, yet it fared much better than the acid and kept the flower looking as if the bleach had very little effect on capillary action.

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Results from observing the flowers during they time they spent in the solutions.

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In order to observe the effect that acid and bases have on capillary action of plants we used three glasses of distilled water and one white Carnation in each glass.  One glass was filled with ½ cup of distilled water and food color dye. One glass was filled with ½ cup of distilled water, 1 tablespoon of bleach and food color dye. One glass was filled with ½ cup of distilled water, 1 tablespoon of vinegar and food color dye. Each of the glasses had its contents stirred so additives would fully dissolve.  Each of the Carnations had its stem cut with a knife at a 45 degree angle. The Carnations were placed into the glasses and then observed at two, four, twenty four, forty eight, and seventy two hours after initial placement of the flowers into the glasses. We measured to see how far the colored water would travel up the stem of the flower at each observation time. We looked at the petal on the flower as well.

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Do you ever wonder how water gets from the earth to the petals of a flower? How the plant must suck, pull or force the water up? I often have and was unsure of how it was done until I learned of capillary action.  This is the process in which pants use tiny tubes within the stem to transport water from the root to the petal.  The Davidson Institute of Science Education, describes it this way: “Capillary action (or capillarity) describes the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space such as a thin tube” (Ariel & Michal, 2012).  The outcome of two opposing forces is what allows the push, or locomotion to take place, causing a spontaneous rise of liquid. Water molecules have a high-cohesion rate and can form bonds with neighboring molecules easily. It is a “sticky” molecule even though water seems slippery. Adhesion also propels the molecules upward, the attractive forces between dissimilar molecules, these principles allow for water to attach itself to the sides of the capillaries and until there is balance of adhesion and cohesion, along with gravity,  the molecules work their way up the tube (Ariel & Michal, 2012). This experiment will determine if the frequency of capillary action in Carnations will be changed by adding acid (vinegar) and a base (bleach) to the water that supplies the flower.