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An intense feeling that an audience goes through while waiting for the outcome of certain events.  Overall, suspense is an important quality in order to absorb the reader into the story. Every story must have some sort of suspense, and most times, the suspense is in the rising action before the climax in a story. For example, in "Never Stop on the Motorway," right as the big black van started to follow Diana, the audience starts to become more engaged in the story and starts to feel anxious as well.

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Foreshadowing is when a writer makes an indication of a future event. Foreshadowing adds dramatic tension to a story by building anticipation about what might happen next. Authors use foreshadowing to create suspense or to convey information that helps readers understand what comes later.
In "Fatty Legs," Olemaun hated her stockings so much that she could "burn them." Eventually, she did.

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An interruption that writers do to insert past events in order to provide background or context to the current events of a narrative. Author's often use flashbacks to reveal some important truth about a character's past that otherwise the reader might not have known.
In "Never Stop on the Motorway,"  the narrator points out an important fact about Diana which help us understand the reasons behind certain actions taken by her throughout the story. "It had been over a year since John had told her that he had met another woman and wanted a divorce"

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A symbolic meaning attributed to natural objects or facts, enhancing meaning in the story by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.
In "Borders," Blackfoot symbolizes nationality, and pride.

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A Character can be defined as any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary work. There are many types of characters that exist in literature like static characters, rounds characters, flat characters,ect each with its own development and function.
An example of a flat character is in "Borders," for the mother's opinion never change, and she stays true to her true feelings.
"Citizenship?"
"Blackfoot, my mother told him.
"Ma'am?"
"Blackfoot, my mother repeated"
The image below represents how the other characters in a story may change, but a flat character always stays the same.

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The general feeling that the story portrays within the reader. The author does not tell the readers what to feel, but rather uses different elements of writing to develop particular feelings.
In "The Necklace," the author creates a strong atmosphere when "she suffered endlessly, feeling herself born for every delicacy and luxury." In this quote, the reader may feel bad for her in a way, but at the same time may feel like she is too confident and arrogant.

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An allusion is a figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. For instance, imagine a writer needs to explain her main character's struggle against an overwhelmingly powerful opponent. Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is shared by the author and the reader and that therefore the reader will understand the author's referent.
In "Never Stop on the Motorway," "She found one and pressed it into the slot, hoping it would be Pavarotti, only to be greeted by the strident tones of Gloria Gaynor assuring her that she will survive."

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The angle of which the story is told. The point of view is a narration that an author uses to let the readers "hear" or "see" what takes place in the story. Stories can be told in either first, second, or third person.
Example of first person: "When i was maybe thirteen."- Borders
Example of second: "You fell in a puddle, but you got up gracefully even if your new shoes were very wet." This point of view is quite rare in literature.
Example of third: "Diana had been hoping to get away by five"- Never Stop on the Motorway

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The plot of story is the sequence of events that make up that story. Exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution/denouement are the order of the plot. A plot is a causal sequence of events, the "why" for the things that happen in the story. The plot draws the reader into the character's lives and helps the reader understand the choices that the characters make.
An example of plot is the graphic organizer we did. Every story must have an order.

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The time, place, surroundings, environment, in which the story takes place. Setting  could be simply descriptive, like a lonely cottage on a mountain. Social conditions, historical time, geographical locations, weather, immediate surroundings, and timing are all different aspects of setting. In stories, there can be certain passages that describe setting.
"Fatty Leg's" demonstrates a clear vision of setting as we read "they plucked us from our homes on the scattered islands of the Arctic Ocean and carried us back to the nests they called schools in Aklavik."

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This is when actions/events end up having the opposite result from what is expected or what is intended.
A very evident example of situational irony is in "Never Stop on the Motorway". The author led the reader to believe that the criminal was chasing her in the car behind her when really the person in the car behind her was trying to warn her about the real criminal who ended up being inside her car the whole time.

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and face-plants into the cake. Your friend doubles over with laughter and says, "It's so ridiculous! So ironic!" Well, quick, what do you do? Do you laugh along with the laugh track and let this grievous misinterpretation of irony go? Or, do you throw caution to the wind and explain the true meaning of irony? If you're me, you choose the latter. Unfortunately, irony has been completely misunderstood. We tend to throw out that term whenever we see something funny or coincidental. And while many examples of true irony can be funny, that is not the driving factor of being ironic. A situation is only ironic if what happens is the exact opposite of what was expected. If you expect A, but get B, then you have irony. Let's take the slap-stick cake situation as an example. When someone walks in precariously balancing something that shouldn't be carried alone, trips, falls, and makes a mess, it is funny, but it's not ironic. In fact, you probably expect someone who is single-handedly carrying a huge cake to trip. When he does, reality aligns with expectations, and so that is not irony. But what if the sassy sidekick walked in wearing a gold medal that he'd won at the cake walking event at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996? What if that sidekick was a professional cake carrier? Then, maybe there would have been a reasonable expectation that he would have been more skilled when carrying a ridiculously large cake. Then, when that reasonable expectation was not met by the tripping sidekick, irony would have been exemplified. Another example. A senior citizen texting and blogging. The common and reasonable expectation of more mature men and women is that they don't like or know technology, that they have a hard time turning on a computer, or that they have the old brick cell phones from the 1980s. One should not expect them to be connected, high-tech, or savvy enough to text or to be blogging, which must seem like some sort of newfangled thing that "back in my day," they never had. So when Granny pulls out her smart phone to post pictures of her dentures or her grandkids, irony ensues. Reasonable expectations of the situation are not met. That is irony. So while the cake dropper might not be ironic, there are all kinds of situations in life that are. Go out, and find those true examples of irony.

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Transcript of "Situational irony: The opposite of what you think"

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TED Talk Subtitles and Transcript: Leaps and bounds separate that which is ironic and that which many people simply say is ironic. Christopher Warner wants to set the record straight: Something is ironic if and only if it is the exact opposite of what you would expect.

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Character motivation in a story is when the the audience or reader understands the motivation behind a characters actions. Motivation affects the theme of a story. It is very important to know the motivations of the characters in specific literature because the character's motivations are the reason why the character is acting the way he/she is acting. The more a reader knows about a character, the bigger the chances are that they will make a connection with them in some short of way. In "Two Islands," the reader's understand the reasoning behind the actions of each president.

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Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello - I Know What You Did Last Summer (Official Music Video)

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Imagery is a visually descriptive figure of speech. With the details, the reader will have the tools to fully experience the story being told to them. Using sensory details helps to create a vivid experience for the reader.
In "Two Islands", imagery is displayed by the writer when it reads "they sat in the middle of the ocean with a wide stretch of deep water between them." This phrase creates a different view on the story because of how descriptive it is.

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A personification is when non-humans are given human qualities to help readers relate to non-human subjects by ascribing human qualities and traits to ideas, objects, animals and other items. Personification works by making non-human objects more relatable to humans using vivid descriptions, feelings and emotions.
Personification is seen in "Never Stop on the Motorway" when the author describes how "her car crawled round Russell square". This means the same thing as driving around Russell square.

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Metaphors are a figure of speech that describes an object or an action in a way that is not literally correct. Rather, simple words are used to create a dynamic image in our minds.
In "The Necklace", one metaphor is when the author wrote "as though fate had blundered over her". Fate did not really make a careless mistake because that is not actually possible, but the author says this to emphasize the fact that she did not have good fate.

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A simile is the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind. Simile's are used to make descriptions more vivid and picture able to enhance the reader's/viewer's view.
An example of a simile in "Never Stop on the Motorway", was when the author described "the pinstriped pedestrians, who like worker ants, were hurrying toward the nearest hole in the ground." The author compares the pedestrians to worker ants, and holes in the ground as subways to make it easier for us as readers to paint a picture in our minds of what the setting may resemble"

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The big idea/message of a talk, a piece of writing, of a person's thoughts, or a topic. In other words, it is the critical belief that the writer tries to convey to the audience.
In the story "Fatty Legs", there are many themes, but one of them in standing up for yourself. Although Olemaun may only be a "little Inuit girl", she never silences her heart and continues to go against the nuns' orders even if she may sense fear along the way.