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Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher and the first to popularize the idea of atoms. He stated that everything in the universe is composed of “atoms”, which are physically, but not geometrically, indivisible. Between atoms, there lies empty space. Atoms are indestructible. Atoms have always been, and always will be, in motion. There are an infinite number of atoms, and kinds of atoms, which differ in shape, and size.

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John Dalton was an English meteorologist and chemist. His atomic theory proposed that all matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass. He also stated that compounds were composed of combinations of atoms in defined ratios and that chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement of the reacting atoms.

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Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and teacher, who developed the periodic table. He organized the elements into a table according to their atomic weights. Using periodic law he was able to predict new elements as well as just organize what was already known.

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Joseph Thomson was an English physicist who discovered the electron in 1897. He realized that the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively charged particles. His model of the atom, which he likened to plum pudding, was able to explain some of the electrical properties of the atom due to the electrons, but didn't recognize the positive charges in the atom as particles.

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Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand physicist who disproved Thomson's model of the atom in 1911. He showed that atoms are mostly composed of empty space. His model of the atom is known as the planetary model because most of the mass of an atom is concentrated at the center, and the electrons orbit the nucleus in a similar way to how planets orbit the Sun.

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Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist and student of Ernest Rutherford who was the first to apply the quantum concept, which restricts the energy of a system to certain discrete values, to the problem of atomic and molecular structure. He won a Nobel prize for his work in 1922. The Bohr atomic model shows the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons.

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Erwin Schrodinger was an Austrian physicist who developed the quantum mechanical model of the atom in 1926. He also was the first to describe the electron cloud. He used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position.