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Court case that overturned Ernesto Miranda's conviction for kidnapping and rape because he had not been informed of his legal rights prior to confessing. For example, Miranda did not know that he could ask for an attorney or remain silent during questioning.

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Ruled that segregation in school was not separate but equal.

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ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools. (establishment clause)

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portions of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states.

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legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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A case that upheld Affirmative Action by allowing less qualified minorities to get jobs

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he standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal

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The legal separation of groups using laws

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classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

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communication of ideas through the combination of language and action, Ex: burning us flag in protest

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the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.

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fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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Within the 1st amendment that prohibits the establishment of religion

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prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law.

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Establishes the Lemon Test which is a 3 part test to see if a law violates the Establishment Clause

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judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful.

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The Free Exercise Clause reserves the right of American citizens to accept any religious belief and engage in religious rituals.

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a test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance.

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ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

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This case upheld that separate but equal was fair and fine to do

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An enslaved man who sued for his freedom and lost, confirming slavery

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The Court deemed abortion a fundamental right under the United States Constitution.

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Huge win in desegregation as it outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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The practice of segregating African Americans

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promoting the education and employment of members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.

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used to deny African Americans suffrage in voting by giving impossible questions for them to answer

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Decision that illegally obtained evidence can not be allowed in court

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part of the 14th amendment that say that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

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the First Amendment applies to provocative and intimidating hate speech expressing fascist and/or racists ideas.

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Writing that is likely to damage a person's career

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Lies that are spread on paper or are spoken that may end up harming he/she

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Speech that attacks and confronts the government

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Segregation that comes into place over time by tradition and fact

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Supreme Court case when Japanese Americans were put in internment camps. Court ruled 6-3 saying it was okay.

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grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

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where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury

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guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime

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Imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes. It prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law.

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Protects the people from unreasonable searches and seizures

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Protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms

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Gave the people the right to religion,   speech, press and assembly