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Trovalusci

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. This disease(s) is caused by many different species of fungi.

Almost no type of plant is immune, however, some are more susceptible than others. Low soil moisture combined with high humidity levels at the plant surface favors this disease.

Powdery mildew is one of the easiest plant’s disease to identify as its symptoms are quite distinctive and easy to spot; those infected plants look as if they have been dusted with flour: white powdery spots appear on the leaves and stems.

Those symptoms usually appear later in the growing season on outdoor plants.

The major remedies are:

1.       Apply Sulphur or Shulphur-based products once  a day, in the morning or in the evening;

2.       Avoid high temperatures, the ideal is to stay between 20 and 25° Celsius.

Well done Irene 8.5

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WHAT ARE THE OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED IN A VINEYARD IN SUMMER AND AUTUMN?

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WHAT ARE THE OPERATIONS TO BE PERFORMED IN A VINEYARD IN SUMMER AND AUTUMN?

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(Gioffrè Matteo)

Summer

in summer it is necessary to protect the ripe grapes with great care.

In fact, in this season grapes can be attacked by pests and other animals harmful to agriculture.

Remedies must be found to defend against this, these remedies can be chemical or natural, such as pheromone traps or with the introduction of predatory animals.

Also it is necessary to leave the grapes exposed to sunlight.

Autumn

In autumn (it occurs if) the grapes are ready for harvest.  On important operation is for example the checking the sugar level.

The grapes collected will be used for winemaking and wine production, the remaining vineyards must be prepared for the winter.
Simple and plain to understand, 7.5

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The phases of wine making change based on the type of the wine that we want to produce (white, red or rosè)

The differences between the production of a white or red wine is in the early stages.

In the production of red wine the pressing is made in a "less delicate" way and the and in the maceration phase parts such as the skins are left in the must, so they release tannins that give the typical red color and the "astringent" flavor.

Then  there is the fermenting phase that consist in leaving the must in tanks or barrels where the fermentation takes place thanks to yeasts, that sometimes are added from the winemaker.

In this phase the yeast transform the glucose into alcohol and the temperature increases up to 15 and 30° Degres . This phase ends by yeasts’s death caused by the too high alcohol quantity. The wine is then filtered and left to age.

Before bottling it is clarified, so as to make it  clearer and  more palatable. This aspect is then maintained for a long time thanks to stabilization. The choice depends on the type of wine.

your production and Raio's are identical. I'm really sorry for that. I cannot assess them both

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Explain the different phase of winemaking (Raio Alessandro)

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Explain the different phase of winemaking (Raio Alessandro)

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The phases of wine making change based on the type of the wine that we want to produce (red, white or rosé)

The differences between the production of a white or red wine is in the early stages.

In the production of red wine the pressing is made in a "less delicate" way (and the) and in the maceration phase parts such as the skins are left in the must, soo they release tannins that give the typical red color and the "astringent" flavor.

Subsequently there is the fermenting phase that consists in leaving the must in tanks or barrels where the fermentation takes place thanks to yeasts, that sometimes are added from the winemaker.

In this phase the yeast transform the glucose into alcohol and the temperature increases up to 30 degrees. This phase ends by yeasts’s death caused by the too high alcohol quantity. The wine is then filtered and left to age.

Before bottling it is clarified, so as to make it  clearer and  more palatable. This aspect is then maintained for a long time thanks to stabilization.

Well done Alessandro. You have divided into paragraphs and your explanation is plain . There are some minimal mistakes but, unfortunately, your production is identical to Boniardi's. I'm really sorry but I can't assess them both

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Zanon Giorgio
What operations should be performed before vintage?

Before starting (a) vintage, the best wine growers check the conditions of the vineyard making sure that the plants do not go against diseases that can lead to damage to the grape. They control soil fertility to promote fast and healthy grape growth. when the grapes are ripe and ready to be crushed, the winemakers may decide to pick it up by hand (which gives the possibility of noticing imperfections in the grape), or to do it with machinery, which however not in all vineyards can be used, because most of the vineyards are located in the hills and the machines hardly work on certain slopes. After the harvest the grapes are ready to be crushed and to become must, after which the fermentation processes that will slowly give life to the wine will begin.

Well done 8

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The grape philloxera is a phytophagous insect.
The grape is hit by this insect, that causes heavy damage to the stump, to the aerial part and to the roots.
This aphid lays, in the end of summer, an egg on the stump, that it hatches in spring giving birth to the founder.
The founder is the new aphid that will have the task to lay other eggs.
The young leaves are holed by the founder on the top page.
These holes takes the name of "galle".
Once maturation has arrived, the founder, will lay, inside of every galla, about five hundred eggs, which will be developed other femals.
These eggs hatch between march and may, also spreading on the roots in the time.
Once attacked, the roots suffer heavy damages that bring to the plant's death within about three years.
The fight versus the grape philloxera it usually done by grafting resistant vine grape (screw) (screw is vite but not the plant -screwdriver is cacciavite) on American rootstocks that are immune to infection.
For nursery plants where mother plants of American rootstocks are raised, a chemical intervention is carried out.
Well done Elisa. It is plain that you have worked independently and not copied it 7.5

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Every year the operations to have a good vintage in September start in January, to be more specific they start on the 22nd of the month, it is a symbolic date because it’s the patron of winegrowers (actually these operations can already start on the 15th of December and end in March). On the third month of the year the winegrowers start to work the soil, this operation is essential to aerate the roots and to destroy any eventual weed. In the following months the winegrowers keep working on the soil, prune the plants in May and then in July and august they start thinning the unripe fruits (to guarantee a high-quality production) and stop working on the soil. All the previously listed operations are needed to have, in September, a healthy vineyard ready for vintage, there is a last operation that might be needed just before the vintage starts: since the soil hasn’t been touched since august there might be some weeds that need to be cut to allow an easier harvest.
Well done Sofia. Well expressed and personalized  There are some minimal mistakes
8.75

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good research Asja but you should write it on a paddle page, so that alla your schoolmates will be able to read it. I'll write the correction of the mistakes here:
grapes
grown
alcoholic
it includes
bottling (senza articolo)
is terroir: its soil
grapevine plantations depend on specific geographical and geological characteristics
the vineyard
Middle Ages
traditional practices
7

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ZANONI  what are the features of an ideal site for a Vineyard?

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ZANONI  what are the features of an ideal site for a Vineyard?

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The production of wine begins in a vineyard, a large plot of land where vines are grown: grapes can adapt to a wide range of soil and climates, however the vines will only prosper in the right location and with the necessary support, provided by the construction of grape's trellis to allow them to grow high.

As previously said, there isn't the need for a specific type of soil (in order )for grapes to grow, provided that it allows the roots to penetrate easily and also has an optimal drainage while being rich in organic nutrients.

It's important to protect the vineyard from external aggressors, such as frost , while also assurring that it gets full sunlight exposure and good ventilation; indeed  a slope where it blows a nice breeze would be the perfect place for the vines to grow.

In conclusion, climate conditions are crucial to determine the variety of grapes and, as a result, the type of wine that's going to be produced.

Well done Lorenzo, good grammar and personalized content 8

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A vineyard is a plot of land where vines are grown in order to provide wine. So, the grapevine is formed on it. A grapevine is a permanent and climbing plant on which grapes grow. To maintain vine and produce the best possible grapes, it's important to describe the different parts of a vineyard. The vine is a climber which grows naturally on trees and bushes and is quite tall. Thanks to pruning, it is possible to control the quantity and quality of the grapes.

Moreover, it has an underground and an above-ground part. The first consists of an underground trunk with the root system. While the second is made up of trunk, sticks and shoots. On the one-year shoots, there are leaves, tendrils, flowers and grapes.

It is composed by the root system, trunk, canes, shoots, buds, leaves, tendrils, grapes and flowers.

Roots are multi-branched structures that grow to depths of the soil and depend on the various, soils and climates.

Trunk is the main steam; it’s permanent and supports the above-ground vegetative and reproductive structure of the vine.

Canes are formed when the shoots mature and become woody. After a year, the leaves fall off. With the winter pruning of the canes, the wine growers manage the size and shape of the vine and therefore control the quality of the harvest in the next season.

Buds develop in the leaf axil ???. Inside it, there are three distinct growing points to produce a shoot, called primary, secondary and tertiary buds. If the primary bud is damaged or freezes, the secondary or tertiary buds  will grow in place of the primary bud.

Shoots are green stems which develop from buds, and they are the primary growth structure of grapevines. It is composed by stems, leaves, tendrils and fruits.

The leaves provide nourishment and air for the plant and they convert sunlight into usable energy for the plant.

Tendrils are a slender structure that grows until the grapevine is ready for harvest.

In conclusion, each bunch can only contain a few flowers when blooming.
Well done  Sara, simple and easy to understand, fluent language 8.5

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                             Vochitoiu  -   GRAPE PHYLLOXERA

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                             Vochitoiu  -   GRAPE PHYLLOXERA

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Phylloxera is a microscopic louse or aphid, that lives on and eats roots of grapes.

the phylloxera of the vine is an insect of American origin that arrived in Europe in the middle of the last century, spreading rapidly in the vineyards.
It spread very quickly, thanks to the favorable climate and territorial conditions.
The problems it created are:
-deformations in root ( nodosities and tuberosities) and fungal infections
- the flow of nutrients and water to the plant is gradually cut off
- Their sucking of fluid from grapevines results in formation of small galls on leaves and nodules on roots, which result in eventual rotting of the plant.
but in particular the problems it brings are concentrated on the leaves and roots:
to the roots: On the roots, phylloxera causes the formation of gnarled galls, even of considerable size. These galls cause the loss of absorbency of nutrients by the plant. In this way, the vine can no longer absorb all the nutrients needed to grow and form bunches

to the leaves:

On the leaves, rounded and wrinkled galls appear, ranging from the upper to the lower page. This creates a gnarled and irregular surface which reduces the photosynthesis capacity of the leaf.
the remedy :
the usual remedy is to graft the European vine in the North American Labrusca vitis which is more resistant.

Well done Larisa. Only one non correct sentence. 8

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Rimoldi-Operations to do in a vineyard in winter and spring

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Rimoldi-Operations to do in a vineyard in winter and spring

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In winter the vines are prepared to survive to cold temperatures, the main process  that takes place to protect them is pruning.

Pruning is used to ensure the maintenance of the shape and size of the individual vines to facilitate all cultivation operations, choose the best buds in relation to their production capacity, distribute the buds optimally on each vine, obtain vegetation renewal at the desired points, achieving balance between the productive and vegetative phase, of the desired quality and the lignification of the branches.

Winter pruning must be carried out in the period between the fall of the leaves and the beginning of the vegetative restart.

In spring there are several activities to do in the vineyard:
1)Another pruning to guarentee a correct position for growth, it helps to concentrate the vegetative development on the organs that make up the productive structure of the plant, it conditions the microclimate of the crown in order to favor the ripening of the bunches and to ensure less favorable conditions to the attacks of pathogens. 2)Guarantee a protection of the buds against frost. 3)Elimination of pests and parasites or weeds. 4)Control of buds growth.

Well done Gabriele. Well expressed and only one spelling mistake 8.5

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The phases of wine making depend on the type of (the) wine that we want to produce: red or white.

If we want to make white wines we have to follow some steps: the first one is (the) crushing and (the) destemming; if we want light wines than the solid matter is discarded after those two steps, instead if we want richer wines than we have to let skins macerate with the juice. After those two steps we have to keep the juice in tanks and then there is( the) fermentation. The temperature must be low, like -5° to +3° and the aim is to let the wine absorb the substances of the skin.
For richer types of white wines we have the fermentation in barrels wew yeasts are killed by alcohol over 15°.

Then we have the red wines where fermentation may take up to five weeks beetween 15° and 30°. The phases used to make this type of wines are: (the )pressing, (the) storeing and (the) blending. The first one is after separation of skin from juice, when skins are pressed to contract the remaining juice from them.
In the second phase we have the storage in tanks, vats and wooden barrels where wines are taken to mature.
The blending stage happens after that one and it is when wines from different tanks or barrels are put together.

Well done Greta. Pay attention to articles. 8.5

MAIOLANI GRETA.

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-   What are the operations to be performed in a vineyard in winter and spring?

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-   What are the operations to be performed in a vineyard in winter and spring?

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-   the ideal soil of the vineyard should be able to protect places full of sunlight from the frost.           It also must be well drained and well ventilated, in addition to that, this soil controls pests and diseases.
In winter:
in November the winter period begins; in this season the vines are prepared to survive at low temperatures.                                      the main operation carried out in this period is somewhat precarious, because it offers many advantages such as the improvement of the quality and quantity of grapes, the support of rapid fruiting and the constant production.What operation are you referring to?
In spring:

in this season start the activities in the vineyard such as:

- another pruning to guarantee a correct position for growth               -  guarantee a protection of the buds against frost,

-  elimination of pests and parasites or weeds

-  control of buds growth

Figini Alessandro

Apart from the paragraph that is not complete (there is a question in bold) the rest is good. 7

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In summer
In summer the bunches of grapes grow and many insects and diseases attack them, so it is usual to do a pest control in early summer.
In addition to insects there are also animals that eat the lower bunches, so it is customary to put a net to protect these bunches as well.
In order to grow, the bunches need light, but if they are covered by the leaves, they do not grow, therefore the plant is pruned (green) by exporting part of the leaves.
Furthermore, the number of bunches per plant is reduced, which in this way stresses the plant less.

In autumn
In autumn we proceed with the harvest, the harvest date varies every year according to the quantity of sugar present in the bunches (each winery decides when to harvest). After the harvest, the bunches are prepared for winemaking or shipped to supermarkets as table grapes.
Riboldi Emanuele

Well done Emanuele. 8

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In order to progress, the vine requires an environment with particular characteristics with a soil preparation conducive to the success of the plant.
In general, the vine favors soils where there is excellent drainage since this plant suffers a lot from water stagnation.
Before starting to cultivate a vine, it is necessary to understand in which soil the crop is to be positioned, for example if it is located on the plain, some factors must be taken into account, such as: not too high temperature range, risk of water stagnation if the soil is not readily settled and to make possible the various mechanized activities.
In the event that a vineyard is located on a hill, factors must be assessed, for example if it is located north or south, subsequently, the chemical-physical analysis of the soil is carried out, from which the type of soil analyzed is determined, such as nutrients are present, what kind of primer fertilization is necessary and other elements necessary for an excellent cultivation of precious vines.
Once the soil analysis is finished, the operating phase is completed, that is, the operations of possible extirpation of the existing vineyard, leveling of the soil, preparation of channels for any drainage in case of very frequent and intense rains, bottom fertilization to correct any anomalies at the level of soil acidity, preparation of the plant carried out with agricultural machines suitable for the work to be carried out.
Not all soils are suitable for growing grapes.
Well done Beatrice. I hope you have done it by yourself. No mistakes 8

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Black Rot is a specific fungal disease caused by an ascomycetous fungus, that affects grape vines in a hot and humid climate. This desease originated in eastern North America, but now occurs in some areas of Europe, South America and Asia.
If it is allowed to develop, this fungal disease would ruin an entire crop.
Moreover, if it develops a resistance, the grapes must be burnt and brunches fall underground so this  will cause a crop loss.
The disease occurs in grapes grown and also attacks many parts of the vine: the shoots, fruit, stems, and vines berries.
Black Rot on grapes can persist for several years if not treated. The earliest signs of disease appear as yellow-dark circular spots on new leaves and vines shoot. The number of spots per leaf varies from 2 to more than 100 depending on the aggressive nature of the fungus, as a matter of fact this happens while the berry is still green, before maturity of fruits, because the infection of these is the most serious phase of the disease, which brings a quality loss of fruits.
Sometimes the black rot infections continue into late spring and effect damaged growth of the vine.
However, there are cultivation and chemical ways to save the plants from this disease. It is important to have a good natural aeration and ideal sunlight and to make a heavy pruning to remove excess growth and diseased berries. Fortunately, these  practices reduce or eliminate the fungus during the growing season.

Well done Ilaria. 8

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BLACK ROT
This is a fungal disease  that can be recognized because  it appears as (a) dark stains on some parts of the plant like stems and leaves.
It has a fast development in wet climates.
Black rot causes bunches burnt and the fallen down of it. Write your name please
Strumento ?

it is too short and there are some mistakes 5