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Felsőrákosi rétek (meadows)

This picture was taken by me in june 2018 on the upper part of the meadows of Felsőrákos. The upper part of this area is dry and the lower part is swampy. It is a mosaic habitat.

You can see more pictures here: http://dunaninnendunantul.blogspot.com/2015/02/felsorakosi-retek.html

This place is in Budapest:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91r%C3%A1kos_(Budapest)

http://www.greenfo.hu/uploads/dokumentumtar/felsorakosi-retek-okologiai-vizsgalata.pdf

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Normafa

This picture was taken in may 2018 at Normafa. Normafa is located on Svábhegy, Budapest.
There are meadow and beech forest, natural and of mixed age.

https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normafa

Pulsatilla grandis: http://normafapark.hu/aktualitasok/nyilik-a-leanykokorcsin-a

http://wwf.hu/media/file/1462534234_WWF_Normafa_kiadvany.pdf

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Danube bend

The picture was taken in july 2018 at Nagymaros, near the bank of the Danube.

Danube bend is at the border of two floral area:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricum_fl%C3%B3ravid%C3%A9k
and
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyicum_fl%C3%B3ravid%C3%A9k

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Bend

https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dunakanyar_n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyzete

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Matricaria chamomilla - Chamomile, German chamomile, Kamilla

The word chamomile comes from greek, it means "earth-apple" because of the apple-like scent of the plant.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Matricaria

This herbaceous plant is an annual that becomes 1-2' tall, branching occasionally to frequently. The stems are light green, purplish green, or purple with fine longitudinal veins; they are glabrous and terete (round in cross-section). The alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1½" across; they are green to dark green and double- or triple-pinnate. The leaves occur rather sparingly along the stems; they are sessile or have short petioles. The leaf segments are linear-filiform and glabrous. Each upper stem usually terminates in 1 or 2 daisy-like flowerheads. Each flowerhead spans about 1-2" across; it consists of 10-20 white ray florets that surround numerous yellow disk florets. The ray florets are oblong and petal-like; they spread outward or droop downward, depending on the maturity of the flowerhead. The tubular disk florets are arranged densely together on a receptacle that is globoid, subgloboid, or conical: the shape of this receptacle depends on the maturity of the flowerhead. There are no chaffy scales on the receptacle and it is hollow inside. At the base of each flowerhead, there are 1-2 series of floral bracts; these bracts are light green, lanceolate, and membranous along their margins. Each flowerhead has a naked peduncle (or flower stalk) at its base of varying length. The crushed flowerheads have a fruity fragrance, resembling pineapple or apple; sometimes the crushed leaves are fragrant as well. The blooming period usually occurs during the summer and lasts 1-2 months; some plants may bloom a little earlier or later than this, however. Each disk or ray floret is replaced by a small oblongoid achene. Each achene is nearly terete and has several fine ribs. The root system is mostly fibrous. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.

https://www.rexall.ca/articles/view/3820/Chamomile

http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com/PDF/JHP-4-98.pdf?t=636892369703360040

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995283/

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Achillea millefolium - Yarrow, common yarrow

Genus name is in reference to Achilles, hero of the Trojan Wars in Greek mythology, who used the plant medicinally to stop bleeding and to heal the wounds of his soldiers.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Achillea

Yarrow grows to 3 feet tall and has no branches except near the top. The leaves are alternate, 3-5 inches long, with many leaflets on each side of the midrib (1- pinnately lobed); and these are further divided into smaller leaflets, giving them a delicate, fernlike, lacy appearance. Flower heads are arranged in large, compact clusters at the top of the stem, each cluster consisting of 1 or more flower heads. The flowerhead has 20-25 yellowish-white (rarely pink) ray flowers and similarly colored disk flowers.

Achillea millefolium is highly variable and has been treated both as a single species with varieties and as multiple distinct species. A. millefolium is cosmopolitan throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, A. millefolium is a complex of both native and introduced plants and their hybrids.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3232110/

http://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/volume9issue2/Article-022.pdf

https://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/yarrow-herb.html

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Pannonian biogeagraphical region

In the period following the latest ice age, the Pannonian basin was covered with dense oak forests, with limes Tilia spp., elms Ulmus spp., ashes Fraxinus spp., and hazel Corylus avellana. During a relatively humid phase, species of beech Fagus and hornbeam Carpinus forests dominated. The natural wood vegetation has now been almost entirely destroyed and has been replaced by an extensive steppe landscape called Puszta. Much of the climazonal vegetation of the lowlands has been transformed into arable land and pastures. Significant habitats with high biodiversity of native species mainly occur on sites not suitable for intensive cultivation and agricultural production, especially on sandy, salty, or wetland sites or in hilly areas. The present principle habitats include forests, forest-steppe formations, salt and sandy habitats, vegetation on rocks and screes. Natural potential vegetation is dominant in very restricted areas. Agriculture, forestry, urbanisation and water management have had profound influences on the distribution, structure and quality of habitats and species. Many areas that have been modified by centuries of human activities are important for biodiversity and are nevertheless of great conservation value. Traditional agriculture and forest management was sustainable, and biological diversity remained relatively high.  The situation has changed dramatically since the 19th century. Natural habitats have diminished as a result of forest clearance, drainage, the ploughing of meadows and the use of pesticides. Habitat destruction has been the main cause for endangering the existence of particular species as well as the extinction of others. Populations of animal and plant species are increasingly fragmented and isolated from one another.

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/biogeos/pannonian.pdf

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Floods in Hungary

https://folyoiratok.uni-nke.hu/document/uni-nke-hu/aarms-2016-2-hegedus.original.pdf

https://www.unisdr.org/files/2700_EUR22712EN.pdf

http://ddvizig.hu/en/korabbi-hirek-1-en/f2105a17-69d0-45c0-95cf-ccfad9b01d30

http://www.kvvm.hu/szakmai/budapestinitiative/docs/s_toth_vtt.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282856691_Review_of_Historic_Floods_in_Hungary_and_the_Extent_of_Flooded_Areas_in_Case_of_Levee_Failures

https://www.origo.hu/tudomany/20081113-megzavarodnak-a-novenyek-a-valtozoban-levo-idojarastol.html

https://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_threats/climate/docs/com_2009-147_hu.pdf

http://foldrajz.ttk.pte.hu/files/doktori-iskola/nv/disszertacio/izsak_phd.pdf

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https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt

https://pangea.blog.hu/2017/10/04/humboldt_az_egyszemelyes_tudomanyos_intezet

https://www.origo.hu/tudomany/20170115-barki-szamara-hozzaferhetove-valt-a-hires-nemet-termeszettudos-alexander-von-humboldt-tudomanyos.html

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2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Climatic datas

The Hungarian weather and climatic data sets are collected, managed and maintained by the Hungarian Meteorological Service.

Hungary is situated between the 45°45'N and 48°35'N latitudes, about halfway between the Equator and the North Pole, in the temperate climatic zone according to the solar climatic classification. Its climate is very erratic. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that Hungary is situated in between 3 climatic zones: the oceanic climate with less varying temperature and more evenly dispersed precipitation; the continental climate with more extreme temperature and relatively moderate precipitation; also, a Mediterranean effect with dry weather in summer, and wet one in winter. For a shorter or longer period of time any of these types can become prevailing. Due to these reasons great differences can occur in the weather of the country, despite of its lower altitudes and relatively small extent. (https://www.met.hu/en/eghajlat/magyarorszag_eghajlata/altalanos_eghajlati_jellemzes/altalanos_leiras/)

Climate of the past century: https://www.met.hu/en/eghajlat/magyarorszag_eghajlata/eghajlati_visszatekinto/elmult_evszazad_idojarasa/

http://www.klimavalasz.hu/en/climate-change-hungary

https://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0038_foldrajz_MikaJanos-eghajlat-EN/ch01s38.html