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Drawings and paintings of pictures and symbols on caves is showing their use of abstract thinking, ways of communications, and story telling. Neanderthals seem to be the first hominis to start creating these drawings, showing the increase in understanding and communication.

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Flakes were chipped off a rock core by another rock and fashioned

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building permanent settlements helped establish trading between neighbouring tribes or communities
- allowed protection from other communities and wildlife
- allowed for the agriculture
- Protection from weather and environment

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Oldowan - Homo habilis (2.6 million years BP – 1.7 million years BP)

Pebbles with flakes chipped off from only one side

Acheulean - Homo erectus ( 1.76–0.13 Mya)

Bifacial

Tear-drop shaped

Hand axes

Fashioned on more than one side

Mousterian - Homo neanderthalensis (315,000 – 35,000-30,000 BP)

Made from flakes

Resharpened edges

Scrapers/spears

Attached to handles

Upper paleolithic - Homo sapien (40,000 years ago - 10,000 years ago)

Specialised

Made from stone/bone

Refined

Blades/spears/needles/fish hooks and more

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Humans made their way out the Middle East and made permanent settlements in Mesopotamia.

During one or more of the Ice Ages, early man had access to other continents and spread throughout Europe.

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The dawn of agriculture has helped humans survive and made food security more certain.
With the dawn of agriculture, villages and settlements started forming along with villages/communities.  There was a greater variety in food sources and more to eat.  Skull shape changed as the large jaw and jaw muscles were no longer required as often to chew tough meat.

But, according to Anthropologist, Dr. John J. Shea, that's not true at all. Dr. Shea told us: "The reduction of teeth and jaws due to cooking is a popular idea, but not evolutionarily plausible. If you relax selective pressure for massive jaws--say by cooking food--you get greater variability, not reduced robusticity. Jaw reduction probably had something to do with changes in respiration, maybe speech."  Therefore, as necessities like speech strengthened communities that utilized it and a smaller jaw and teeth became more abundant.

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- fire helped cook the hominin's food which allowed them more nutrients from the meat and killed off any disease or bacteria in the meat.
- the fire allowed the hominin's to stay up later after dark
- provided warmth
- meat was no longer tough and large teeth and large jaw muscles were no longer required to tear or chew raw meat and so skull shape changed
- first controlled by homo erectus