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Making notes in the margins of text in order to extract major ideas or examples/facts.

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1. an apostrophe indicates a number or letter that has been omitted
2. an apostrophe is used to show plurals
3. shows possession or ownership
4. if plural noun doesn't end in s, add both apostrophe and s
5. only the last part of hyphenated noun shows possession
6. only the name of the last person mentioned is given possessive form when there is joint ownership
7. if separate ownership, each name is given possessive form
8. use apostrophe and s to form possessive indefinite pronouns
9. when used as adjectives, words expressing time and amount are given the possessive form

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in order to have a top score for the AP essay, the student must effectively analyze how the author uses rhetorical strategies, develop their analysis with evidence and explanations, refer to the passage explicitly or implicitly, are especially sophisticated, thorough in development or impressive in their control of language

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False Analogy- X property has Y. Z is like X. Therefore Z has Y property
Non Sequitur- It does not follow
Either-or - Claim presents an artificial range of choices
Hasty Generalization- The scope of evidence is too small to support the conclusion
False authority- Use a bias, suspicious, or incredible source to defend a conclusion
Red Herring- Topic A is under discussion. Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to Topic A. Topic A is abandoned
Bandwagon Effect- A and B believe, so C need not test belief
Slippery Slope- Event X has occurred therefore Y will inevitably happen
Ad Hominem-  Attack a person's character
Straw Man- A person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitute a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of the position.

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Error or gap in logic which renders argument invalid

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order of words in a sentence

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word choice (formal, standard, informal)
- Denotation: literal meaning of word
- Connotation: emotional association with word

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-Subject: Speakers general subject/content
-Occasion: What gives rise to the argument
-Audience: Who is the writer communicating to?
-Purpose: What is the authors intention?
-Speaker: Who is the author?
-Tone: Tone or attitude of author

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- Theories/Scientific Facts
- Indicated meanings or reasons
- Literal or historical analogies
- Definitions
- Quotations
- Examples

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-emotionally loaded language
-vivid descriptions
-emotional examples
-personal experiences
-figurative language
-emotional tone

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Applying logic to support your idea

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using emotion to appeal to audience

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- provide personal experiences
- know someone with personal experience
- external expert support
- using mature and appropriate word choice
- providing respect to audience
- Author's background
- Morally and ethically likable
- Correct grammar

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demonstrating you are intelligent and can be trusted