# data[].attributes.headline
The power of knowledge and resources can prove detrimental to society

# data[].attributes.subject
The power of knowledge and resources can prove detrimental to society

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Boy Scout Tried To Build a Nuclear Reactor in His Backyard

# data[].attributes.headline
Nowadays, nuclear bombs, such as the Czar Bomba are over 80 times more powerful than bombs 80 years ago

# data[].attributes.subject
Nowadays, nuclear bombs, such as the Czar Bomba are over 80 times more powerful than bombs 80 years ago

# data[].attributes.headline
As the world gains more access to education and resources, more people innovate

# data[].attributes.subject
As the world gains more access to education and resources, more people innovate

# data[].attributes.headline
As more people are educated, innovation of weapons is fueled, creating a mass effect

# data[].attributes.subject
As more people are educated, innovation of weapons is fueled, creating a mass effect

# data[].attributes.headline
Development of bombs and weapons like the atom bomb and then the nuclear bomb are capable of killing off populations

# data[].attributes.subject
Development of bombs and weapons like the atom bomb and then the nuclear bomb are capable of killing off populations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Nuclear Bombs and Hydrogen Bombs

A discovery by nuclear physicists in a laboratory in Berlin, Germany, in 1938 made the first atomic bomb possible, after Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission.

In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom of radioactive material splits into two or more smaller nuclei, which causes a sudden, powerful release of energy. The discovery of nuclear fission opened up the possibility of nuclear technologies, including weapons.

Atomic bombs get their energy from fission reactions. Thermonuclear weapons, or hydrogen bombs, rely on a combination of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is another type of reaction in which two lighter atoms combine to release energy.

Manhattan Project

On December 28, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Project to bring together various scientists and military officials working on nuclear research.

The Manhattan Project was the code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic bomb during World War II. The project was started in response to fears that German scientists had been working on a weapon using nuclear technology since the 1930s.

Who Invented the Atomic Bomb?

Much of the work in the Manhattan Project was performed in Los Alamos, New Mexico, under the direction of theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the " father of the atomic bomb."

On July 16, 1945, in a remote desert location near Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb was successfully detonated-the Trinity Test. It created an enormous mushroom cloud some 40,000 feet high and ushered in the Atomic Age.

Hiroshima And Nagasaki Bombings

Scientists at Los Alamos had developed two distinct types of atomic bombs by 1945-a uranium-based design called "the Little Boy" and a plutonium-based weapon called "the Fat Man." (Uranium and plutonium are both radioactive elements.)

While the war in Europe had ended in April, fighting in the Pacific continued between Japanese forces and U.S. troops. In late July, President Harry Truman called for Japan's surrender with the Potsdam Declaration. The declaration promised "prompt and utter destruction" if Japan did not surrender.

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb from a B-29 bomber plane called the Enola Gay over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The "Little Boy" exploded with about 13 kilotons of force, leveling five square miles of the city and killing 80,000 people instantly. Tens of thousands more would later die from radiation exposure.

When the Japanese did not immediately surrender, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb three days later on the city of Nagasaki. The "Fat Man" killed an estimated 40,000 people on impact.

Nagasaki had not been the primary target for the second bomb. American bombers initially had targeted the city of Kokura, where Japan had one of its largest munitions plants, but smoke from firebombing raids obscured the sky over Kokura. American planes then turned toward their secondary target, Nagasaki.

Citing the devastating power of "a new and most cruel bomb," Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced his country's surrender on August 15-a day that became known as ' V-J Day '-ending World War II.

The Cold War

The United States was the only country with nuclear weaponry in the years immediately following World War II. The Soviet Union initially lacked the knowledge and raw materials to build nuclear warheads.

Within just a few years, however, the U.S.S.R. had obtained-through a network of spies engaging in international espionage-blueprints of a fission-style bomb and discovered regional sources of uranium in Eastern Europe. On August 29, 1949, the Soviets tested their first nuclear bomb.

The United States responded by launching a program in 1950 to develop more advanced thermonuclear weapons. The Cold War arms race had begun, and nuclear testing and research became high-profile goals for several countries, especially the United States and the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Over the next few decades, each world superpower would stockpile tens of thousands of nuclear warheads. Other countries, including Great Britain, France, and China, developed nuclear weapons during this time, too.

To many observers, the world appeared on the brink of nuclear war in October of 1962. The Soviet Union had installed nuclear-armed missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. This resulted in a 13-day military and political standoff known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

President John F. Kennedy enacted a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the United States was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize the perceived threat.

Disaster was avoided when the United States agreed to an offer made by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the United States promising not to invade Cuba.

Three Mile Island

Many Americans became concerned about the health and environmental effects of nuclear fallout-the radiation left in the environment after a nuclear blast-in the wake of World War II and after extensive nuclear weapons testing in the Pacific during the 1940s and 1950s.

The antinuclear movement emerged as a social movement in 1961 at the height of the Cold War. During Women Strike for Peace demonstrations on November 1, 1961 co-organized by activist Bella Abzug, roughly 50,000 women marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.

The antinuclear movement captured national attention again in the 1970s and 1980s with high profile protests against nuclear reactors after the Three Mile Island accident-a nuclear meltdown at a Pennsylvania power plant in 1979.

In 1982, a million people marched in New York City protesting nuclear weapons and urging an end to the Cold War nuclear arms race. It was one of the largest political protests in United States history.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

The United States and Soviet Union took the lead in negotiating an international agreement to halt the further spread of nuclear weapons in 1968.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (also called the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT) went into effect in 1970. It separated the world's countries into two groups-nuclear weapons states and non-nuclear weapons states.

Nuclear weapons states included the five countries that were known to possess nuclear weapons at the time-the United States, the U.S.S.R., Great Britain, France and China.

According to the treaty, nuclear weapons states agreed not to use nuclear weapons or help non-nuclear states acquire nuclear weapons. They also agreed to gradually reduce their stockpiles of nuclear weapons with the eventual goal of total disarmament. Non-nuclear weapons states agreed not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, there were still thousands of nuclear weapons scattered across Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Many of the weapons were located in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. These weapons were deactivated and returned to Russia.

Illegal Nuclear Weapon States

Some countries wanted the option of developing their own nuclear weapons arsenal and never signed the NPT. India was the first country outside of the NPT to test a nuclear weapon in 1974.

Other non-signatories to the NTP include: Pakistan, Israel and South Sudan. Pakistan has a known nuclear weapons program. Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though has never officially confirmed or denied the existence of a nuclear weapons program. South Sudan is not known or believed to possess nuclear weapons.

North Korea

North Korea initially signed the NPT treaty, but announced its withdrawal from the agreement in 2003. Since 2006, North Korea has openly tested nuclear weapons, drawing sanctions from various nations and international bodies.

North Korea tested two long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles in 2017-one reportedly capable of reaching the United States mainland. In September 2017, North Korea claimed it had tested a hydrogen bomb that could fit on top an intercontinental ballistic missile.

Iran, while a signatory of the NPT, has said it has the capability to initiate production of nuclear weapons at short notice.

Sources

Pioneering Nuclear Science: The Discovery of Nuclear Fission. International Atomic Energy Agency.
The Development and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. NobelPrize.org.
Here are the facts about North Korea's nuclear test. NPR.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Atomic Bomb: Nuclear Bomb, Hiroshima & Nagasaki - HISTORY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The atomic bomb and nuclear bombs, powerful weapons that use nuclear reactions as their source of explosive energy, are regulated by international agreements.

# data[].attributes.body
Healthcare and education may improve... But so do weapons and other menacing devices

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Does saving more lives lead to overpopulation?

# data[].attributes.headline
Computers and other equipment get destroyed from malware and its path of destruction

# data[].attributes.subject
Computers and other equipment get destroyed from malware and its path of destruction

# data[].attributes.body
"We estimate that malicious cyber activity cost the U.S. economy between $57 billion
and $109 billion in 2016."
-White

# data[].attributes.headline
Malware can infect millions and then cost billions

# data[].attributes.subject
Malware can infect millions and then cost billions

# data[].attributes.headline
Civilians can expose documents kept for national security

# data[].attributes.subject
Civilians can expose documents kept for national security

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things'

# data[].attributes.headline
Cyber Attacks can shutdown a city or disrupt the government

# data[].attributes.subject
Cyber Attacks can shutdown a city or disrupt the government

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The latest hacking of U.S. government data files, capturing personal information on about 4 million past and present government workers, has predictably stirred outrage.

The allegation that the hacking came from China (no published evidence either confirms or refutes this widespread belief) has compounded the anger.

We are incensed at the brazenness of the Chinese and embarrassed by our vulnerability. It's a national scandal.

Actually, that's not quite right.

It's also a blessing in disguise. The same might be said of most, if not all, other hackings. The more hackings there are - and the more harmful they seem to be - the more likely that, at some point, public opinion and political authority will begin to take the threat seriously.

They will recognize that hacking, at its worst, can jeopardize the nation's physical and economic security. The dangers compare with a serious recession or even war.

Until now, the hacking has been at another level. It comes in a variety of forms: the stealing of business information (including, presumably, trade secrets) from U.S. companies; the theft of credit-card and other individual financial information; spying on government and commercial networks.

All of these can involve sizable costs and inconvenience for those directly affected. The victims of identity theft are tortured both financially and psychologically. Companies that have lost proprietary information may suffer profit declines.

Government agencies that have been penetrated (including the Internal Revenue Service and e-mail systems of the White House and State Department) may involve the loss of sensitive personal or policy documents. The well-publicized hacking of Sony Pictures Entertainment produced an outpouring of embarrassing material.

But none of these intrusions threatens the everyday routines of the overwhelming majority of Americans. Unless they happen to us, cyberattacks are just someone else's problem or tragedy. They're the hurricane and the tornado on the evening news or the random shooting in an inner-city neighborhood. They're unfortunate and perhaps devastating - but isolated.

This may be self-delusion. What we ultimately have to fear from hackers is that they - and this would apply mostly to hostile governments and terrorist groups - will get inside our most sensitive data systems with the intent of causing havoc.

They would hijack, destroy or corrupt the data systems that regulate energy, control financial transactions, contain medical records and oversee transportation networks. Everyday life would be disrupted for countless millions.

We don't know our full vulnerability because these attacks have yet to be mounted on a grand scale. But given the success of lesser hacking, it's hard to be confident that this most destructive variety is simply the figment of an overactive imagination.

This is true cyberwarfare. We need to protect against it and also to stop making more systems dependent on the Internet - an act of commercial convenience that, with hindsight, may seem self-destructive.

Until we recognize the threat's gravity, we need to be constantly reminded. That's why the relentless hacking may be doing us a favor..

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The latest hack of US government files is a blessing in disguise

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The latest hacking of U.S. government data files, capturing personal information on about 4 million past and present government workers, has predictably stirred outrage. The allegation that the hacking came from China (no published evidence either confirms or refutes this widespread belief) has compounded the anger.

# data[].attributes.headline
The government can control people's states of mind

# data[].attributes.subject
The government can control people's states of mind

# data[].attributes.body
The government can use the tools of control it is given to dictate the emotions and actions of its people

# data[].attributes.headline
Governments abuse the liberty and freedom of the people by instating propaganda

# data[].attributes.subject
Governments abuse the liberty and freedom of the people by instating propaganda

# data[].attributes.headline
There is a universal and constant threat of malware and cyber attacks

# data[].attributes.subject
There is a universal and constant threat of malware and cyber attacks

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Malware? | Learn about todays threats with Norton Security Center.

# data[].attributes.headline
People's computers and other media devices may be used as tools by governments and corporations

# data[].attributes.subject
People's computers and other media devices may be used as tools by governments and corporations

# data[].attributes.headline
Ad-Re-targeting can create broken engagements or relationships 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ad-Re-targeting can create broken engagements or relationships 

# data[].attributes.body
In cases where relationships such as engagements are derived from surprise, it can be ruined by the way cookies are saved by sites like Google or Facebook

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Google and Facebook Ruined My Marriage Proposal

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
I never wanted to know how my marriage proposal would go down. But of course the Internet told me. Jerks.

# data[].attributes.headline
Search & purchase records are made public

# data[].attributes.subject
Search & purchase records are made public

# data[].attributes.body
People who are related to you in friendship and family may be notified of your own interests

# data[].attributes.headline
Facebook earned nearly $40,000,000,000 from ad targeting

# data[].attributes.subject
Facebook earned nearly $40,000,000,000 from ad targeting

# data[].attributes.headline
Companies use your history and other information for ad targeting purposes

# data[].attributes.subject
Companies use your history and other information for ad targeting purposes

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
What is Ad Targeting? - Definition from Techopedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ad Targeting Definition - Ad targeting is an advertisement technique where advertisements are placed in specific areas of the screen to increase...

# data[].attributes.headline
Governments and companies use, sell, and distribute your internet info.

# data[].attributes.subject
Governments and companies use, sell, and distribute your internet info.

# data[].attributes.body
Facebook Security Breach Exposes Accounts of 50 Million Users

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Facebook Security Breach Exposes Accounts of 50 Million Users (Published 2018)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The attack added to the company’s woes as it contends with fallout from its role in a Russian disinformation campaign.

# data[].attributes.body
People are able to hack and infect other peoples' computers using the power of the internet.

# data[].attributes.body
Mounting a Response to Technological Unemployment

# data[].attributes.headline
Technology Developments over the past century

# data[].attributes.subject
Technology Developments over the past century

# data[].attributes.body
Even before, but especially during WWI, technology's use in warfare increased drastically. So did the innovation. This resulted in one of the deadliest wars in history.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tech Developments of World War I | History

# data[].attributes.headline
Automated Machines are taking over in the workplace...

# data[].attributes.subject
Automated Machines are taking over in the workplace...

# data[].attributes.body
Millions of humans work factory jobs in the world. These Blue-Collar workers do this to provide for themselves as well as their families and communities

# data[].attributes.body
Humans are incredibly complicated and smart. They have the ability to be logical, integrate, and smart beings. Machines, however, are automated, and lack those important qualities.